汉娜·阿伦特的公共领域理论研究
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摘要
一个民族经典的过去,也就是它的真正的未来。阿伦特生活在一个特定的历史环境中,面对大量的同胞被伤害,她无能为力,她希望探究当时的极权主义社会兴起的原因、发展的动力以及最后的结局。在探究极权主义社会的过程中,她提出了公共领域的概念,并强调公共领域概念的重要性,她希望建立一种真正的公共领域,在这个领域中人可以成为真正的政治的人。公共领域这一概念最早出现在阿伦特的著作《人的境况》一书中,她的政治思想也初步形成于这本书中。随着阿伦特思想的成熟和发展,她的关注点也转入到了对革命的议论以及政治与道德的关系问题,而晚年的阿伦特的政治思想则转为研究心灵生命,她试图融合人的实践与心灵的活动,这是阿伦特思想发展的主要脉络;她的政治思想所关切的就是人的实践及其场域的意义,这也是公共领域的意义。
     没有一个思想家的思想是可以不受任何其他人的影响而凭空产生的,阿伦特也不例外,她的思想受到了很多思想家的影响,但是她的思想又不同于任何已经存在的传统哲学,而且她的思想常常被误读甚至批判。阿伦特处于一个特殊的时代,在那个时代发生了严重的断裂,所有的传统思想都“消失”或“被消失”了,“根”已经不复存在了。面对政治逐渐被哲学所侵蚀,甚至取代,阿伦特认为政治正在逐渐的失去其本真,变得面目全非,人们陷入了一种不安和迷惘之中,不知道何去何从。作为一个开创者,阿伦特代表了一个开端,一个新的开端,她用自己独特的洞察力去理顺传统思想的发展脉络,并且提出了自己的政治想法。她的思想是独特而又重要的,这不仅表现在她提出了一个好的生活方式和终极道德等的标准,更表现在她对公共领域的关注和对公共事务所持有的积极的态度。公共领域是阿伦特政治思想的核心。对于阿伦特来说,公共领域可以说是一个神圣的、值得崇敬的领域,它是一切美好事物的源泉而且会照亮人类的生活。公共领域超越其他一切居于首位,阿伦特的政治思想即开端于此又结束于此。
     普遍的观点认为,当代的公共生活处于一片混乱之中,没有明确的目的和缺乏理性的判断,所以我们更加需要关注当代政治理论的公共领域问题。阿伦特的政治理论从知识论的角度来说是值得受到重视的,因为她在政治理论和人的条件方面的观点具有批判性和反思性。而对于现代的环境,面对传统的断裂,她的思想是不可或缺的。现代的理论家没有一个人可以像阿伦特这样勇敢而机智的面对和处理公共生活中的所有的危机;无论你是否接受阿伦特的解释方式,但是至少她提供了一种思考的态度。阿伦特给予了自我显现和公共领域一个新的独到的解释,这对于现代人的无论是公共的还是私人的领域都是至关重要的,而对阿伦特公共领域的正确解读有助于我们更好的理解阿伦特的政治理论思想。
     作为二十世纪最有影响力的政治哲学家,阿伦特毫无疑问是非常重要和独特的,所以我们需要仔细的研究她的思想并积极的借鉴。阿伦特经历了一个从行动到思想的回归过程,从“行”到“思”正好是她思想的发展脉络。早期的阿伦特是一个“逐梦”之人,她努力追逐并积极实践着自己想要的一切,爱情、自由、梦想、美好的政治生活等等。她是一个积极的人,关注行动,肯定积极行动的重要性,因为行动关乎人的自由。阿伦特提倡并渴望实现那种行动的自由,一个人可以完全的摆脱一切必然性的束缚而投身于他想做的正在发生的事情之中,这是一种绝对的自由;在一个自由的公共场域中,一个人可以完全的展示自我,这是一种真正的幸福。所以行动在阿伦特看来无比重要的,特别是在公共领域,只有行动才可以得到结果,才可以实现体验的过程。任何人都不可能完全的离开行动,这是人的本性使然,或者说行动是人的一种本体性存在的显现。可是随着年龄的增长和阅历的丰富,阿伦特的思想发生了变化。她所关注的重点也从“行动”转为“思考”。晚年的阿伦特更强调思考的重要性,尤其是判断;因为没有经过思考而进行的行动是愚蠢而盲目的。人的行动不可能不经过思考,只有经过思考,才能对行动做出判断,选择“做”与“不做”;只有经过思考,才能反省判断自己或他人的行动的“对”与“错”。判断使得在公共领域里形成的观点具有独特的标准意义。一个真正的人必须对他自己的行为负责,也就是说一个真正的人首先必须是一个有责任的人,他的行动代表了他本身。思考必须在行动之前,这也正印证了中国的那句古话——三思而后行。
     论文的最后,我希望通过分析阿伦特的公共领域学说进而对我国公共领域的建设提供借鉴意义。虽然我们无法确定中国的传统社会是否真正的存在着公共领域,但是我们可以确定的是在现代社会中,随着改革开放的兴起和消费主义的侵蚀,中国的公共领域并没有获得良好的发展空间。公共领域的缺失是现代政治危机的表现,健全的公共领域可以为中国的现代化转型提供强有力的支持和帮助。所以我们需要认真而仔细的去思考——究竟如何在当代经济飞速发展的中国建立一个健康、有序而富有活力的公共领域。只有这样我们才可能利用公共的渠道去妥善的解决那些公共的问题,只有这样我们才可能现实的消解国家与社会之间的张力,只有这样我们才可能真正的凝聚全民族的共识并促进社会的和谐发展。
A nation’s classical past means its genuine future. Living in a given historicalcircumstance, Hannah Arendt can do nothing when many of her brethrens are harmed.Thus, she hopes to explore the cause, dynamical drive and consequence of totalitarianismof the time. In the course of her exploration, she proposes the notion of public realm. Byinsisting on the importance of the notion, she hopes to set up a true public realm, inwhich man could become genuine political man. The notion of public realm first appearsin Arendt’s Human Condition, which presents the initial stage of her political thought. Asher thought grows to maturity, Arendt turns to focus on the argumentum of revolutionand the relationship between politics and morality. Arendt starts to investigate mind lifeat her old age, trying to interfuse human practice and psychic activity. This is theevolution of Arendt’s thought, which is deeply involved in human practice and it’s realmmeaning, namely the significance of public realm.
     There is no thinker who will not be influenced by other thinkers. Arendt is noexception. She has been influenced by many ideas. However, she holds different ideasfrom that of any traditional philosophies and her theories are often misunderstood or evencriticized. Arendt witnesses a special time, which marks a spiritual blankness andtraditional theories, the root of thoughts “disappears” or “made disappear”. With politicsinvaded, or even replaced, by philosophy, Arendt believes that politics is gradually losingits original character and become completely different, and that people, not knowingwhere to go, are getting anxious and lost. As an inaugurator, Arendt symbolizes a newthreshold. With her unique insight, she traces the evolution logic of traditional theoriesand puts forward her own political theory. The characteristics and importance of hertheory lie not only in the fact that she advances a healthy life style and an ultimate moralideal, but also in the fact that she persistently pays attention to public realm and holdsactive attitude toward public affairs. As core of Arendt’s theory, public realm isconsidered to be so divine and sublime that it inspires all good things and illuminateshuman life. Arendt’s political theory both starts from and ends with the idea of publicrealm, which asserts the primacy over anything else.
     It is universally acknowledged that the contemporary public life is in chaos anddisorder, without any clear aim and rational judgments. So we need much more concernfor the contemporary theoretical issue of public realm. Epistemologically speaking,Arendt’s political theory is worth regarding for her critical and reflective ideas on humancondition. In contemporary context of blankness, her theory is badly needed. Arendt isthe only one, among the contemporary thinkers, to face up with and tackle all crises inpublic life. Whether or not you agree with Arendt’s illustration, at least, she provides anattitude of thinking, giving a self-presentation and a unique interpretation of public realm,which is of extreme importance for both public and private realms of contemporaries.Moreover, a proper elaborating of Arendt’s public realm will help us to bettercomprehend her political theory.
     As the most influential political philosopher of20thcentury, Arendt is so importantand characteristic that we have to carefully investigate and actively refer to her theory.Arendt has experienced a process that action ripens into thought. Early Arendt is“someone to seek dream”, trying hard to practice what she is thinking of, such as love,freedom, dream, and good political life. She is active, insists on action and affirms itsimportance, for action associates with human liberty. Arendt advocates and yearns for thefreedom of action, which means that one can break away from the fetter of necessity andget involved in what he want to do. Such a freedom is absolute freedom. In a free publicregion, one can absolutely reveal himself, which means a genuine happiness. Thus inArendt’s opinion, nothing is more important than action, especially in public realm, andonly action can attains outcome and experiences the process. No one can get completelyaway from action and this is something out of human nature, or we may say that action isan embodiment of ontological existence of man. However, with an old age and richexperience, Arendt makes some change in her theory. She turns her concern for “action”to that for “thinking”. Later Arendt emphasizes more on the importance of thought,especially judgment, since action without thinking is foolish and blindfold. Only bythinking, can we make judgment on action and make choice between “doing” and “notdoing”. Only by thinking, can we reflect on ourselves’ or others’ doing and judge whetherthe doing is “right” or “wrong”. Judgment makes the opinions from public realmuniquely bear standard meaning. A genuine man must be responsible for his own behavior and his action represents himself. Thinking before acting is equal to an oldsaying in China, namely,“look before you leap”.
     Last but not least, I hope that my dissertation would be of reference value to thepublic realm construction in China. Although we are not sure whether a public realmexists in traditional Chinese society, what we can confirm is that with the rising of reformand opening-up, and with the invasion of consumerism, public realm in China has notattained its healthy room to develop. The absence of public realm manifests thecontemporary political crisis, while a wholesome public realm will provide a powerfulsupport and help for China’s modernization. How to build up a healthy, orderly andenergetic public realm in fast developing China is what we need to think over. Only inthis way, can we clear up, in reality, the tension between the state and society. Only inthis way, can we agglomerate national ideas and enhance harmonious progress of society.
引文
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