武汉地区大学生体育锻炼行为和社会支持对心境的影响
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摘要
体育锻炼是人们根据需要自我选择,运用各种体育手段,以发展身体、增进健康、增强体质、调节精神、丰富文化生活和支配余暇时间为目的的体育活动。社会支持是人们感受到的来自社会各方面所给予在精神上和物质上的帮助和支援,反映了一个人与社会联系的密切程度和质量。心境是一种使人的所有情感体验都感染上某种色彩的较持久的情绪状态。
本研究选取武汉地区大学生为研究对象,对武汉市三所学校的大学生的体育锻炼行为、社会支持和心境进行问卷调查,通过对调查数据的统计分析,了解大学生体育锻炼行为、社会支持和心境的现状以及它们之间的关系。通过研究得出以下结论：
(1)男大学生比女大学生热衷于体育锻炼,大一、大二、大三的学生比大四的学生热衷于体育锻炼,理工科大学生比文科大学生热衷于体育锻炼。
(2)女大学生的社会支持、主观支持和支持利用度高于男大学生；大一和大四的学生社会支持、主观支持和支持利用度高于大二和大三的学生；不同专业的大学生社会支持各维度没有差异。
(3)大一、大二学生的心境状态好于大三的学生；不同专业的大学生心境状态没有差异。
(4)经常参加体育锻炼的大学生比不经常参加体育锻炼的大学生心境状态要好。
(5)社会支持程度高的大学生比社会支持程度低的大学生的心境状态要好。(6)每周锻炼次数和社会支持利用度两个因素对大学生心境状态具有预测作用,每周锻炼次数越多、社会支持利用度越高,大学生的心境状态越好。
Physical exercise is a kind of sports activities which people,according to their own choises,use it to improve bodies,enhance physique,refresh spirits,rich their cultural life and delegate spare time through various sports manners.Social support is the help and feelings both in mental and physical people obtain from various aspects in society,which reflects the level and quality of the relation between individuals and society.Mood is a kind of emotional state which can make all the emotional experience colorific and lasting.
Selecting the colleage students in WuHan area as focus subject,the research reflects the states and relations among phsical exercise,social support and mood, according to the questionnaires and the data analysis of research for students from three colleges in WuHan area. The following conclusions can be included:
(1)The male college students have more passion ahout phsical exercise than the females.In contrast with freshmen,sophomores and juniors,seniors have less interest in phsical exercise.Additionally,the science and engineering students have more interest in this aspect than those who are liberal and arts students.
(2)The famale college students have higher level than the males in social support,subjective support and the degree of usage.While in this aspect freshmen and seniors have more advantages than sophomores and juniors.Moreover there are few differences in various majors.
(3)Meanwhile the mood state of freshmen and sophomores are better than that of juniors.Also there are few differences among the students in differernt majors.
(4)The college students who often take physical exercise have more pleasant mood than those who don't do so.
(5)The college students with higher level of social support have better mood than those who has a lower degree of social support.
(6)The both factors of the times of taking physical exercise weekly and the social support have predictive infulence.The more times you take physical exercise,the better mood you will have.
本研究选取武汉地区大学生为研究对象,对武汉市三所学校的大学生的体育锻炼行为、社会支持和心境进行问卷调查,通过对调查数据的统计分析,了解大学生体育锻炼行为、社会支持和心境的现状以及它们之间的关系。通过研究得出以下结论：
(1)男大学生比女大学生热衷于体育锻炼,大一、大二、大三的学生比大四的学生热衷于体育锻炼,理工科大学生比文科大学生热衷于体育锻炼。
(2)女大学生的社会支持、主观支持和支持利用度高于男大学生；大一和大四的学生社会支持、主观支持和支持利用度高于大二和大三的学生；不同专业的大学生社会支持各维度没有差异。
(3)大一、大二学生的心境状态好于大三的学生；不同专业的大学生心境状态没有差异。
(4)经常参加体育锻炼的大学生比不经常参加体育锻炼的大学生心境状态要好。
(5)社会支持程度高的大学生比社会支持程度低的大学生的心境状态要好。(6)每周锻炼次数和社会支持利用度两个因素对大学生心境状态具有预测作用,每周锻炼次数越多、社会支持利用度越高,大学生的心境状态越好。
Physical exercise is a kind of sports activities which people,according to their own choises,use it to improve bodies,enhance physique,refresh spirits,rich their cultural life and delegate spare time through various sports manners.Social support is the help and feelings both in mental and physical people obtain from various aspects in society,which reflects the level and quality of the relation between individuals and society.Mood is a kind of emotional state which can make all the emotional experience colorific and lasting.
Selecting the colleage students in WuHan area as focus subject,the research reflects the states and relations among phsical exercise,social support and mood, according to the questionnaires and the data analysis of research for students from three colleges in WuHan area. The following conclusions can be included:
(1)The male college students have more passion ahout phsical exercise than the females.In contrast with freshmen,sophomores and juniors,seniors have less interest in phsical exercise.Additionally,the science and engineering students have more interest in this aspect than those who are liberal and arts students.
(2)The famale college students have higher level than the males in social support,subjective support and the degree of usage.While in this aspect freshmen and seniors have more advantages than sophomores and juniors.Moreover there are few differences in various majors.
(3)Meanwhile the mood state of freshmen and sophomores are better than that of juniors.Also there are few differences among the students in differernt majors.
(4)The college students who often take physical exercise have more pleasant mood than those who don't do so.
(5)The college students with higher level of social support have better mood than those who has a lower degree of social support.
(6)The both factors of the times of taking physical exercise weekly and the social support have predictive infulence.The more times you take physical exercise,the better mood you will have.
引文
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[32]王靖原.大学生物质主义价值观、社会支持和心理健康的关系研究[D].郑州：河南大学,2009：1-40.
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[37]张河川.独居老年人心理健康状况与社会支持关系[J].中国公共卫生,2010(4)：466-467.
[38]何心展.某市2004级大学生社会支持状况调查研究[J].中国康复理论与实践,2006(3)：198-200.
[39]黄万琪.大学生社会支持及应对方式与心理健康水平分析[J].中国公共卫生,2006(2)：139-140.
[40]范莉.大学生校园压力、社会支持现状及其关系[J].苏州大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2010,9(5)：182-184.
[41]孙时进.大学生应激与社会支持来源的相关研究[J].心理科学,2009,32(3)：544-546.
[42]欧阳丹.社会支持对大学生心理健康的影响[J].青年研究,2003(3)：29-33.
[43]唐燕.不同年级大学生的社会支持、应对方式比较及其相关研究[J].中国健康心理学杂志,2007(6)：506-508.
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[2]Caspersen, C. J, Powell, K. E & Christenson, G. M. Physical activity, exercise and physical fitness:Definition and Distinction for health-related research[J]. Public Health Reports,1985:126-131.
[3]陈善平,张平.体育锻炼研究的测量工具及应用[M].西安：西安交通大学出版社,2010：20.
[4]Janz, J & Becker, M. The health belief model:a decade later[J]. Health Education Quarterly,1984(11):1-47.
[5]Ajzen, I & Fishbein, M. Belief,attitude,intention,and behavior:an introduction to theo-ry and research[M]. Reading,MA:Addison-Wesley,1975:1-20.
[6]Bandura, A. Social foundations of thought and action:a social cognitive theory [J]. Ea-glewood Cliffs,NJ:Prentice Hall,1986:278-290.
[7]Tomporowski, P. D & Ellis, N. R. Effects of exercise on cognitive process:A review[J]. Psychological Bulletin,1988:198-205.
[8]Dustman. Aerobics fitness helps cognitive function in aged[J]. Family Practice News, 1989:125-129.
[9]毛志雄,韩旭.体育锻炼方式与中老年人信息加工能力的关系[J].体育科学,1998,18(5)：87-90.
[10]Roth, D. L & Holmes, D. S. Influence of aerobic exercise training and relaxation training on physical and psychological health folllowing stressful life events[J]. Psycho-somatic Medicine,1987:109-121.
[11]Berger, B.& Friedman, E. Comparison of jogging,the relaxation response,and group interaction for stress reduction[J]. Journal of Sport Exercise Psychology,1988:49-56.
[12]何颖,季浏.体育锻炼的持续时间对大学生抑郁水平、身体自尊水平的影响及验证中介模型[J].体育与科学,2003,24(4)：58-60.
[13]Jasnoski, M. L & Holmes, D. S. Changes in personality associated with changes in aerobic and anaerobic fitness in women and men[J]. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 1988(3):273-276.
[14]曾进辉.体育锻炼与大学生人格特征的关系研究[J].重庆科技学院学报(社会科学版),2007(5)：193-194.
[15]Valliant, P. M, Asu, M. E. Exercise and its effects on cognition and physiology in older adults[J]. Perceptual Motor Skill,1985(63):955-961.
[16]Plummer, K, Koh, Y. Effect of aerobics"on self-concept of college women[J]. Per-ceptual Motor skill,1957,(65):272-275.
[17]邱服冰.身体自我概念与运动参与的相关研究[J].湖北体育科技,2001,21(2)：41-44.
[18]邱新宇,王麟.大学生体育锻炼与心理健康关系的研究[J].河北师范大学学报(自然科学版,2006(1)：122-124.
[19]赵红伟.高校在读学生心理健康与体育锻炼的调查研究[D].呼和浩特：内蒙古师范大学,2007：1-40.
[20]Cobb, S. Social support as a moderator of lie stress[J]. Psychosomatic Medicine, 1976,38(5):300-314.
[21]House, J. S. Work stress and social support[M]. Reading, MA:Addison-Wesley, 1981:25-35.
[22]Sarason, B. R, Pierce, G. R & Poppe, L. Perceived social support and working models of self and actual others[J]. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,1991, 60:273-287.
[23]Cullen, F. T. Social support as an organizing concept for criminology:Presidential address to the academy of criminal justice sciences[J]. Justice Quarterly,1994,11: 527-559.
[24]Malecki, C. K & Demaray, M. K. Measuring perceived social support, development of the child and adolescents social support scales[J]. Psychology in the School,2002,39: 1-18.
[25]施建锋,马剑虹.社会支持研究有关问题探讨[J].人类工效学,2003(1)：58-61.
[26]邵海艳.教师压力、社会支持和职业倦怠的典型相关分析[J].沈阳师范大学学报(社会科学版),2008(4)：187-190.
[27]陈秋凤.警务人员工作特征、社会支持与工作倦怠关系研究[D].杭州：浙江大学,2006：1-40.
[28]Lamothe, D & Currie, F. Impact of a social support intervention on the transition to university[J]. Canadian Journal of Community Mental Health,1995(14):167-180.
[29]Hunsberger, B & Pancer, S. The transition to university:Is religion related to adjustment[J]. Research in the Social Scientific Study of Religion,1996(7):81-199.
[30]孙崇勇.大学生社会支持与焦虑及抑郁关系[J].中国公共卫生,2007(12)：1518-1519.
[31]阮碧辉.地方高校毕业生心理健康与社会支持的相关性研究[J].心理教育,2010(2)：75-76.
[32]王靖原.大学生物质主义价值观、社会支持和心理健康的关系研究[D].郑州：河南大学,2009：1-40.
[33]戴必兵.高中生的生活事件、社会支持对自我概念的影响[J].中国健康心理学杂志,2007,15(12)：1092-1094.
[34]吴永慧.体育锻炼对大学生社会支持和生命质量的影响研究[D].石家庄：河北师范大学,2009：1-40.
[35]杨昌辉.教师心理健康水平及与社会支持的相关性[J].中国临床康复,2006(10)：35-38.
[36]苏莉.壮族农民社会支持与心理健康关系分析[J].医学与哲学,2009(9)：33-34.
[37]张河川.独居老年人心理健康状况与社会支持关系[J].中国公共卫生,2010(4)：466-467.
[38]何心展.某市2004级大学生社会支持状况调查研究[J].中国康复理论与实践,2006(3)：198-200.
[39]黄万琪.大学生社会支持及应对方式与心理健康水平分析[J].中国公共卫生,2006(2)：139-140.
[40]范莉.大学生校园压力、社会支持现状及其关系[J].苏州大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2010,9(5)：182-184.
[41]孙时进.大学生应激与社会支持来源的相关研究[J].心理科学,2009,32(3)：544-546.
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