摘要
青少年的健康状况是关系到国家富强和民族昌盛的大问题。我国青少年体育参与体育活动不高,几乎成了社会“弱势性”的地位。提高青少年参与,构建满足青少年的体育需求的体育组织支撑是当务之急。美国青少年体育组织的发展在世界上非常有代表性。本研究运用相关理论,文献资料法、个案研究法、访谈法、观察法等方法,以美国青少年体育参与的组织体系的研究切入点,宏观层面上考察美国青少年体育的组织,微观层面进行个案社会调查,剖析美国的青少年体育活动的组织之间运作机制,期望在我国新一轮政府机构改革和职能转变的背景下,为我国青少年体育组织的建设和发展提供可借鉴的模式参考。通过研究得出结论:
(1)美国社会青少年体育价值理念以及美国的政治制度和体育管理体制是组织支撑的社会土壤。
(2)青少年体育参与活动类型多样,多元化的体育组织是青少年体育活动的保障。学校体育组织有:学校体育俱乐部,校际运动管理机构国家州高中协会联合会。社区体育组织按照类别可分为1、公共的、由税收支持的社区娱乐组织。2、公共非营利型社区组织。3、私有非营利性体育组织。4、私有营利性俱乐部。各体育组织之间存在差异性、互补性,各有特色地为青少年提供了多样体育项目。学校和社区体育组织共同配合,促进青少年体育参与并培养体育人才。
(3)美国政府通过具体的政策及行动措施促进青少年体育发展,形成政府、学校、非营利性体育组织、企业、家庭无缝链接的组织支撑网络,实现目标最大化。各组织着眼点在于体育对青少年价值的社会广泛认同,及各自利益的满足。存在的问题有:美国对基于社区的青少年体育组织管理松散;父母干预使青少年体育走向了另一个极端;太多体育竞赛给孩子造成了心理压力。
美国的多元文化社会,古希腊的“强健身体观”,性格中竞争精神、宗教信仰、公民社会和政治经济制度、志愿者精神、体育社会文化繁荣等是美国青少年体育参与组织支持的社会原因。
(4)我国长期以来形成的体育管理体制,抑制了社会组织发展的积极性,面临着社会组织支持来源过于单一,社会程度差等问题。学校体育、竞技体育、社会体育发展相脱节;社区非营利性组织发展薄弱。中国要借鉴国际经验,但不能照搬。我国构建青少年体育参与的组织体系需要政府部门、学校体育、社区体育组织的构建、家庭的共同努力,以及青少年自身体育锻炼意识提高。
The health status of young people is a big issue related to the prosperous and national prosperity of China. China's youth sports participation in sports activities is very low, and almost became a society "vulnerable" status. Improving young people's participation, building sports organizations support system to meet the needs of youth sports is a priority.
Development of American youth sports organizations in the world is very representative. Based on the relevant theory, literature review, case studies, interviews, observation were used in this study. the entry point for organizations involved in youth sports in the United States system, examine the organization of youth sports in the United States on the macro level, micro-level cases social investigation, analysis of the operation mechanism between the organization of American youth sports activities, expectations in the context of China's new round of reform of government institutions and functions change, for the construction and development of our youth sports organizations can learn from the model reference.
The conclusions are:(1) Values of youth sports in American society, the U.S. political system and sports management system are social foundation for support of the youth organization.(2)Youth sports participation and diverse types of activities, the diversified sports organizations is the protection of the youth sports activities. School sports clubs, interscholastic sports management agency, the National Association of State High School Association. Community sports organizations can be divided according to categories1, public, supported by the tax community recreation organizations.2, public non-profit community organizations.3private non-profit sports organizations.4, private for-profit clubs. There are differences among sports organizations, complementary, their own characteristics to provide a variety of sports for youth. Nonprofit organizations play an important role in the provision of youth sports. School and community sports organizations to jointly promote the social mechanisms involved in youth sports and develop talented children in sports.(3)The U.S. central government promotes the development of youth sports through specific course of action. American society have a network supporting system from government, schools, non-profit sports organizations, corporate, family seamless links to organizations supporting network, to achieve the goal to maximize. The organizations focus Sports recognized the value of young people in American society, and their respective interests meet. Existing problems:the U.S. loose community-based youth sports organization and management; the parents'intervention in youth sports to the other extreme; too athletic competition to children caused psychological pressure. Multicultural society, ancient Greece, strong body concept, character, competitive spirit, religion, civil society and the political and economic system, the volunteer spirit, sports social and cultural prosperity youth sports in the United States involved in the organization support social causes.(4)Due to the long-term sports management system in China, the enthusiasm of youth sport was inhibited. We are facing the single source of social support and the poor support from the organizations. School sports, competitive sports, community sports developed separately. China should learn from.international experience, but it can not be copied. Organizational system of building youth sports participation requires government departments, school sports, community sports organizations, the joint efforts of the family, as well as teenagers physical exercise awareness. Will eventually be the community to work together to create the atmosphere of youth sports participation sports.
引文
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