RAKE接收技术在水声通信中的应用
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摘要
水声信道中广泛存在的多径传播效应是水声通信所面临的主要障碍之一，由多径所产生的信号衰落效应是影响水声通信系统性能的主要因素之一。自适应波束形成、自适应均衡、分集、阵列处理等技术都是解决多径干扰常用的技术。扩频技术特别是直接扩频技术也是对抗多径干扰的一种非常有效的技术，其中的RAKE接收技术不但能够抑制干扰；而且还能利用多径干扰的能量提高信噪比，极大的改善了系统的性能，并且扩频技术是现在唯一能工作在负信噪比条件下的通信技术，所以扩频技术在水声通信中的应用也越来越受到关注。另外，扩频技术对实现水下多址通信和建立水声通信网络也有着很大的意义。目前。扩频技术在水声信道中的应用远没有在空间中成熟，这方面的研究也比较少，因此，这是一个充满了挑战的研究领域。
论文首先总结了前人关于海洋水声通信系统设计的经验，讨论了海洋水声信道的特点。接着对扩频系统的基本知识作了粗略的介绍，并从水声信道的特点出发比较了直扩与跳频的优缺点，选择了直扩的方式作为本论文水声扩频系统的主要扩频方式。然后介绍了RAKE接收技术的基本原理，并对RAKE接收系统中的路径搜索和同步系统进行了讨论和仿真分析，另外还对RAKE接收技术在低速水声通信系统中的应用作了仿真分析，并讨论了一些影响RAKE接收系统性能的主要因素。最后对RAKE接收系统进行了空间实验，提出了实验中存在的问题以及需要改进的方向，并就系统中的基于BPSK扩频假设检验的路径搜索装置进行了FPGA仿真。
Underwater acoustic communications(UWA) are made difficult by the combined effect of multipath propagation and high temporal and spatial variability of the channel conditions. The fading which was caused by multipath propagation was one of the main factors influencing the performance of underwater acoustic communication systems. The purpose of this thesis is not only to overcome multipath interference by spread spectrum but also to improve the performance of the system by employing RAKE receiver to recombine some multipath signals.
Firstly, some useful experience about designing underwater acoustic communication systems and the properties of underwater acoustic channels are introduced . Then, introducing something about spread spectrum technique .and deciding to select direct-sequence spread spectrum(DS) in underwater acoustic communications by comparing DS to FH according to the properties of underwater acoustic channels. After that, discussing something about RAKE receiver, simulating the path-search algorithms, synchronization circuits and RAKE receiver in low speed underwater acoustic communications and analyzing some major factors influencing the performance of systems. Finally, after some experiments about RAKE receiver are performed in space channels, some problems existing in the process of experiments are mentioned ,and then, the simulation of FPGA about the path-searching circuit is finished.
论文首先总结了前人关于海洋水声通信系统设计的经验，讨论了海洋水声信道的特点。接着对扩频系统的基本知识作了粗略的介绍，并从水声信道的特点出发比较了直扩与跳频的优缺点，选择了直扩的方式作为本论文水声扩频系统的主要扩频方式。然后介绍了RAKE接收技术的基本原理，并对RAKE接收系统中的路径搜索和同步系统进行了讨论和仿真分析，另外还对RAKE接收技术在低速水声通信系统中的应用作了仿真分析，并讨论了一些影响RAKE接收系统性能的主要因素。最后对RAKE接收系统进行了空间实验，提出了实验中存在的问题以及需要改进的方向，并就系统中的基于BPSK扩频假设检验的路径搜索装置进行了FPGA仿真。
Underwater acoustic communications(UWA) are made difficult by the combined effect of multipath propagation and high temporal and spatial variability of the channel conditions. The fading which was caused by multipath propagation was one of the main factors influencing the performance of underwater acoustic communication systems. The purpose of this thesis is not only to overcome multipath interference by spread spectrum but also to improve the performance of the system by employing RAKE receiver to recombine some multipath signals.
Firstly, some useful experience about designing underwater acoustic communication systems and the properties of underwater acoustic channels are introduced . Then, introducing something about spread spectrum technique .and deciding to select direct-sequence spread spectrum(DS) in underwater acoustic communications by comparing DS to FH according to the properties of underwater acoustic channels. After that, discussing something about RAKE receiver, simulating the path-search algorithms, synchronization circuits and RAKE receiver in low speed underwater acoustic communications and analyzing some major factors influencing the performance of systems. Finally, after some experiments about RAKE receiver are performed in space channels, some problems existing in the process of experiments are mentioned ,and then, the simulation of FPGA about the path-searching circuit is finished.
引文
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[2]Stojanovic, M.;"Underwater acoustic communications", Electro/95 International. Professional Program Proceedings, PP.435-440,21-23 June 1995.
[3]Stojanovic, M.;"Recent advances in high-speed underwater acoustic communications", Oceanic Engineering, IEEE Journal of,Vol.21 , no.2 , PP.125-136, April 1996.
[4]Zielinski, A.; Young-Hoon Yoon; Lixue Wu;"Performance analysis of digital acoustic communication in a shallow water channel", Oceanic Engineering, IEEE Journal of, Vol.20,no.4, PP.293-299, Oct. 1995.
[5]Eliaz, A.; Tabrikian, J.; Messer, H.; "Robust communications in uncertain shallow water acoustic channels", Statistical Signal and Array Processing, 1998. Proceedings.,Ninth IEEE SP Workshop on ,PP.124-127, 14-16 Sept. 1998.
[6]Vaccaro, R.J.;"The past, present, and the future of underwater acoustic signal processing", Signal Processing Magazine, IEEE, Vol. 15, no.4, PP.21-51,July 1998.
[7]Wasserblat, M.; Tabrikian, J.;"Underwater acoustics communications in a time-varying environment", Electrical and ELectronic Engineers in Israel, 2000. The 21st IEEE Convention of the, PP.452-455, 11-12 April 2000.
[8]M. Stojanovic, J. A. Catipovic, and J. G. Proakis, " Phase-coherent digital communications for underwater acoustic channels ", IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering, Vol. 19, no. 1, PP. 100-111, January 1994.
[9]B.Woodward, and H. Sari, " Digital underwater acoustic voice communications ", IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering,Vol.21, no. 2, PP. 181 -191, April 1996.
[10]Eck, C.; Porta, D.; Changle Fang;,"High speed digital acoustic telemetry system", Unmanned Untethered Submersible Technology, Proceedings of the 1987 5th International Symposium on, Vol.5, PP.348 - 362, Jun 1987.
[11]Proakis, J.G.; Sozer, E.M.; Rice, J.A.; Stojanovic, M.;"Shallow water acoustic networks", Communications Magazine, IEEE, Vol.39, no. 11 ,PP.114-119, Nov. 2001.
[12]Xie, G.G.; Gibson, J.H, "A network layer protocol for UANs to address
propagation delay induced performance limitations", OCEANS, 2001. MTS/IEEE Conference and Exhibition , Vol. 4 ,PP.2087-2094, 5-8 Nov.2001.
[13]Yeo, H.K.; Sharif, B.S.; Hinton, O.; Adams, A.E,"Analysis of a multi-element multi-user receiver for a shallow water acoustic network (SWAN) based on recursive successive interference cancellation (RSIC) technique", OCEANS '99 MTS/IEEE. Riding the Crest into the 21st Century , Vol. 3,PR1537-1541, 13-16 Sept. 1999.
[14]Lapierre, G.; Chevallier, L.; Gallaud, F.; Ayela, G,"Design of a communication protocol for underwater acoustic modems and networks", OCEANS, 2001. MTS/IEEE Conference and Exhibition , Vol.4 , PR2220-2226, 5-8 Nov. 2001.
[15]Johnson, M.; Herold, D.; Catipovic, J."The design and performance of a compact underwater acoustic network node", OCEANS '94. 'Oceans Engineering for Today's Technology and Tomorrow's Preservation.' Proceedings, Vol. 3, PP:Ⅲ/467-Ⅲ/471, 13-16 Sept. 1994.
[16]Trubuil, J.; Le Gall, T.; Lapierre, G.; Labat, J.;"Development of a real-time high data rate acoustic link", OCEANS, 2001. MTS/IEEE Conference and Exhibition, Vol.4, PR2159-2164, 5-8 Nov. 2001.
[17]Stojanovic, M.; Freitag, L.;"Multiuser undersea acoustic communications in the presence of multipath propagation", OCEANS, 2001. MTS/IEEE Conference and Exhibition, Vol.4, PR2165-2169, 5-8 Nov. 2001.
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