基于OpenGL的虚拟漫游系统研究与实现
摘要
本文首先介绍了虚拟现实技术概念及关键技术,并讨论了国内外研究现状,进而分析了OpenGL的编程和工作原理,概括了应用程序的整体框架,探讨了虚拟校园建筑的数据特征及如何导入外部的3DS文件,并采用显示列表技术实现规则模型的建立与渲染。在场景基础模型建立的基础上,研究了在生成具有真实感三维图形的过程中,应用到的颜色模型、光照模型和纹理映射等一系列技术问题,并分析了如何在OpenGL里进行实现;在对场景中自然现象及景观的模拟上,讨论了真实感天空的绘制以及基于粒子系统的喷泉效果的实现。另外在分析了几种三维场景管理的空间划分算法的基础上,我们采用了八叉树算法进行场景管理。最后,为了增加与场景的交互性,我们通过用户场景漫游控制,达到了漫游交互的目的。
在此基础上利用OpenGL和编程工具VC++开发了初步的虚拟校园漫游系统,在系统可视化的基础上实现了一些三维漫游系统的交互操作以及部分自然现象及景观的模拟。文章最后对全文的内容进行了总结,提出了进一步需要完善的方面,并对将来的研究方向作了展望。
The basic conception and key technology of virtual reality technology are introduced in this paper. Research status in domestic and overseas is also discussed. Then we make some analysis about OpenGL programming and working theory, summarize the application framework, make some analysis about data feature of virtual building and how to import external 3D model file, which is formatted with 3DS, and use display tabular technology to accomplish three-D models establishment. After building up the basic models, we do some research on color model, light model and texture mapping in the process of generating realistic 3D graphics, such a series of technical issues, and their realization in OpenGL. On simulation of nature in scenes, we discuss simulation of fountain using particulate system and drawing of true sky. We adopt the algorithm of octree based on analyzing some algorithms of scene space subdivision. Last we use scene walkthrough control for interaction.
The author using VC++ and OpenGL develops a preliminary three-D campus navigating system. Additionally, in three-D scene, some function of interactive operation and simulation of natural scene have been realized. At last, the author makes a conclusion of the whole thesis and points out the shortages in the system. Some potential research tonics in the future are put forward too.
在此基础上利用OpenGL和编程工具VC++开发了初步的虚拟校园漫游系统,在系统可视化的基础上实现了一些三维漫游系统的交互操作以及部分自然现象及景观的模拟。文章最后对全文的内容进行了总结,提出了进一步需要完善的方面,并对将来的研究方向作了展望。
The basic conception and key technology of virtual reality technology are introduced in this paper. Research status in domestic and overseas is also discussed. Then we make some analysis about OpenGL programming and working theory, summarize the application framework, make some analysis about data feature of virtual building and how to import external 3D model file, which is formatted with 3DS, and use display tabular technology to accomplish three-D models establishment. After building up the basic models, we do some research on color model, light model and texture mapping in the process of generating realistic 3D graphics, such a series of technical issues, and their realization in OpenGL. On simulation of nature in scenes, we discuss simulation of fountain using particulate system and drawing of true sky. We adopt the algorithm of octree based on analyzing some algorithms of scene space subdivision. Last we use scene walkthrough control for interaction.
The author using VC++ and OpenGL develops a preliminary three-D campus navigating system. Additionally, in three-D scene, some function of interactive operation and simulation of natural scene have been realized. At last, the author makes a conclusion of the whole thesis and points out the shortages in the system. Some potential research tonics in the future are put forward too.
引文
[1]胡小强.虚拟现实技术[M].北京:北京邮电大学出版社,2005
[2]仁爱华.计算机图形学[M].北京:北京航空航天大学出版社.2005
[3]André LaMothe.3D游戏编程大师技巧[M].李祥瑞,陈武译.北京:人民邮电出版社,2005
[4]和平鸽工作室编著.OpenGL高级编程与可视化系统开发高级程序篇(第二版)[M].北京:中国水利水电出版社,2003
[5]Richard S.Wright, Jr Benjamin Lipchak著.OpenGL超级宝典(第三版).北京:人民邮电出版社,2005
[6]蒋燕萍.虚拟环境漫游中的关键技术[D].北方工业大学,2003
[7]王柯.基于虚拟现实技术的三维漫游系统研究与实现[D].西南交通大学,2006
[8]葛翔.基于OpenGL的三维建筑仿真与漫游技术研究[D].2006
[9]洪炳镕,蔡则苏,唐好选.虚拟现实及其应用[M].北京:国防工业出版社,2005
[10]韦宇炜.基于OpenGL技术的三维游戏引擎开发[D].广东工业大学,2005
[11]尹轶华.虚拟现实技术和GIS技术在虚拟校园中的应用[D].重庆师范大学,2005
[12]Dave Shreiner, Mason Woo, Jackie Neider等著.OpenGL编程指南[M].北京:人民邮电出版社,2005
[13]孙家广,杨长贵.计算机图形学(新版)[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2004
[14]刘颖.用于室内虚拟漫游的辐射度光照模型的研究[D].湖南大学,2005
[15]严雄兵.虚拟校园若干技术的研究和实现[D].华中师范大学,2005
[16]黄莹莹.虚拟校园漫游及其人机交互技术的研究与实现[D].哈尔滨工程大学,2005
[17]李振波,孟祥旭,向辉.复杂虚拟场景构造及交互漫游实现研究[J].系统仿真学报2002,14(9):1183～1197
[18]张小绵,古元,许通.互联网上的虚拟漫游[J].中山大学学报论丛,2002,22(3)223～226
[19]吴凤娟,刁永锋.基于WTK 的西华师范大学虚拟校园漫游系统的研究[J].大连民族学院学报,2005,7(5):51～54
[20]马向英,杜威,袁晓君,李华.基于图象的室内虚拟漫游系统[J].中国图象图形学报,2001,6(A)1:86～90
[21]杨猛,汪国平,董士海.基于网络的室内环境虚拟漫游系统[J].系统仿真学报,2001,14(12):1660～1662
[22]刘诗儒,冯秀芳.基于桌面的虚拟漫游系统的构造与实现[J].太原理工大学学报,2003,34(4):478～480
[23]张立亭,陈竹安,刘海飞,聂爱秀.三维可视化校园图的制作[J].东华理工学院学报,2004,27(2):184～188
[24]黄建华,罗云.虚拟漫游系统的研究.四川大学学报(自然科学版)[J].2004,41(2):310～314
[25]喻罡,崔杜武,王竹荣.虚拟漫游系统中调度算法的研究与实现[J].计算机工程,2002,28(12):115～117
[26] Ehud Sharlin, Benjamin Watson, Steve Sutphen, Robert Lederer, Pablo Figueroa and John Frazer. 3D Computer Interaction Using Physical Objects: Exploration of Tangible User Interfaces.2002
[27] D.C. Brogan and J. K. Hodgins. Group behaviors for systems with significant dynamics. Autonomous Robots, 4:137～153, 1997.
[28] NERISSA KORINNE OBERLANDER. Object-oriented Virtual Reality Scene Graph Management.2003
[29]肖丹.建筑场景实时漫游和日照仿真[D].浙江大学,2005
[30] Robert J.K. Jacob. The Future of Input Devices[J].ACM Computing Surveys 28A(4),December 1996
[31] Daniel G. Aliaga, Visualization of Complex Models Using Dynamic Texture-based Simplification. IEEE Visualization, 1996, pages101-106
[32] Bruce Wilcox. Applied AI: Chess is Easy. Go is Hard. Computer Game Developers Conference Paper #5502.1997
[33] Greg Pisanich, Michelle Prevost. Representing Artificial Personalities. As published in the Proceedings of the 1997 Computer Game Developers Conference.1997
[34] A. Singla, U. Ramachandran, and J. K. Hodgins. Temporal notions of synchronization and consistency in beehive. In Proceedings of the 9th Annual ACM Symposium on Parallel Algorithms and Architectures (SPAA) (Newport, RI), page in press, 1997
[35] J. K. Hodgins, W. L. Wooten, D. C. Brogan, and J. F.O'Brien. Animating human athletics. In R. Cook, editor, Proceedings of SIGGRAPH '95 (Los Angeles, CA, August 6{11, 1995}, Computer Graphics Proceedings, Annual Conference Series, pages 71{78. ACM SIG-GRAPH, ACM Press, Aug. 1995
[36]倪世宏,张瑞峰,史忠,谢川,王彦鸿. 基于DirectX技术的飞机飞行过程再现[J].计算机工程,2004,30(24):131～133
[37]商书元,张军,李柯等.基于DirectX的可视化仿真系统[J].军械工程学院学报,2002,14(1):56
[38]李春洪,毛跃奇,陈贵来等.基于DirectSound的声音实时仿真研究[J].计算机仿真,2001,18(3):47
[39]黄安徉,刘长华,陈宗基等.现代军机飞行仿真系统的研究[J].系统仿真学报.2001,13(2):259
[40]茅忠明,王行骏,陈玮.基于DirectX 软件包进行三维图形的开发应用[J].上海理工大学学报, 2002,24(1):48～52
[41]金永斌,刘苏.基于OpenGL的光照模型及其MFC实现[J].计算机与现代化,2002,11,5～7
[42]启迪星云工作室.虚拟现实正向游戏走来[On-line]. Available:http://www.86VR.com.2006
[43]基于OpenGL的三维包装纸盒设计系统[D].西安理工大学,2005
[44]孙济洲,杨涛. 面向建筑的虚拟巡游系统[J].计算机应用,1999,19(5):11～13.
[45]彭群生,鲍虎军,金小刚.计算机真实感图形的算法基础[M].北京:科学出版社.1999
[46]廖朵朵,张华军.OpenGL三维图形程序设计[M].北京:星球地图出版社.2002
[47]齐敏,郝重阳,佟明安.三维地形生成及实时显示技术研究进展[J].中国图象图形学报,2000,5 (4): 269～275
[48]唐秋华.分布式虚拟环境建模研究[D].武汉理工大学,2005
[49]邹平.城市建筑物三维可视化研究[D].华东师范大学,2005
[1] www.cs.wisc.edu
[2] www.gametutorials.com
[3] nehe.Gamedev.net
[4] www.sulaco.co.za
[5] www.HalfLucifer.com
[6] http://www.edu.cnki.net
[7] www.86VR.com
[8] www.sgi.com
[9] www.vrking.com
[10] www.chinavrmm.com
[11] www.panoaid.com
[12] www.web3dvr.com
[13] www.vrealities.com
[14] www.gvision.cn
[2]仁爱华.计算机图形学[M].北京:北京航空航天大学出版社.2005
[3]André LaMothe.3D游戏编程大师技巧[M].李祥瑞,陈武译.北京:人民邮电出版社,2005
[4]和平鸽工作室编著.OpenGL高级编程与可视化系统开发高级程序篇(第二版)[M].北京:中国水利水电出版社,2003
[5]Richard S.Wright, Jr Benjamin Lipchak著.OpenGL超级宝典(第三版).北京:人民邮电出版社,2005
[6]蒋燕萍.虚拟环境漫游中的关键技术[D].北方工业大学,2003
[7]王柯.基于虚拟现实技术的三维漫游系统研究与实现[D].西南交通大学,2006
[8]葛翔.基于OpenGL的三维建筑仿真与漫游技术研究[D].2006
[9]洪炳镕,蔡则苏,唐好选.虚拟现实及其应用[M].北京:国防工业出版社,2005
[10]韦宇炜.基于OpenGL技术的三维游戏引擎开发[D].广东工业大学,2005
[11]尹轶华.虚拟现实技术和GIS技术在虚拟校园中的应用[D].重庆师范大学,2005
[12]Dave Shreiner, Mason Woo, Jackie Neider等著.OpenGL编程指南[M].北京:人民邮电出版社,2005
[13]孙家广,杨长贵.计算机图形学(新版)[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2004
[14]刘颖.用于室内虚拟漫游的辐射度光照模型的研究[D].湖南大学,2005
[15]严雄兵.虚拟校园若干技术的研究和实现[D].华中师范大学,2005
[16]黄莹莹.虚拟校园漫游及其人机交互技术的研究与实现[D].哈尔滨工程大学,2005
[17]李振波,孟祥旭,向辉.复杂虚拟场景构造及交互漫游实现研究[J].系统仿真学报2002,14(9):1183～1197
[18]张小绵,古元,许通.互联网上的虚拟漫游[J].中山大学学报论丛,2002,22(3)223～226
[19]吴凤娟,刁永锋.基于WTK 的西华师范大学虚拟校园漫游系统的研究[J].大连民族学院学报,2005,7(5):51～54
[20]马向英,杜威,袁晓君,李华.基于图象的室内虚拟漫游系统[J].中国图象图形学报,2001,6(A)1:86～90
[21]杨猛,汪国平,董士海.基于网络的室内环境虚拟漫游系统[J].系统仿真学报,2001,14(12):1660～1662
[22]刘诗儒,冯秀芳.基于桌面的虚拟漫游系统的构造与实现[J].太原理工大学学报,2003,34(4):478～480
[23]张立亭,陈竹安,刘海飞,聂爱秀.三维可视化校园图的制作[J].东华理工学院学报,2004,27(2):184～188
[24]黄建华,罗云.虚拟漫游系统的研究.四川大学学报(自然科学版)[J].2004,41(2):310～314
[25]喻罡,崔杜武,王竹荣.虚拟漫游系统中调度算法的研究与实现[J].计算机工程,2002,28(12):115～117
[26] Ehud Sharlin, Benjamin Watson, Steve Sutphen, Robert Lederer, Pablo Figueroa and John Frazer. 3D Computer Interaction Using Physical Objects: Exploration of Tangible User Interfaces.2002
[27] D.C. Brogan and J. K. Hodgins. Group behaviors for systems with significant dynamics. Autonomous Robots, 4:137～153, 1997.
[28] NERISSA KORINNE OBERLANDER. Object-oriented Virtual Reality Scene Graph Management.2003
[29]肖丹.建筑场景实时漫游和日照仿真[D].浙江大学,2005
[30] Robert J.K. Jacob. The Future of Input Devices[J].ACM Computing Surveys 28A(4),December 1996
[31] Daniel G. Aliaga, Visualization of Complex Models Using Dynamic Texture-based Simplification. IEEE Visualization, 1996, pages101-106
[32] Bruce Wilcox. Applied AI: Chess is Easy. Go is Hard. Computer Game Developers Conference Paper #5502.1997
[33] Greg Pisanich, Michelle Prevost. Representing Artificial Personalities. As published in the Proceedings of the 1997 Computer Game Developers Conference.1997
[34] A. Singla, U. Ramachandran, and J. K. Hodgins. Temporal notions of synchronization and consistency in beehive. In Proceedings of the 9th Annual ACM Symposium on Parallel Algorithms and Architectures (SPAA) (Newport, RI), page in press, 1997
[35] J. K. Hodgins, W. L. Wooten, D. C. Brogan, and J. F.O'Brien. Animating human athletics. In R. Cook, editor, Proceedings of SIGGRAPH '95 (Los Angeles, CA, August 6{11, 1995}, Computer Graphics Proceedings, Annual Conference Series, pages 71{78. ACM SIG-GRAPH, ACM Press, Aug. 1995
[36]倪世宏,张瑞峰,史忠,谢川,王彦鸿. 基于DirectX技术的飞机飞行过程再现[J].计算机工程,2004,30(24):131～133
[37]商书元,张军,李柯等.基于DirectX的可视化仿真系统[J].军械工程学院学报,2002,14(1):56
[38]李春洪,毛跃奇,陈贵来等.基于DirectSound的声音实时仿真研究[J].计算机仿真,2001,18(3):47
[39]黄安徉,刘长华,陈宗基等.现代军机飞行仿真系统的研究[J].系统仿真学报.2001,13(2):259
[40]茅忠明,王行骏,陈玮.基于DirectX 软件包进行三维图形的开发应用[J].上海理工大学学报, 2002,24(1):48～52
[41]金永斌,刘苏.基于OpenGL的光照模型及其MFC实现[J].计算机与现代化,2002,11,5～7
[42]启迪星云工作室.虚拟现实正向游戏走来[On-line]. Available:http://www.86VR.com.2006
[43]基于OpenGL的三维包装纸盒设计系统[D].西安理工大学,2005
[44]孙济洲,杨涛. 面向建筑的虚拟巡游系统[J].计算机应用,1999,19(5):11～13.
[45]彭群生,鲍虎军,金小刚.计算机真实感图形的算法基础[M].北京:科学出版社.1999
[46]廖朵朵,张华军.OpenGL三维图形程序设计[M].北京:星球地图出版社.2002
[47]齐敏,郝重阳,佟明安.三维地形生成及实时显示技术研究进展[J].中国图象图形学报,2000,5 (4): 269～275
[48]唐秋华.分布式虚拟环境建模研究[D].武汉理工大学,2005
[49]邹平.城市建筑物三维可视化研究[D].华东师范大学,2005
[1] www.cs.wisc.edu
[2] www.gametutorials.com
[3] nehe.Gamedev.net
[4] www.sulaco.co.za
[5] www.HalfLucifer.com
[6] http://www.edu.cnki.net
[7] www.86VR.com
[8] www.sgi.com
[9] www.vrking.com
[10] www.chinavrmm.com
[11] www.panoaid.com
[12] www.web3dvr.com
[13] www.vrealities.com
[14] www.gvision.cn