角能量分布及互耦效应对MIMO天线系统性能影响的研究
|
摘要
MIM0通信系统在提高频谱效率和增大信道容量上表现出卓越的优越性,MIM0系统的性能主要由表征着天线阵列与信道特征的空间相关性函数所决定。随着紧凑型天线的发展,互耦效应对于系统的影响更加显著,因此分析互耦效应对于MIMO系统的影响具有重要的意义。本文重点研究了不同入射信号分布与相关性的关系以及互耦效应对于MIMO系统的影响。全文具体工作包括以下几个方面。
第一,以均匀分布的圆形天线阵列为模型,入射信号分别为均匀、高斯和拉普拉斯能量分布和三种双边带分布时,推导出其空间相关性的精确和近似表达式,分析了在入射信号为双边分布时各种因素对于其空间相关性的影响。仿真分析结果表明,双边带分布时相关性波动幅度和差值取决于中心到达角之间的差值。
第二,分析了互耦效应对多天线性能的影响,通过网络等效分析法对天线模型进行简化分析,得出阻抗矩阵和收发端的耦合矩阵。推导出互耦效应时天线阵元空间相关性的通用表达式,并论证了它与无互耦时空间相关性的关系。研究了互耦效应分别对平行天线阵列和共线天线阵列阵元间空间相关性的影响。仿真分析表明,互耦效应对于两种天线阵列的影响显著不同,适当的选择天线阵列可以有效地改善互耦效应对于系统性能的影响。
第三,针对在互耦效应影响下,均匀线形天线阵列在阵元间距较小时信道容量急剧下降的问题,提出一种具有空域对称结构的均匀圆型天线阵列。在建立网络等效模型的基础上,推导出互耦效应下空间相关性的通用表达式,并在来波角谱为高斯分布的情况下与均匀线型天线阵列的容量性能作仿真比较。仿真结果表明：均匀圆型阵列的空间对称性排布结构使其具有良好的互补性,这种天线阵列具有非常稳定的信道容量,可以有效地改善互耦效应对于系统性能的影响。
第四,针对非频率选择性瑞利衰落的MIMO信道,建立接收天线的空间三维信道模型,将信道建模推广到空间域。建立了天线阵列间在互耦效应下的等效网络模型,推导出三维模型下的互耦相关性的通用表达式。应用该公式分析了当接收端为不同的天线阵列时,入射信号中扩展角和俯仰角的中心到达角和角度扩展分别对于互耦效应下信道容量的影响。数值分析验证了不同的角度扩展对于互耦相关性的影响,仿真结果表明互耦效应下影响系统容量的主要因素为入射信号的平均中心到达角。
MIMO(Multiple-input multiple-output)wireless systems, in which multiple antennas are used at both transmitter and receiver, have demonstrated the great potential for increased spectrum efficiency and channel capacity.The major issue of MIMO systems is that capacity gain is highly dependent on the spatial correlation,which is a function of the antenna array and channel characteristics.In order to achieve a compact array,mutual coupling becomes particularly significant as the interelement spacing is decreased.Therefore,it is of great value to analyze the impacts of mutual coupling on the properties of MIMO channel.In this paper,the relation between different energy distributions and spatial correlation and the effect of mutual coupling on the performance of MIMO systems are studied.The main work of this paper detailed as follows.
Firstly, we derive spatial correlation functions of a uniform circular antenna arrays for three type of angle-arrival(AOA) distributions and their bi-modal distributions.Three different AOA distributions are considered in this papena uniform angular distributions Gaussian angle distribution,and a Laplacian angle distribution.The generalized spatial correlation functions are investigationed carefully by exact and approximate analyses.Results show that the oscillation of correlation function depends on the difference between the AOA's of the two modes.
Secondly, the impacts of mutual coupling on the performance of MIMO wireless channel are analyzed. From the analysis of the antenna model by network equivalent analysis, the impedance matrix and the mutual coupling matrices of transmitter and receiver are obtained. A general expression of the spatial correlation between a pair of mutually coupled antennas is explicitly derived, and the conditions under which mutual coupling has no effect on the spatial correlation are also identified. The effects of mutual coupling on the parallel antenna array and the collinear antenna array are investigated. Simulation results show that the impacts of mutual coupling on parallel antenna array and collinear antenna array are quite different in the performance of MIMO channel, and the performance of MIMO system affected by mutual coupling can be improved effectively by properly selecting antenna array.
Thirdly, considering the effect of mutual coupling, the channel capacity of a uniform linear array (ULA) will decrease rapidly with the decreasing of distance between antenna array elements, this paper provides a uniform circular array (UCA) with symmetric structure. A general expression of the spatial correlation between a pair of mutually coupled antennas is explicitly derived base on the established equivalent model, then the stability of the channel capacity of ULA and UCA are also compared in the case of truncated Guassian distribution of power azimuth spectrum. Simulation results show that this symmetric UCA can provide more stable channel capacity than ULA due to its complementary properties among the antenna array elements. The effect of mutual coupling on the performance of MIMO system can be improved effectively by selecting UCA.
Fourthly, a three-dimensional antenna array channel model for frequency nonselective Rayleigh fading channel is set up and the channel model setting is extended to space. This paper analyzes mutual coupling between antenna arrays and obtains the equivalent network model of the multiple-antenna. The general spatial correlation expression of channel model with the impact of mutual coupling is derived. When the receivers are different antenna arrays, the effects of the angular parameters associated with the mean azimuth of arrival(MAOA),azimuth spread(AS),mean elevation of arrival(MEOA)and elevation spread(ES) on the system capacity is investigated. Numerical results verify the different angle spread impact on spatial correlation. The simulation results indicate that the system capacity with the mutual coupling is more dependent on the MAOA and MEOA than the AS and ES.
第一,以均匀分布的圆形天线阵列为模型,入射信号分别为均匀、高斯和拉普拉斯能量分布和三种双边带分布时,推导出其空间相关性的精确和近似表达式,分析了在入射信号为双边分布时各种因素对于其空间相关性的影响。仿真分析结果表明,双边带分布时相关性波动幅度和差值取决于中心到达角之间的差值。
第二,分析了互耦效应对多天线性能的影响,通过网络等效分析法对天线模型进行简化分析,得出阻抗矩阵和收发端的耦合矩阵。推导出互耦效应时天线阵元空间相关性的通用表达式,并论证了它与无互耦时空间相关性的关系。研究了互耦效应分别对平行天线阵列和共线天线阵列阵元间空间相关性的影响。仿真分析表明,互耦效应对于两种天线阵列的影响显著不同,适当的选择天线阵列可以有效地改善互耦效应对于系统性能的影响。
第三,针对在互耦效应影响下,均匀线形天线阵列在阵元间距较小时信道容量急剧下降的问题,提出一种具有空域对称结构的均匀圆型天线阵列。在建立网络等效模型的基础上,推导出互耦效应下空间相关性的通用表达式,并在来波角谱为高斯分布的情况下与均匀线型天线阵列的容量性能作仿真比较。仿真结果表明：均匀圆型阵列的空间对称性排布结构使其具有良好的互补性,这种天线阵列具有非常稳定的信道容量,可以有效地改善互耦效应对于系统性能的影响。
第四,针对非频率选择性瑞利衰落的MIMO信道,建立接收天线的空间三维信道模型,将信道建模推广到空间域。建立了天线阵列间在互耦效应下的等效网络模型,推导出三维模型下的互耦相关性的通用表达式。应用该公式分析了当接收端为不同的天线阵列时,入射信号中扩展角和俯仰角的中心到达角和角度扩展分别对于互耦效应下信道容量的影响。数值分析验证了不同的角度扩展对于互耦相关性的影响,仿真结果表明互耦效应下影响系统容量的主要因素为入射信号的平均中心到达角。
MIMO(Multiple-input multiple-output)wireless systems, in which multiple antennas are used at both transmitter and receiver, have demonstrated the great potential for increased spectrum efficiency and channel capacity.The major issue of MIMO systems is that capacity gain is highly dependent on the spatial correlation,which is a function of the antenna array and channel characteristics.In order to achieve a compact array,mutual coupling becomes particularly significant as the interelement spacing is decreased.Therefore,it is of great value to analyze the impacts of mutual coupling on the properties of MIMO channel.In this paper,the relation between different energy distributions and spatial correlation and the effect of mutual coupling on the performance of MIMO systems are studied.The main work of this paper detailed as follows.
Firstly, we derive spatial correlation functions of a uniform circular antenna arrays for three type of angle-arrival(AOA) distributions and their bi-modal distributions.Three different AOA distributions are considered in this papena uniform angular distributions Gaussian angle distribution,and a Laplacian angle distribution.The generalized spatial correlation functions are investigationed carefully by exact and approximate analyses.Results show that the oscillation of correlation function depends on the difference between the AOA's of the two modes.
Secondly, the impacts of mutual coupling on the performance of MIMO wireless channel are analyzed. From the analysis of the antenna model by network equivalent analysis, the impedance matrix and the mutual coupling matrices of transmitter and receiver are obtained. A general expression of the spatial correlation between a pair of mutually coupled antennas is explicitly derived, and the conditions under which mutual coupling has no effect on the spatial correlation are also identified. The effects of mutual coupling on the parallel antenna array and the collinear antenna array are investigated. Simulation results show that the impacts of mutual coupling on parallel antenna array and collinear antenna array are quite different in the performance of MIMO channel, and the performance of MIMO system affected by mutual coupling can be improved effectively by properly selecting antenna array.
Thirdly, considering the effect of mutual coupling, the channel capacity of a uniform linear array (ULA) will decrease rapidly with the decreasing of distance between antenna array elements, this paper provides a uniform circular array (UCA) with symmetric structure. A general expression of the spatial correlation between a pair of mutually coupled antennas is explicitly derived base on the established equivalent model, then the stability of the channel capacity of ULA and UCA are also compared in the case of truncated Guassian distribution of power azimuth spectrum. Simulation results show that this symmetric UCA can provide more stable channel capacity than ULA due to its complementary properties among the antenna array elements. The effect of mutual coupling on the performance of MIMO system can be improved effectively by selecting UCA.
Fourthly, a three-dimensional antenna array channel model for frequency nonselective Rayleigh fading channel is set up and the channel model setting is extended to space. This paper analyzes mutual coupling between antenna arrays and obtains the equivalent network model of the multiple-antenna. The general spatial correlation expression of channel model with the impact of mutual coupling is derived. When the receivers are different antenna arrays, the effects of the angular parameters associated with the mean azimuth of arrival(MAOA),azimuth spread(AS),mean elevation of arrival(MEOA)and elevation spread(ES) on the system capacity is investigated. Numerical results verify the different angle spread impact on spatial correlation. The simulation results indicate that the system capacity with the mutual coupling is more dependent on the MAOA and MEOA than the AS and ES.
引文
[1]Shannon.C.E. A mathematical theory of communiation[J]. The Bell System Tehnical Journal,1948,27(7);379-423
[2]Telatar.I.E. Capacity of multi-antrnna guassian channels[J]. European Transaction on Telecommunicatiaons,1999,10(6):585-595
[3]Foschini.G.J, Gans M J.On limits of wireless communications in a fading enviorment when using multiple antennas[J]. Wireless Personal Communications,1998,6(3):311-335
[4]ITU.Guidelines for Evaluation Radio Transmission Technologies for IMT-2000[S]. ITU recommendation M1225,ITU,Tech.Rep,2000
[5]Lucent, Nokia, Siemens, Ericsson. Astandardized set of MIMO radio propagation channels[R]. Technical report,3gpp tsd r1-01-1179,2001
[6]Smith P J,shafi M. Water-filing methods for MIMO systems[C].3rd Australian communication Theory Workshop,Canberra,Australia,2002.
[7]3GPP. Physicai channels and mapping of transport channels onto physical channels(FDD)[S]. Technical Specificantion 25.211,vol.3.2.0,Mar.2000.
[8]3GPP2.Physical layer standard for cdma2000 spread spectrum systems[S].C.S0002-A,June 2000
[9]Dahlman E, Ekstrom H, Furuskar A and et al. The 3G long term evolution radio interface concepts and performance evalution[C]. IEEE 63rd Vehicular Technology Conference, 2006,1:137-141
[10]UMTS.Towards golobal mobile broadband standardising the future of mobile communications with LTE. UMTS Forum Report,Feb.2008
[11]Gesbert.D, Shafi.M, Shiu Da-shan and et al. From theory to practice:An overview of MIMO space-time coded wireless system[J]. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications,2003,21 (3):281-302
[12]Std. IEEE 802.11n draft 1.0[S]. IEEE-SA Standard Broad,2005
[13]Gupta I J, KSienski A A. Effect of mutual coupling on the Performance of adaptive arrays.IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation.1983(9):785-79
[14]罗涛,乐光新.多天线无线通信原理及应用[M].北京：北京邮电大学出版社,2005
[15]Jakes W.C.,Microwave Mobile Communications. Wiley,1st ed.,1974.
[16]Tasil J.A, Buehrer R.M, Woemer B.D. BER Performance of a Uniform Circular Array Versus a Uniform Linear Array in a Mobile Radio Enviroment[J].IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications,2004,3(3).
[17]Lee.W.C. Mobile communications engineering. New York:McGrow-Hill,1982
[18]Tarokh.V, N Seshadri, A R Calderbank. Space-time codes for high data rate wireless communications:performance criterion and code constructio[J]. IEEE Transactions on I T. ]998,44(2):744-765
[19]Tarkh.V, Seshadri.N, Calderbank.A.R. Space-time block coding for wireless communications:performance results[J]. IEEE Journal on selected areas in communications,1999,17(3):451-460
[20]Tarkh.V, Seshadri.N, Calderbank.A.R. Space-time block codes from orthogonal designs[J]. IEEE Transaction on Information Theory.1999,45(5):1456-1467
[21]Salz.J, H.J winters. Effect of fading correlation on adaptive arrays in digital wireless communications[C]. Proceedings of IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC),1993, 3:1758-1774
[22]Jakes. W.C. Microwave Mobile Communications, reprinted. Piscataway:IEEE Press:1993
[23]Lee.W.C. Effects on correlation between two mobile radio base station antennas[J]. IEEE Transactions on Communications.1973,COM-21:1214-1224
[24]Shiu.D.S, Foschini.G.J, Gans.M.J. Fading correlation and its effect on the capacity of multielement antenna systems[J]. IEEE Transactions on Communications.2000,48 (3):502-513
[25]Pedersen.K.I. Spatial channel characteristics in outdoor environments and their impact on BS antenna system performance[C]//IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference, Ottawa, Canada,1998,2:719-723
[26]Svalesson.T, Ranheim.A. Mutual coupling effects on the capacity of multielement antenna systems[C]//IEEE.IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, Salt Lake City,USA:IEEE Press,2001:2485-2488.
[27]Wallace.J.W, Jensen.M.A. The capacity of MIMO wireless systems with mutual coupling. [C]//IEEE.IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference, USA:IEEE Press,2002:696-700.
[28]Dandekar.K.R, Heath.R.W. Modeling realistic electromagnetic effects on MIMO systems capacity[J].Electron Lett,2002,38(25):1624-1625.
[29]Jungnickel. V, Poh1.V, Helmolt.C. Capacity of MIMO systems with closely spaced antennas [J].IEEE Communications Letters,2003,7 (8):361-363.
[30]Waldschmidt.C, Hagen.J.V, Wiesbeck.W.Influence and modelling of mutual coupling in MIMO and diversity systems [J]. IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium,2002,3(8):190.
[31]李纪,李晓舟,张尔扬.互耦对MIMO信道空间相关特性的影响[J].国防科技大学学报,2006,28(4)：73—77.
[32]John.D,Kraus.R.J,MARHEFKA天线[M].章文勋,译.北京：电子工业出版社,2005：11-14.
[33]Li.X, Nie.Z. Mutual coupling effect on the performance of MIMO wireless channels[J]. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters,2004,3(1):344-347.
[34]Clerckx.B,Craeye.C,Vanhoenacker.J.D. Impact of antenna coupling on 2 times 2 MIMO Communication[J]. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology,2007,56(3):1009-1018.
[35]Lu.S.Y, Hui.H, Bailkowski.M. Optimizing MIMO channel capacities under the influence of antenna mutual coupling[J].IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters,2008,7(9):287-290.
[36]Salz.J,Winters,J,H. Effect of fading correlation on adaptive arrays in digital mobile radio[J]. IEEE Transaction on Vehicular Technology,1994,43(4):1049-1057.
[37]Gupta.I.J,Ksienski.A.K. Effect of mutual coupling on the performance of adaptive arrays[J]. IEEE Transactions on Antennas Propagation,1983,31(5):785-791.
[38]Janaswamy R. Effect of element mutual coupling on the capacity of fixed length linear arrays[J]. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters,2002,1(2):157-160.
[39]Svanlesson.T, Ranheim.A. Mutual coupling effects on the capacity of multielement antenna systems[C]. IEEE International Conference on Acoustics,Speech,and Signal Processing, Salt Lake City,2001,4:2485-2488.
[40]郭强,周希朗,张伟炯等.天线匹配对莱斯信道下紧凑MIMO系统性能的影响[J].电波科学学报,2009,24(6)：1009.1013.
[41]Svantesson.T, Ranheim.A. Mutual coupling effects on the capacity of multielement antenna systems[C].IEEE International Conference on Acoustics,Speech,and Signal Processing, Salt Lake City,2001,2:2485-2488.
[42]Fletcher.P.N, Dean.M and Nix.A.R. Mutual coupling in multi-element array antennas and its influence on MIMO channel capacity[J]. IEEE Eletronics Letters,2003,39(4):342-344.
[43]Jungnickel.V, Pohl.V and Helmolt.V.C. Capacity of MIMO systems with closely spaced antennas [J].IEEE Communications Letters,2003,7(8):361-363.
[44]李忻,聂在平.天线互祸对MIMO无线信道性能的影响[J].电波科学学报,2005,20(4)：546-551.
[45]Tsai.J.A,Woerner.B.D. The fading correlation function of a circular antenna array in mobile radio environment[C]. IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference, San Antonio, USA. 2001,5:3232-3236.
[46]Proakis.J.G. Digital Communications, third edition[M]. New York:McGraw-Hill,1995
[47]Foschini.GJ. Layered space-time architecture for wireless communications in a fading environment when using multiple antennas[J].Bell Labs technical journal,1996,6(6):41-59
[48]Gradshteyn.I.S, Ryzhik.I.M. Table of Integrals,Series and Products[M]. New York,USA: Academic Press,1980
[49]Shiu.D.S, Foschini.G, Gans.M. Fading correlation and effect on the capacity of multielement antenna systems[J]. IEEE Transactions on Communications,2000,48(3):502-512
[50]Chizhik.D, Farrokhi.R.F,Ling.J. Effect of antenna separation on the capacity of BLAST in correlated channels[J]. IEEE Communications Letters,2000,4(11):337-339
[51]Tsai.J.A, Buehrer.R.B, Woerner.B.D. Spatial fading correlation function of circular antenna arrays with Laplacian distribution energy[C]. IEEE Communication Letters,2002,8(5) 178-180.
[52]Salz.J, Winters.J.H. Effect of fading correlation on adaptive arrays in digital mobile radio[J]. IEEE Trans Veh Technol,1994,43(4):1049-1057.
[53]Jiann.A.T, Buehere.R.B, Woerner.B.D. Spatial fading correlation function of circular antenna arrays with Laplacian distribution energy[J]. IEEE Commun Lett,2002,6(5) 178-180.
[54]Kuchar.A, Rossi.J.P, Bonek.E. Directional macro-cell channel characterization from urban measurements[J]. IEEE Trans Antennas and Propag,2000,48(2):137-146.
[55]Fulh.J, Rossi.J.P, Bonek.E. High-resolution 3-D direction-of-arrival determination for urban mobile radio[J]. IEEE Trans Antennas and Propag.1997,45(4):672-682.
[56]Taga.T. Characteristics of space-diversity branch using parallel dipole antennas in mobile radio communications[J].Electron Commun Jpn, pt 1,1993,76(9):55-65.
[57]Gupta.I.J, Ksienski.A.K. Effect of mutual coupling on the performance of adaptive arrays[J]. IEEE Trans Antennas and Propag,1983,31 (5):785-791.
[58]Zhemin.X, Sfar.S, Blum.R. Receive antenna selection for closely-spaced antennas with mutual coupling[J]. IEEE Trans Wireless Communications,2010,9(2):652-661.
[59]Huang.Y.Z, Balans.C.A, BIRTCHER C R. Mutual, coupling compensation in UCAs: Simulations and experiment. IEEE Trans Antennas and Propag.2006,54(11),3082-3086.
[60]Bhagava.H.R, Heath.R.W, Forenza.A. Impact of mutual coupling on adaptive switching between MIMO transmission strategies and antenna configurations [J]. Wireless Personal Communications,2010,52(1):69-87.
[61]Svantesson.T, Ranheim.A. Mutual coupling effects on the capacity of multi-element antenna systems[A]. Proc IEEE Inte Conf on Acoustics Speech and Singal [C].2001,4:2485-2488.
[62]Li.X, Nie.Z.P. Mutual coupling effects of MIMO wireless channels[A]. Proc IEEE Inte Conf on Microwave and Millmeter Wave Technology[C].2004,150-153.
[63]Yong.S.K, Thompson.J.S. Three dimensinoal spatial fading correlation models for compact MIMO receivers[J]. IEEE Trans Commun,2005,4(6):2856-2869.
[2]Telatar.I.E. Capacity of multi-antrnna guassian channels[J]. European Transaction on Telecommunicatiaons,1999,10(6):585-595
[3]Foschini.G.J, Gans M J.On limits of wireless communications in a fading enviorment when using multiple antennas[J]. Wireless Personal Communications,1998,6(3):311-335
[4]ITU.Guidelines for Evaluation Radio Transmission Technologies for IMT-2000[S]. ITU recommendation M1225,ITU,Tech.Rep,2000
[5]Lucent, Nokia, Siemens, Ericsson. Astandardized set of MIMO radio propagation channels[R]. Technical report,3gpp tsd r1-01-1179,2001
[6]Smith P J,shafi M. Water-filing methods for MIMO systems[C].3rd Australian communication Theory Workshop,Canberra,Australia,2002.
[7]3GPP. Physicai channels and mapping of transport channels onto physical channels(FDD)[S]. Technical Specificantion 25.211,vol.3.2.0,Mar.2000.
[8]3GPP2.Physical layer standard for cdma2000 spread spectrum systems[S].C.S0002-A,June 2000
[9]Dahlman E, Ekstrom H, Furuskar A and et al. The 3G long term evolution radio interface concepts and performance evalution[C]. IEEE 63rd Vehicular Technology Conference, 2006,1:137-141
[10]UMTS.Towards golobal mobile broadband standardising the future of mobile communications with LTE. UMTS Forum Report,Feb.2008
[11]Gesbert.D, Shafi.M, Shiu Da-shan and et al. From theory to practice:An overview of MIMO space-time coded wireless system[J]. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications,2003,21 (3):281-302
[12]Std. IEEE 802.11n draft 1.0[S]. IEEE-SA Standard Broad,2005
[13]Gupta I J, KSienski A A. Effect of mutual coupling on the Performance of adaptive arrays.IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation.1983(9):785-79
[14]罗涛,乐光新.多天线无线通信原理及应用[M].北京：北京邮电大学出版社,2005
[15]Jakes W.C.,Microwave Mobile Communications. Wiley,1st ed.,1974.
[16]Tasil J.A, Buehrer R.M, Woemer B.D. BER Performance of a Uniform Circular Array Versus a Uniform Linear Array in a Mobile Radio Enviroment[J].IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications,2004,3(3).
[17]Lee.W.C. Mobile communications engineering. New York:McGrow-Hill,1982
[18]Tarokh.V, N Seshadri, A R Calderbank. Space-time codes for high data rate wireless communications:performance criterion and code constructio[J]. IEEE Transactions on I T. ]998,44(2):744-765
[19]Tarkh.V, Seshadri.N, Calderbank.A.R. Space-time block coding for wireless communications:performance results[J]. IEEE Journal on selected areas in communications,1999,17(3):451-460
[20]Tarkh.V, Seshadri.N, Calderbank.A.R. Space-time block codes from orthogonal designs[J]. IEEE Transaction on Information Theory.1999,45(5):1456-1467
[21]Salz.J, H.J winters. Effect of fading correlation on adaptive arrays in digital wireless communications[C]. Proceedings of IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC),1993, 3:1758-1774
[22]Jakes. W.C. Microwave Mobile Communications, reprinted. Piscataway:IEEE Press:1993
[23]Lee.W.C. Effects on correlation between two mobile radio base station antennas[J]. IEEE Transactions on Communications.1973,COM-21:1214-1224
[24]Shiu.D.S, Foschini.G.J, Gans.M.J. Fading correlation and its effect on the capacity of multielement antenna systems[J]. IEEE Transactions on Communications.2000,48 (3):502-513
[25]Pedersen.K.I. Spatial channel characteristics in outdoor environments and their impact on BS antenna system performance[C]//IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference, Ottawa, Canada,1998,2:719-723
[26]Svalesson.T, Ranheim.A. Mutual coupling effects on the capacity of multielement antenna systems[C]//IEEE.IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, Salt Lake City,USA:IEEE Press,2001:2485-2488.
[27]Wallace.J.W, Jensen.M.A. The capacity of MIMO wireless systems with mutual coupling. [C]//IEEE.IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference, USA:IEEE Press,2002:696-700.
[28]Dandekar.K.R, Heath.R.W. Modeling realistic electromagnetic effects on MIMO systems capacity[J].Electron Lett,2002,38(25):1624-1625.
[29]Jungnickel. V, Poh1.V, Helmolt.C. Capacity of MIMO systems with closely spaced antennas [J].IEEE Communications Letters,2003,7 (8):361-363.
[30]Waldschmidt.C, Hagen.J.V, Wiesbeck.W.Influence and modelling of mutual coupling in MIMO and diversity systems [J]. IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium,2002,3(8):190.
[31]李纪,李晓舟,张尔扬.互耦对MIMO信道空间相关特性的影响[J].国防科技大学学报,2006,28(4)：73—77.
[32]John.D,Kraus.R.J,MARHEFKA天线[M].章文勋,译.北京：电子工业出版社,2005：11-14.
[33]Li.X, Nie.Z. Mutual coupling effect on the performance of MIMO wireless channels[J]. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters,2004,3(1):344-347.
[34]Clerckx.B,Craeye.C,Vanhoenacker.J.D. Impact of antenna coupling on 2 times 2 MIMO Communication[J]. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology,2007,56(3):1009-1018.
[35]Lu.S.Y, Hui.H, Bailkowski.M. Optimizing MIMO channel capacities under the influence of antenna mutual coupling[J].IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters,2008,7(9):287-290.
[36]Salz.J,Winters,J,H. Effect of fading correlation on adaptive arrays in digital mobile radio[J]. IEEE Transaction on Vehicular Technology,1994,43(4):1049-1057.
[37]Gupta.I.J,Ksienski.A.K. Effect of mutual coupling on the performance of adaptive arrays[J]. IEEE Transactions on Antennas Propagation,1983,31(5):785-791.
[38]Janaswamy R. Effect of element mutual coupling on the capacity of fixed length linear arrays[J]. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters,2002,1(2):157-160.
[39]Svanlesson.T, Ranheim.A. Mutual coupling effects on the capacity of multielement antenna systems[C]. IEEE International Conference on Acoustics,Speech,and Signal Processing, Salt Lake City,2001,4:2485-2488.
[40]郭强,周希朗,张伟炯等.天线匹配对莱斯信道下紧凑MIMO系统性能的影响[J].电波科学学报,2009,24(6)：1009.1013.
[41]Svantesson.T, Ranheim.A. Mutual coupling effects on the capacity of multielement antenna systems[C].IEEE International Conference on Acoustics,Speech,and Signal Processing, Salt Lake City,2001,2:2485-2488.
[42]Fletcher.P.N, Dean.M and Nix.A.R. Mutual coupling in multi-element array antennas and its influence on MIMO channel capacity[J]. IEEE Eletronics Letters,2003,39(4):342-344.
[43]Jungnickel.V, Pohl.V and Helmolt.V.C. Capacity of MIMO systems with closely spaced antennas [J].IEEE Communications Letters,2003,7(8):361-363.
[44]李忻,聂在平.天线互祸对MIMO无线信道性能的影响[J].电波科学学报,2005,20(4)：546-551.
[45]Tsai.J.A,Woerner.B.D. The fading correlation function of a circular antenna array in mobile radio environment[C]. IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference, San Antonio, USA. 2001,5:3232-3236.
[46]Proakis.J.G. Digital Communications, third edition[M]. New York:McGraw-Hill,1995
[47]Foschini.GJ. Layered space-time architecture for wireless communications in a fading environment when using multiple antennas[J].Bell Labs technical journal,1996,6(6):41-59
[48]Gradshteyn.I.S, Ryzhik.I.M. Table of Integrals,Series and Products[M]. New York,USA: Academic Press,1980
[49]Shiu.D.S, Foschini.G, Gans.M. Fading correlation and effect on the capacity of multielement antenna systems[J]. IEEE Transactions on Communications,2000,48(3):502-512
[50]Chizhik.D, Farrokhi.R.F,Ling.J. Effect of antenna separation on the capacity of BLAST in correlated channels[J]. IEEE Communications Letters,2000,4(11):337-339
[51]Tsai.J.A, Buehrer.R.B, Woerner.B.D. Spatial fading correlation function of circular antenna arrays with Laplacian distribution energy[C]. IEEE Communication Letters,2002,8(5) 178-180.
[52]Salz.J, Winters.J.H. Effect of fading correlation on adaptive arrays in digital mobile radio[J]. IEEE Trans Veh Technol,1994,43(4):1049-1057.
[53]Jiann.A.T, Buehere.R.B, Woerner.B.D. Spatial fading correlation function of circular antenna arrays with Laplacian distribution energy[J]. IEEE Commun Lett,2002,6(5) 178-180.
[54]Kuchar.A, Rossi.J.P, Bonek.E. Directional macro-cell channel characterization from urban measurements[J]. IEEE Trans Antennas and Propag,2000,48(2):137-146.
[55]Fulh.J, Rossi.J.P, Bonek.E. High-resolution 3-D direction-of-arrival determination for urban mobile radio[J]. IEEE Trans Antennas and Propag.1997,45(4):672-682.
[56]Taga.T. Characteristics of space-diversity branch using parallel dipole antennas in mobile radio communications[J].Electron Commun Jpn, pt 1,1993,76(9):55-65.
[57]Gupta.I.J, Ksienski.A.K. Effect of mutual coupling on the performance of adaptive arrays[J]. IEEE Trans Antennas and Propag,1983,31 (5):785-791.
[58]Zhemin.X, Sfar.S, Blum.R. Receive antenna selection for closely-spaced antennas with mutual coupling[J]. IEEE Trans Wireless Communications,2010,9(2):652-661.
[59]Huang.Y.Z, Balans.C.A, BIRTCHER C R. Mutual, coupling compensation in UCAs: Simulations and experiment. IEEE Trans Antennas and Propag.2006,54(11),3082-3086.
[60]Bhagava.H.R, Heath.R.W, Forenza.A. Impact of mutual coupling on adaptive switching between MIMO transmission strategies and antenna configurations [J]. Wireless Personal Communications,2010,52(1):69-87.
[61]Svantesson.T, Ranheim.A. Mutual coupling effects on the capacity of multi-element antenna systems[A]. Proc IEEE Inte Conf on Acoustics Speech and Singal [C].2001,4:2485-2488.
[62]Li.X, Nie.Z.P. Mutual coupling effects of MIMO wireless channels[A]. Proc IEEE Inte Conf on Microwave and Millmeter Wave Technology[C].2004,150-153.
[63]Yong.S.K, Thompson.J.S. Three dimensinoal spatial fading correlation models for compact MIMO receivers[J]. IEEE Trans Commun,2005,4(6):2856-2869.