黄土区草地植被水土保持作用机理试验研究
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摘要
本研究采用野外试验和室内分析相结合的方法，以黄土高原地区退耕草地和天然草地植被为研究对象，重点对草地植被地上、地下部分生物量的生长动态；草地植被地上冠层，地表茎干、枯落物和地下根系等不同部位的保土作用机理以及不同土层深度侵蚀产沙的垂直变化规律等问题进行了系统研究，对退耕草地植被和天然草地植被的水土保持作用机理进行了初步分析探讨，取得如下结论：
一、揭示了草地植被恢复演替过程中，地面覆盖结构趋于复杂，地上部分生物量增加，草地植被根系逐渐集中在表层土壤中。
草地植被恢复演替过程中，植被地上地下部分生物量随着恢复时间不同而变化。其中地上部分的生物量随着退耕时间的延长而增加，即使是在相同的覆盖度条件下，多年生植被地上部分生物量比一年生植被明显增加。地下部分根系生物量的垂直分布具有规律性变化，在退耕的初期，植被根系在深层土壤中的分布相对较多，一般在退耕时间达到15年左右时，植被根系就出现在表层土壤集中的现象。天然草地的植被根系主要集中在表层40cm的土层中。根系的其他指标(包括根系长度和根系表面积等)也具有类似的变化规律。
在植被的恢复过程中，土壤性质也发生了相应的变化。土壤有机质和大于0.25mm水稳性团聚体含量随着退耕时间的延长而增加，随土层深度的增加而降低，其中直径在1～2mm范围内的水稳性团聚体具有与根系相似的垂直分布特征。
二、随着草地植被的生长和发育，土壤稳定入渗率和侵蚀量都降低。
模拟降雨实验表明，一年生植被覆盖下的土壤平均入渗率和稳定入渗率较多年生植被大；多年生草地植被覆盖下土壤流失量较一年生植被明显减少；对相同阶段的草地植被类型而言，随着植被覆盖度的增加，土壤的稳定入渗率有所降低，土壤流失量也有所减少。多年生植被覆盖下存在的地表生物结皮，降低了土壤稳定入渗率。
三、不同类型人为活动对水土流失的影响程度不同，火烧对植被水土保持作用破坏最大，刈割和放牧等次之。
在实验的过程中，采用模拟不同类型人为活动影响水土流失的方法，研究了当地常见的人为活动类型对水土流失特征的影响。结果表明，火烧能够破坏大部分地表植被，枯落物等地面覆盖类型，使大部分土壤暴露在雨滴的打击之下，增加了土壤侵蚀发生的可能，但是同时，火烧也破坏了地表生物结皮，增加了降雨入渗，提高了对降雨水分的利用效率。刈割也是当地常见的一种人为活动类型，刈割减少了植被冠层对地面的保护，增加了土壤侵蚀量，但是同时也使地表的生物结皮在雨滴的打击下遭到了破坏，增加了降雨入渗量，其后期的稳定入渗率与火烧情况下的入渗率相似。其他类型的人为活动(包括放牧等)都可以有效的破坏地表的生物结皮而增加降雨的入渗
西北农林科技大学2003届博士论文:黄土区草地植被水土保持作用机理试验研究
量，提高对雨水资源的利用效率。
四、草地植被不同部位对控制土壤侵蚀的作用机理不同。其中冠层消减了雨滴动能，
茎干及枯落物分散了径流动力，根系提高了土壤抵抗径流侵蚀能力。
野外模拟试验研究结果表明，植被草地植被冠层的作用在于消减降雨雨滴的动
能，防止和减少击溅侵蚀的发生发展;草地植被的茎干及枯落物的作用在于分散径流，
降低径流侵蚀动能，拦蓄泥沙;草地植被根系的主要作用在于网络固结土壤，提高土
壤对侵蚀动力的抵抗能力，其作用在细沟侵蚀形成和发展之后更加突出。其他地表覆
盖结构(包括苔醉、地衣以及生物土壤结皮等)的存在依赖于其上覆盖的植被类型，
进一步丰富了土壤的覆盖结构，增强了土壤抵抗侵蚀动力的能力，提高了植被的水土
保持功能。
五、草地土壤侵蚀产沙的垂直变化规律与根系密度的垂直分布特征密切相关，直径
在0.2一0.4Inln内的根系对提高土壤抵抗径流侵蚀的作用最大。
尝试采用分层冲刷的方法研究了草地植被根系对垂直侵蚀产沙的影响。草地土壤
侵蚀产沙的垂直变化规律与根系密度的垂直分布特征密切相关，根系密度大，侵蚀产
沙少，反之亦然。但是根系提高土壤抗冲性的能力随着流量、坡度以及土壤深度的增
加而受到了限制。一般在土壤深度超过40cm时，由于根系密度明显降低，根系提高
土壤抗冲性的作用也大大降低。根据试验观测数据，采用曲线拟和的方法对土壤侵蚀
产沙与根系之间的关系进行模拟，建立了植被根系生物量与垂直侵蚀产沙特征之间的
关系定量关系。
实验观测到冲刷形成的跌坎中同样存在着毛细根，说明毛细根对提高土壤抵抗侵
蚀的作用较弱。对不同径级根系长度与不同深度垂直侵蚀产沙特征的相关性分析结果
表明，直径在0.2一0.4~范围内的根系与垂直侵蚀产沙的负相关系数最高，说明直径
范围在0.2一0.4~内的根系对提高土壤抵抗径流侵蚀的作用最大。
六、建立了土壤垂直侵蚀产沙与根系及土壤特性之间的定量关系。
采用逐步回归的方法对不同土层深度上垂直侵蚀产沙特征和根系垂直分布特征
及土壤特性进行了分析。结果表明只有直径在1~2 mm范围内的土壤团聚体和根系生
物量两个变量进入了回归方程，其余变量被剔除。说明实验条件下土壤垂
In this research, on the basis of the simulating studies indoors and field, systematic researches were carried out to study related key problems of above-underground biomass dynamics, soil conservation mechanics of canopy, stems, litter, and root, and vertical changes of sediment yield on different soil depth of the vegetation on the natural and abandoned grassland. Based on the preliminary discussion on the soil and water conservation mechanics of grassland vegetation, following researches can be reached:
1. Revealing the dynamics of vegetative cover characters, soil properties and vertical root distribution of vegetation on grassland in its rehabilitating succession process.
During the rehabilitating succession process, both above and underground biomass of vegetation on returned farmlands changed with the rehabilitating time. Its above biomass increased with the increase of abandoned time. Compared to pioneer herbaceous species, perennial herbaceous grasses have larger above biomass, even under the similar vegetative cover. There were regular changes in root distribution patterns. During the initial period of the land abandoned, more roots were distributed in deeper soil. When the abandoned time was over 15 years, vegetation root system tended to concentrate in surface soil layer. To the vegetation on natural grassland, its root system was concentrated in surface 0~40cm soil layer. All the other root indexes, including root length, root surface area etc, showed similar distribution patterns.
During the vegetation rehabilitation process, soil properties were changed correspondingly. Both soil organic matter content and water stable aggregate content (>0.25mm) decreased with the increase of soil depth, and increased with the increase of abandoned time, among which water stable aggregate with its diameter between l-2mm has the similar distribution pattern to that of the vertical root distribution characters.
2. Effect of grassland vegetation on soil and water conservation increased with the increase of rehabilitating time.
Simulating rainfall results indicated that under the cover of pioneer herbaceous species, both average and stable soil infiltration was higher than that of perennial herbaceous vegetation. Under the cover of the perennial herbaceous vegetation, soil loss was decreased clearly compared to that of the pioneer species. To the vegetation at the same succession stages, with the increase of vegetation cover, its stable infiltration decreased, together with its soil loss. The existence of microbiotic crust under the cover of perennial herbaceous vegetation lowered stable soil infiltration ratio.
3. Effect of different human induced activities on soil and water loss process was different. Fire destroyed the effect of vegetation on soil and water conservation most seriously, followed with mowing and grazing.
Effect of human activities on soil and water loss was simulated in this study. Results indicated that fire destroyed most surface vegetation, exposed soil under the direct raindrop splash, and increased the risk of soil erosion. On the other hand, fire helped to destroy the surface microbitic crust, which increased soil infiltration and improved the utilization of rainwater. Mowing was also a local common human disturbance to vegetation, it decrease the protection to vegetative cover to soil, and increased soil erosion. But its removing vegetation canopy also helped to destroy the surface microbiotic crust, and increased soil infiltration, which was similar to that of fire. Other human activities, including grazing, are also effective in destroy the surface microbiotic crust, and increased soil infiltration, which helped to improve the utilization efficiency of rainwater.
4. The effects of different herbaceous vegetation parts on soil erosion were different. The existence of canopy diminished raindrop energy, stems and litter dispersed runoff and consequently runoff erosivity, root system improved soil resistance to runoff scouring.
Simulating results in field indic
一、揭示了草地植被恢复演替过程中，地面覆盖结构趋于复杂，地上部分生物量增加，草地植被根系逐渐集中在表层土壤中。
草地植被恢复演替过程中，植被地上地下部分生物量随着恢复时间不同而变化。其中地上部分的生物量随着退耕时间的延长而增加，即使是在相同的覆盖度条件下，多年生植被地上部分生物量比一年生植被明显增加。地下部分根系生物量的垂直分布具有规律性变化，在退耕的初期，植被根系在深层土壤中的分布相对较多，一般在退耕时间达到15年左右时，植被根系就出现在表层土壤集中的现象。天然草地的植被根系主要集中在表层40cm的土层中。根系的其他指标(包括根系长度和根系表面积等)也具有类似的变化规律。
在植被的恢复过程中，土壤性质也发生了相应的变化。土壤有机质和大于0.25mm水稳性团聚体含量随着退耕时间的延长而增加，随土层深度的增加而降低，其中直径在1～2mm范围内的水稳性团聚体具有与根系相似的垂直分布特征。
二、随着草地植被的生长和发育，土壤稳定入渗率和侵蚀量都降低。
模拟降雨实验表明，一年生植被覆盖下的土壤平均入渗率和稳定入渗率较多年生植被大；多年生草地植被覆盖下土壤流失量较一年生植被明显减少；对相同阶段的草地植被类型而言，随着植被覆盖度的增加，土壤的稳定入渗率有所降低，土壤流失量也有所减少。多年生植被覆盖下存在的地表生物结皮，降低了土壤稳定入渗率。
三、不同类型人为活动对水土流失的影响程度不同，火烧对植被水土保持作用破坏最大，刈割和放牧等次之。
在实验的过程中，采用模拟不同类型人为活动影响水土流失的方法，研究了当地常见的人为活动类型对水土流失特征的影响。结果表明，火烧能够破坏大部分地表植被，枯落物等地面覆盖类型，使大部分土壤暴露在雨滴的打击之下，增加了土壤侵蚀发生的可能，但是同时，火烧也破坏了地表生物结皮，增加了降雨入渗，提高了对降雨水分的利用效率。刈割也是当地常见的一种人为活动类型，刈割减少了植被冠层对地面的保护，增加了土壤侵蚀量，但是同时也使地表的生物结皮在雨滴的打击下遭到了破坏，增加了降雨入渗量，其后期的稳定入渗率与火烧情况下的入渗率相似。其他类型的人为活动(包括放牧等)都可以有效的破坏地表的生物结皮而增加降雨的入渗
西北农林科技大学2003届博士论文:黄土区草地植被水土保持作用机理试验研究
量，提高对雨水资源的利用效率。
四、草地植被不同部位对控制土壤侵蚀的作用机理不同。其中冠层消减了雨滴动能，
茎干及枯落物分散了径流动力，根系提高了土壤抵抗径流侵蚀能力。
野外模拟试验研究结果表明，植被草地植被冠层的作用在于消减降雨雨滴的动
能，防止和减少击溅侵蚀的发生发展;草地植被的茎干及枯落物的作用在于分散径流，
降低径流侵蚀动能，拦蓄泥沙;草地植被根系的主要作用在于网络固结土壤，提高土
壤对侵蚀动力的抵抗能力，其作用在细沟侵蚀形成和发展之后更加突出。其他地表覆
盖结构(包括苔醉、地衣以及生物土壤结皮等)的存在依赖于其上覆盖的植被类型，
进一步丰富了土壤的覆盖结构，增强了土壤抵抗侵蚀动力的能力，提高了植被的水土
保持功能。
五、草地土壤侵蚀产沙的垂直变化规律与根系密度的垂直分布特征密切相关，直径
在0.2一0.4Inln内的根系对提高土壤抵抗径流侵蚀的作用最大。
尝试采用分层冲刷的方法研究了草地植被根系对垂直侵蚀产沙的影响。草地土壤
侵蚀产沙的垂直变化规律与根系密度的垂直分布特征密切相关，根系密度大，侵蚀产
沙少，反之亦然。但是根系提高土壤抗冲性的能力随着流量、坡度以及土壤深度的增
加而受到了限制。一般在土壤深度超过40cm时，由于根系密度明显降低，根系提高
土壤抗冲性的作用也大大降低。根据试验观测数据，采用曲线拟和的方法对土壤侵蚀
产沙与根系之间的关系进行模拟，建立了植被根系生物量与垂直侵蚀产沙特征之间的
关系定量关系。
实验观测到冲刷形成的跌坎中同样存在着毛细根，说明毛细根对提高土壤抵抗侵
蚀的作用较弱。对不同径级根系长度与不同深度垂直侵蚀产沙特征的相关性分析结果
表明，直径在0.2一0.4~范围内的根系与垂直侵蚀产沙的负相关系数最高，说明直径
范围在0.2一0.4~内的根系对提高土壤抵抗径流侵蚀的作用最大。
六、建立了土壤垂直侵蚀产沙与根系及土壤特性之间的定量关系。
采用逐步回归的方法对不同土层深度上垂直侵蚀产沙特征和根系垂直分布特征
及土壤特性进行了分析。结果表明只有直径在1~2 mm范围内的土壤团聚体和根系生
物量两个变量进入了回归方程，其余变量被剔除。说明实验条件下土壤垂
In this research, on the basis of the simulating studies indoors and field, systematic researches were carried out to study related key problems of above-underground biomass dynamics, soil conservation mechanics of canopy, stems, litter, and root, and vertical changes of sediment yield on different soil depth of the vegetation on the natural and abandoned grassland. Based on the preliminary discussion on the soil and water conservation mechanics of grassland vegetation, following researches can be reached:
1. Revealing the dynamics of vegetative cover characters, soil properties and vertical root distribution of vegetation on grassland in its rehabilitating succession process.
During the rehabilitating succession process, both above and underground biomass of vegetation on returned farmlands changed with the rehabilitating time. Its above biomass increased with the increase of abandoned time. Compared to pioneer herbaceous species, perennial herbaceous grasses have larger above biomass, even under the similar vegetative cover. There were regular changes in root distribution patterns. During the initial period of the land abandoned, more roots were distributed in deeper soil. When the abandoned time was over 15 years, vegetation root system tended to concentrate in surface soil layer. To the vegetation on natural grassland, its root system was concentrated in surface 0~40cm soil layer. All the other root indexes, including root length, root surface area etc, showed similar distribution patterns.
During the vegetation rehabilitation process, soil properties were changed correspondingly. Both soil organic matter content and water stable aggregate content (>0.25mm) decreased with the increase of soil depth, and increased with the increase of abandoned time, among which water stable aggregate with its diameter between l-2mm has the similar distribution pattern to that of the vertical root distribution characters.
2. Effect of grassland vegetation on soil and water conservation increased with the increase of rehabilitating time.
Simulating rainfall results indicated that under the cover of pioneer herbaceous species, both average and stable soil infiltration was higher than that of perennial herbaceous vegetation. Under the cover of the perennial herbaceous vegetation, soil loss was decreased clearly compared to that of the pioneer species. To the vegetation at the same succession stages, with the increase of vegetation cover, its stable infiltration decreased, together with its soil loss. The existence of microbiotic crust under the cover of perennial herbaceous vegetation lowered stable soil infiltration ratio.
3. Effect of different human induced activities on soil and water loss process was different. Fire destroyed the effect of vegetation on soil and water conservation most seriously, followed with mowing and grazing.
Effect of human activities on soil and water loss was simulated in this study. Results indicated that fire destroyed most surface vegetation, exposed soil under the direct raindrop splash, and increased the risk of soil erosion. On the other hand, fire helped to destroy the surface microbitic crust, which increased soil infiltration and improved the utilization of rainwater. Mowing was also a local common human disturbance to vegetation, it decrease the protection to vegetative cover to soil, and increased soil erosion. But its removing vegetation canopy also helped to destroy the surface microbiotic crust, and increased soil infiltration, which was similar to that of fire. Other human activities, including grazing, are also effective in destroy the surface microbiotic crust, and increased soil infiltration, which helped to improve the utilization efficiency of rainwater.
4. The effects of different herbaceous vegetation parts on soil erosion were different. The existence of canopy diminished raindrop energy, stems and litter dispersed runoff and consequently runoff erosivity, root system improved soil resistance to runoff scouring.
Simulating results in field indic
引文
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