土壤典型PPCPs污染及与重金属Cd的联合毒性及机理
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摘要
本文以目前使用量最大的两种多环麝香(佳乐麝香HHCB和吐纳麝香AHTN)和镉(Cd)作为研究对象,选取小麦(Triticum aestivum)为受试植物,研究土壤中多环麝香和Cd单一及复合污染对小麦种子发芽、根伸长和芽伸长的急性毒性；以及低浓度长期暴露后小麦幼苗叶绿素(CHL)含量、丙二醛(MDA)含量、超氧化物岐化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)等生理生化指标的变化情况。为了进一步阐明复合污染的毒性作用机理,本文对佳乐麝香和镉在小麦植株各部分的累积量进行了研究；同时,研究了佳乐麝香在中国典型土壤上的吸附-解吸性能以及重金属对佳乐麝香吸附-解吸性能的影响。
实验结果表明：单一多环麝香和Cd与小麦根伸长和芽伸长抑制率之间具有良好的剂量-效应关系。根据回归得到的EC50值可知,种子发芽率、根伸长和芽伸长三指标对多环麝香和Cd的敏感性顺序正好相反。HHCB和Cd、AHTN和Cd组成的复合污染对小麦根伸长抑制的EC50值为0.530 TUmix和0.614 TUmix,显著低于1 TUmix,因此,多环麝香和Cd复合污染对小麦根伸长的抑制表现为协同作用。
在单一HHCB胁迫下,暴露初期CHL含量表现为低浓度促进、高浓度抑制的两阶段变化趋势,暴露中、后期CHL含量随HHCB浓度升高而降低；MDA含量在小麦叶片和根组织中表现为不同的变化趋势,在小麦叶片组织中随污染物浓度的升高而升高,而在小麦根组织中高浓度长期胁迫则会导致MDA含量显著降低；小麦叶片和根组织中的抗氧化防御系统具有一定的自我保护能力,但是随着暴露时间和污染物浓度的增加,自我保护能力逐渐丧失,造成植物组织的氧化损伤。
在HHCB和Cd的复合污染条件下,CHL含量随HHCB浓度的升高而降低,并显著低于控制组及单一Cd污染处理组；在小麦叶片组织中MDA含量大多高于单一Cd污染处理组；在小麦根组织中,低浓度短期暴露使复合污染处理组MDA含量高于单一Cd污染处理组,但是随着暴露时间和污染物浓度的增加,复合污染处理组MDA含量低于单一Cd污染处理组。从CHL和MDA含量的变化可以看出,HHCB和Cd的复合污染造成氧化胁迫加剧。AHTN和Cd的复合污染也造成了类似的结果。
HHCB在植株根部累积量大于茎和叶中的累积量,由于HHCB的高亲脂性,HHCB更易累积于脂质含量较高的部位。潮土中小麦对HHCB累积量高于褐土而潮土中小麦对Cd的累积量则低于褐土。在潮土中,Cd能促进HHCB在小麦根部的累积,抑制HHCB在小麦茎和叶中的累积；在褐土中,Cd对HHCB在小麦植株根、茎和叶三部分的累积都起到促进作用。除此之外,HHCB可显著促进Cd在小麦植株的累积。
HHCB在三种典型土壤中的吸附-解吸数据均可由Freundlich模型拟合,说明HHCB在土壤表面的吸附表现为非线性吸附。在相同的HHCB平衡浓度下HHCB在土壤表面的吸附量大小顺序为棕壤＞潮土＞红壤,这与土壤有机质含量大小顺序一致。重金属Cd抑制HHCB在三种土壤表面的吸附,而Cu则促进HHCB的吸附。分析HHCB在三种土壤上的解吸滞后系数发现,Cd使HHCB的解吸滞后性增强,Cu则降低HHCB的解吸滞后性。
In this paper, the acute toxic effects of typical polycyclic musks (HHCB and AHTN) and cadimum (Cd) on seed germination and root and shoot elongation on wheat(Triticum aestivum), and the responses of T. aestivum at biochemical and physiological levels such as chlorophyll (CHL), malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT) were investigated. In order to better understand toxicolgical mechanisms of polycyclic musks and Cd, accumulation of HHCB and Cd in wheat and effects of heavy metals on sorption and desorption of HHCB in soils were investigated.
The results showed that there was a good dose-effect relationship between polycyclic musks (Cd) and inhibitory rates of root and shoot elongation. According to the EC50 values, the sensitivities of seed germination, root and shoot elongation to polycyclic musks were different to Cd. The EC50 values of HHCB-Cd and AHTN-Cd were 0.530 TUmix and 0.614 TUmix, respectively, which were significantly higher than 1 TUmix, thus the joint stress of HHCB-Cd and AHTN-Cd had synergistic effects on T. aestivum when root elongation was selected as the toxicological endpoint.
In single HHCB stress, contents of CHL showed a biphasic response to HHCB that is characterized by low-dose stimulation, or a beneficial effect, and a high dose inhibitory or toxic effect after 7-day exposure. After 14 and 21 days of exposure, contents of CHL decreased with the increasing concentration of HHCB. The change of MDA in leaves and roots was different. In leaves, MDA increased with the increasing concentration of HHCB, but the MDA content in root was inhibited by high concentration of HHCB. The antioxidative defense system in wheat had ability to protect plant from oxidative stress, but it was destroyed by increasing concentration of HHCB and prolongation of exposure time.
In joint stress of HHCB and Cd, contents of CHL decreased with increasing concentration of HHCB and were significantly lower than that in control and treatments with single Cd. In wheat leaves, contents of MDA were higher than that in single Cd treatments. In wheat roots, contents of MDA were significantly higher than that in single Cd treatment after 7 days of exposure under treatments with low concentration of Cd and HHCB. With prolongation of exposure time and increase of pollutants'concentration, contents of MDA decreased and were lower than that in treatments with single Cd. According to the change of CHL and MDA, it was indicated that the joint stress of HHCB and Cd could strengthen the oxidative stress. Besides, the joint stress of AHTN and Cd also could strengthen the oxidative stress.
Accumulation of single HHCB in wheat root was more than that of stem and leaf. Due to the high lipophility of HHCB, it is easier to be accumulated in parts with high lipid. The accumulation of HHCB in wheat seedlings cultured in alluvial soil was higher than that in cinnamon soil, but the accumulation of Cd in alluvial soil was lower than that in cinnamon soil. With the combined pollution of HHCB and Cd, Cd in alluvial soil could induce the accumulation of HHCB in wheat roots significantly, but inhibit the accumulation of HHCB in wheat stems and leaves. However, Cd in cinnamon soil could induce the accumulation of HHCB in root without significant differences, and significantly induce the accumulation of HHCB in stem and leaf. In addition, HHCB could significantly induce the accumulation of Cd in wheat seedlings cultured in two different soils.
Datas of sorption and desoiption of HHCB in soils were fitted well Freundlich model. The amounts of HHCB adsorded in soils followed the sequence that brown soil>alluvial soil>red soil. Cd inhibited the sorption of HHCB in soils, but Cu induced the sorption of HHCB. According to hysteresis coefficients, Cd inhibited desorption of HHCB but Cu promoted.
实验结果表明：单一多环麝香和Cd与小麦根伸长和芽伸长抑制率之间具有良好的剂量-效应关系。根据回归得到的EC50值可知,种子发芽率、根伸长和芽伸长三指标对多环麝香和Cd的敏感性顺序正好相反。HHCB和Cd、AHTN和Cd组成的复合污染对小麦根伸长抑制的EC50值为0.530 TUmix和0.614 TUmix,显著低于1 TUmix,因此,多环麝香和Cd复合污染对小麦根伸长的抑制表现为协同作用。
在单一HHCB胁迫下,暴露初期CHL含量表现为低浓度促进、高浓度抑制的两阶段变化趋势,暴露中、后期CHL含量随HHCB浓度升高而降低；MDA含量在小麦叶片和根组织中表现为不同的变化趋势,在小麦叶片组织中随污染物浓度的升高而升高,而在小麦根组织中高浓度长期胁迫则会导致MDA含量显著降低；小麦叶片和根组织中的抗氧化防御系统具有一定的自我保护能力,但是随着暴露时间和污染物浓度的增加,自我保护能力逐渐丧失,造成植物组织的氧化损伤。
在HHCB和Cd的复合污染条件下,CHL含量随HHCB浓度的升高而降低,并显著低于控制组及单一Cd污染处理组；在小麦叶片组织中MDA含量大多高于单一Cd污染处理组；在小麦根组织中,低浓度短期暴露使复合污染处理组MDA含量高于单一Cd污染处理组,但是随着暴露时间和污染物浓度的增加,复合污染处理组MDA含量低于单一Cd污染处理组。从CHL和MDA含量的变化可以看出,HHCB和Cd的复合污染造成氧化胁迫加剧。AHTN和Cd的复合污染也造成了类似的结果。
HHCB在植株根部累积量大于茎和叶中的累积量,由于HHCB的高亲脂性,HHCB更易累积于脂质含量较高的部位。潮土中小麦对HHCB累积量高于褐土而潮土中小麦对Cd的累积量则低于褐土。在潮土中,Cd能促进HHCB在小麦根部的累积,抑制HHCB在小麦茎和叶中的累积；在褐土中,Cd对HHCB在小麦植株根、茎和叶三部分的累积都起到促进作用。除此之外,HHCB可显著促进Cd在小麦植株的累积。
HHCB在三种典型土壤中的吸附-解吸数据均可由Freundlich模型拟合,说明HHCB在土壤表面的吸附表现为非线性吸附。在相同的HHCB平衡浓度下HHCB在土壤表面的吸附量大小顺序为棕壤＞潮土＞红壤,这与土壤有机质含量大小顺序一致。重金属Cd抑制HHCB在三种土壤表面的吸附,而Cu则促进HHCB的吸附。分析HHCB在三种土壤上的解吸滞后系数发现,Cd使HHCB的解吸滞后性增强,Cu则降低HHCB的解吸滞后性。
In this paper, the acute toxic effects of typical polycyclic musks (HHCB and AHTN) and cadimum (Cd) on seed germination and root and shoot elongation on wheat(Triticum aestivum), and the responses of T. aestivum at biochemical and physiological levels such as chlorophyll (CHL), malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT) were investigated. In order to better understand toxicolgical mechanisms of polycyclic musks and Cd, accumulation of HHCB and Cd in wheat and effects of heavy metals on sorption and desorption of HHCB in soils were investigated.
The results showed that there was a good dose-effect relationship between polycyclic musks (Cd) and inhibitory rates of root and shoot elongation. According to the EC50 values, the sensitivities of seed germination, root and shoot elongation to polycyclic musks were different to Cd. The EC50 values of HHCB-Cd and AHTN-Cd were 0.530 TUmix and 0.614 TUmix, respectively, which were significantly higher than 1 TUmix, thus the joint stress of HHCB-Cd and AHTN-Cd had synergistic effects on T. aestivum when root elongation was selected as the toxicological endpoint.
In single HHCB stress, contents of CHL showed a biphasic response to HHCB that is characterized by low-dose stimulation, or a beneficial effect, and a high dose inhibitory or toxic effect after 7-day exposure. After 14 and 21 days of exposure, contents of CHL decreased with the increasing concentration of HHCB. The change of MDA in leaves and roots was different. In leaves, MDA increased with the increasing concentration of HHCB, but the MDA content in root was inhibited by high concentration of HHCB. The antioxidative defense system in wheat had ability to protect plant from oxidative stress, but it was destroyed by increasing concentration of HHCB and prolongation of exposure time.
In joint stress of HHCB and Cd, contents of CHL decreased with increasing concentration of HHCB and were significantly lower than that in control and treatments with single Cd. In wheat leaves, contents of MDA were higher than that in single Cd treatments. In wheat roots, contents of MDA were significantly higher than that in single Cd treatment after 7 days of exposure under treatments with low concentration of Cd and HHCB. With prolongation of exposure time and increase of pollutants'concentration, contents of MDA decreased and were lower than that in treatments with single Cd. According to the change of CHL and MDA, it was indicated that the joint stress of HHCB and Cd could strengthen the oxidative stress. Besides, the joint stress of AHTN and Cd also could strengthen the oxidative stress.
Accumulation of single HHCB in wheat root was more than that of stem and leaf. Due to the high lipophility of HHCB, it is easier to be accumulated in parts with high lipid. The accumulation of HHCB in wheat seedlings cultured in alluvial soil was higher than that in cinnamon soil, but the accumulation of Cd in alluvial soil was lower than that in cinnamon soil. With the combined pollution of HHCB and Cd, Cd in alluvial soil could induce the accumulation of HHCB in wheat roots significantly, but inhibit the accumulation of HHCB in wheat stems and leaves. However, Cd in cinnamon soil could induce the accumulation of HHCB in root without significant differences, and significantly induce the accumulation of HHCB in stem and leaf. In addition, HHCB could significantly induce the accumulation of Cd in wheat seedlings cultured in two different soils.
Datas of sorption and desoiption of HHCB in soils were fitted well Freundlich model. The amounts of HHCB adsorded in soils followed the sequence that brown soil>alluvial soil>red soil. Cd inhibited the sorption of HHCB in soils, but Cu induced the sorption of HHCB. According to hysteresis coefficients, Cd inhibited desorption of HHCB but Cu promoted.
引文
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