从肯尼迪到卡特时期美国对韩政策研究
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摘要
20世纪60-70年代东北亚地区的政治格局发生了巨大变化,核心内容之一就是大国围绕朝鲜半岛的较量。在冷战大背景下,美国苦心经营韩国这个前沿哨所,其对韩政策的制定及多维演变成为该时期美国东北亚政策的缩影。美国对该地区的深刻影响一直存在,时至今日依然如故,产生这种影响的深刻原因可以从20世纪60-70年代的历史中得到很好的诠释。19世纪晚期以来美国对朝鲜半岛兴致索然,但这种局面在20世纪40-50年代发生了根本性的转变,国际环境变化促使美国采取了积极的朝鲜半岛政策,其中之一即表现在对韩政策上。肯尼迪政府对韩国“5·16军事政变”的短时政策波动及其对朴正熙军事政权向文官政府过渡过程中的处心积虑、在日韩邦交正常化谈判过程中的积极斡旋、在促使韩国出兵越南过程中的欲盖弥彰等都显示出美国东北亚政策的复杂性。同时,撤军问题及人权问题不仅扩大了美国对韩政策的内涵而且深深触及了美韩两国国内政治。上述诸情况在相互联系相互矛盾的运动变化过程中始终围绕着美国对韩政策的底线——美国国家利益而进行,深刻体现出不对等国际关系行为主体在联盟中外交活动的运行模式,并且美国对韩政策中也体现了东西方文化的矛盾冲突。
It is absolutely well-known that the U.S. has been playing a critical role in the international affairs related to the Korean peninsula from the second half of the 20th century till present days. The U.S., out of the consideration of its national interests, held generally a firm stand in supporting ROK during the period of Cold War. Its policies towards ROK greatly influenced the political structure in Northeast Asia. Most of all, the present policies towards ROK share much more similarities compared with that of 1960s and 1970s. Therefore, it is necessary to study cautiously the above-mentioned questions so as to understand present situation of U.S. policies towards ROK, and thus to further our knowledge about U.S. policies in Northeast Asia.
Except for the Introduction (Chapter 1) and the Conclusion, this thesis contains 6 parts, which focus on U.S. policies towards ROK in the 1960s and 1970s.
Everything has its original source, and so does the U.S. policies towards ROK. The initial contact between these two countries began in mid-1800s, and at the beginning of 1880s they established formal foreign relations. As historical review, Chapter 2 discusses the the foreign contacts of the two nations at the initial stage and its sluggish development in which the U.S. showed less interest in the so-called“Hermit Kingdom”. While from the end of the 19th century to the beginning of the 20th century, many great powers got involved in the political affairs around the Korean peninsula one after another, the affairs in Northeast Asia had been gradually connected with that of the whole world. Thus the Korean Peninsula became another focus among the powers, and in turn, the related powers caused great impacts on the alternation of the international political structure of the area. To our strange, the U.S., as a big power at the moment, payed less attention to Korean affairs than the others and had not forge its Korean policies systematically. Things changed since the end of World War Two, especially since the eruption of Korean War. The U.S. kept ROK survived by military forces, and simultaneously loaded itself with a heavy burden. Neither Rhee government nor the Second Repulic government could shed off the troubles that the nation had met and achieve industrilization for the whole country. While the U.S. intended to shape the ROK into a model of democratic nation in Asia, to the contrary, the contradiction resulted from the divergence between Eastern and Western cultures has run against the U.S. true intentions.
The Park Chung Hee military coup brought a chance to the U.S. who was eager to stabilize its strategic fortress. Chapter 3 deals with the change of the U.S. attitude towards“May 16th Military Coup”together with the transference of the power to civilian government. While the Second Repulic of Korea failed to fufil its historical role, a special military coup took place. Theoretically, U.S. strongly opposed such kind of political event, for Park Chung Hee military group went against the U.S. doctrine of democracy. The Kennedy administration’s attitude on ROK, after the Military Coup, experienced a subtle change of“supporting, opposing, wait-and-see and supporting”in less than half a year, short but with profound reasons.
How and in what degree the U.S. impacted the negotiations between the ROK and Japan, and why the U.S. took an active role willingly to mediate the normalization between those two nations, are all the objects that Chapter 4 considers. Japan and Korea had been historical foes to each other for scores of years——geographically close but emotionally far, while, during the Cold War, both were the U.S. allies, and they were in one“family”. With the consideration of its national interests and the dominant position in the alliances with Japan and ROK, the U. S. had no other choice but to mediate between them. As for the U.S., the successful mediation lie in two aspects: one is the security factor; the other is the economic factor. While strengthening its strategy in the Northeast Asia, the U.S. was terribly entangled with the Vietnam War in Southeast Asia and the military burden on the U.S. became heavier and heavier, so it badly needed aids from her allies. Thus South Korean soldiers were sent to South Vietnam.
From a broad view, Chapter 5 chooses“The ROK’s military dispatch to South Vietnam”as the topic. The dispatch action apparently altered the alliance relations between the two nations than any other period in their history-----it changed from the type of“free-riding”to“bargaing”, and the U.S. foreign policies towards ROK adjusted itself to such situation. The ROK’s military dispatch to South Vietnam improved its economic strength and at the same time raised its international position, and ROK also gained the“force”to argue with U.S. which couldn’t be possible before.
Relations between the two states slid down to the low ebb during the Cater administration. Among other things, the U.S. military withdrawal and human rights policies on ROK were the critical reasons. These two issues show themselves in Chapters 6 and 7. At the end of 1960s, the U.S. began to conduct a draw-back strategy in Asia, and ROK opposed U.S.’military withdral plan. U.S. policies around the matter encountered a great many obstacles between these two nations. Simultaniously, human rights problem staged on the top of the foreign agenda during the Carter adiministration. Therefore the authoritarian goverment under Park Chung Hee was sure to be scolded by the U.S.. Confronting the double pressures-----military withdrawal and censures on huamn rights. The Park administration reacted vigorously, the thought of self-reliance of national defence, the development of nuclear weapons as well as the“Reformation”led by Park Chung Hee were the clear appearances. Although the U.S. policies towards ROK had once moved to the ebb, it, however, didn’t split with each other. All the reasons stemed from the American national interests. From a longitudinal view, even nowadays, these two problems still lingers as the key notes in the U.S. policies towards ROK.
In conclusion, through the studies of the key problems of the U.S. policies towards ROK in 1960s and 1970s, the author summarizes four distinctive embodiments from the U.S.–ROK relations as the followings: the embodiment of the typical foreign activities between two nonequivalent nations; the embodiment of the universal and contradictory characteristics in U.S. foreign policies; the embodiment of Staatsraison; and the embodiment of the cultural differences between the eastern and western nations.
It is absolutely well-known that the U.S. has been playing a critical role in the international affairs related to the Korean peninsula from the second half of the 20th century till present days. The U.S., out of the consideration of its national interests, held generally a firm stand in supporting ROK during the period of Cold War. Its policies towards ROK greatly influenced the political structure in Northeast Asia. Most of all, the present policies towards ROK share much more similarities compared with that of 1960s and 1970s. Therefore, it is necessary to study cautiously the above-mentioned questions so as to understand present situation of U.S. policies towards ROK, and thus to further our knowledge about U.S. policies in Northeast Asia.
Except for the Introduction (Chapter 1) and the Conclusion, this thesis contains 6 parts, which focus on U.S. policies towards ROK in the 1960s and 1970s.
Everything has its original source, and so does the U.S. policies towards ROK. The initial contact between these two countries began in mid-1800s, and at the beginning of 1880s they established formal foreign relations. As historical review, Chapter 2 discusses the the foreign contacts of the two nations at the initial stage and its sluggish development in which the U.S. showed less interest in the so-called“Hermit Kingdom”. While from the end of the 19th century to the beginning of the 20th century, many great powers got involved in the political affairs around the Korean peninsula one after another, the affairs in Northeast Asia had been gradually connected with that of the whole world. Thus the Korean Peninsula became another focus among the powers, and in turn, the related powers caused great impacts on the alternation of the international political structure of the area. To our strange, the U.S., as a big power at the moment, payed less attention to Korean affairs than the others and had not forge its Korean policies systematically. Things changed since the end of World War Two, especially since the eruption of Korean War. The U.S. kept ROK survived by military forces, and simultaneously loaded itself with a heavy burden. Neither Rhee government nor the Second Repulic government could shed off the troubles that the nation had met and achieve industrilization for the whole country. While the U.S. intended to shape the ROK into a model of democratic nation in Asia, to the contrary, the contradiction resulted from the divergence between Eastern and Western cultures has run against the U.S. true intentions.
The Park Chung Hee military coup brought a chance to the U.S. who was eager to stabilize its strategic fortress. Chapter 3 deals with the change of the U.S. attitude towards“May 16th Military Coup”together with the transference of the power to civilian government. While the Second Repulic of Korea failed to fufil its historical role, a special military coup took place. Theoretically, U.S. strongly opposed such kind of political event, for Park Chung Hee military group went against the U.S. doctrine of democracy. The Kennedy administration’s attitude on ROK, after the Military Coup, experienced a subtle change of“supporting, opposing, wait-and-see and supporting”in less than half a year, short but with profound reasons.
How and in what degree the U.S. impacted the negotiations between the ROK and Japan, and why the U.S. took an active role willingly to mediate the normalization between those two nations, are all the objects that Chapter 4 considers. Japan and Korea had been historical foes to each other for scores of years——geographically close but emotionally far, while, during the Cold War, both were the U.S. allies, and they were in one“family”. With the consideration of its national interests and the dominant position in the alliances with Japan and ROK, the U. S. had no other choice but to mediate between them. As for the U.S., the successful mediation lie in two aspects: one is the security factor; the other is the economic factor. While strengthening its strategy in the Northeast Asia, the U.S. was terribly entangled with the Vietnam War in Southeast Asia and the military burden on the U.S. became heavier and heavier, so it badly needed aids from her allies. Thus South Korean soldiers were sent to South Vietnam.
From a broad view, Chapter 5 chooses“The ROK’s military dispatch to South Vietnam”as the topic. The dispatch action apparently altered the alliance relations between the two nations than any other period in their history-----it changed from the type of“free-riding”to“bargaing”, and the U.S. foreign policies towards ROK adjusted itself to such situation. The ROK’s military dispatch to South Vietnam improved its economic strength and at the same time raised its international position, and ROK also gained the“force”to argue with U.S. which couldn’t be possible before.
Relations between the two states slid down to the low ebb during the Cater administration. Among other things, the U.S. military withdrawal and human rights policies on ROK were the critical reasons. These two issues show themselves in Chapters 6 and 7. At the end of 1960s, the U.S. began to conduct a draw-back strategy in Asia, and ROK opposed U.S.’military withdral plan. U.S. policies around the matter encountered a great many obstacles between these two nations. Simultaniously, human rights problem staged on the top of the foreign agenda during the Carter adiministration. Therefore the authoritarian goverment under Park Chung Hee was sure to be scolded by the U.S.. Confronting the double pressures-----military withdrawal and censures on huamn rights. The Park administration reacted vigorously, the thought of self-reliance of national defence, the development of nuclear weapons as well as the“Reformation”led by Park Chung Hee were the clear appearances. Although the U.S. policies towards ROK had once moved to the ebb, it, however, didn’t split with each other. All the reasons stemed from the American national interests. From a longitudinal view, even nowadays, these two problems still lingers as the key notes in the U.S. policies towards ROK.
In conclusion, through the studies of the key problems of the U.S. policies towards ROK in 1960s and 1970s, the author summarizes four distinctive embodiments from the U.S.–ROK relations as the followings: the embodiment of the typical foreign activities between two nonequivalent nations; the embodiment of the universal and contradictory characteristics in U.S. foreign policies; the embodiment of Staatsraison; and the embodiment of the cultural differences between the eastern and western nations.
引文
1蔡建.晚清与大韩帝国的外交关系[M].上海:上海辞书出版社, 2008:1
2肯尼迪语:“brothers-in-arms, standing side by side”, President Concludes Talks With General Park of Korea[Z]. Department of State Bulletin, December 4, 1961:928
3B.C.Koh, Donald Stone Macdonald. US-Korea Relations from Liberation to Self-Reliance: The Twenty-Year Record[M]. Boulder Colo.:Westview Press, 1992.该书书评见于: The Journal of Asian Studies, Vol53, No.1, Feb., 1994:244-245.
1中国外交部网站:http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/chn/gxh/tyb/fyrbt/t565743.htm
2关于建国以来、尤其是90年代以来中国对朝鲜半岛研究状况的综合介绍可参见朴键一和马军伟编著的《中国对朝鲜半岛的研究》一书(民族出版社,2006)。
1池田勇人语。《日美关系资料集》,东京大学出版会,1999:595-596,转引自刘世龙的《美日关系史(1791-2001)》, 2003:459
2见该书“第二章冷战时期美国的人权外交政策(卡特政府时期)”。
1笔者还拜读过一篇与此内容相近的学术论文,是从韩国角度论述的——“朴正熙与韩日邦交正常化”(赵成国,青岛海洋大学,《世界历史》2003(3))。
1比如,“美国在东亚的遏制政策与千岛群岛归属问题”(《社会科学战线》1993(4))和“美国的冷战战略与巴黎统筹委员会、中国委员会”(东北师范大学出版社,2000)等。
1比如,“美韩同盟调整的动力、现状与前景”(杨红梅.现代国际关系,2005(8))、“从韩国角度看美韩联盟前景”([韩]金顺韩(Kim Sung Han),现代外国哲学社会科学文摘,1997(1))、“韩国反美主义浅析”(孙俊华.太平洋学报,2005(3))、“试析冷战后美韩同盟关系的变化”(王传剑,国际论坛2001(4))等。
2Yu–Namkim, Hoyt H. Purvis. Seoul and Washington[M]. Seoul Press, 1993
3Jong–Chunbaek, Sang–Hyunlee. Korea– U.S. Relations in Transition[M].The Sejone Institute, 2002
4高丽大学教授姜声鹤的文章:US Forces in Korea and Development of ROK Air Force[J]. Korea Focus, March-April, 2003
5South Korea-US Security Issues Amid Improving Inter-Korean Relations[J].Korea Focus, May– June, 2001
1Yong-Sup Han. Readjusting the Role of US Forces In Korea in a Changing World[J]. Korea and World Affairs, Spring 2004.
2 South Korea-US relations: Concerns and Prospects[J].Korea Focus, November–December, 2000
3Young Jeh Kim. Toward A United Korea[M]. Research Center for Peace and Unification of Korea. 1987; Jong–Chunbaek. Probe for Korean Reunification[M]. Research Center for Peace and Unification of Korea. 1988; Myung Hyun Cho. Korea and Major Powers[M]. Research Center for Peace and Unification of Korea.1989
4Oknim Chung. The Origins And Evolution of The Japanese-American Alliance: A Korean Perspective[EB/OL]. (1998-09)[2005-10-28].本文来自于美国斯坦福大学“亚太研究中心”http://www.stanFord/.edu/grop/APARC
1 The US Troop Withdraw Policy From South Korea
3李昊宰.國際政治論叢(第17輯)[J].1977(12):147-164
4 Park Chung Hee. Let Us View The Present Situation in Long-Range Perspective ---For Korea-Japan Diplomatic Normalization Talks on March 26,1964, From Major Speech by Korea’s Park Chung Hee[M]. Hollym Corporation: Publishers, Seoul, Korea, 1970; The Samhwa Publishing Co. Seoul, Korea.
1这两篇文章名称分别为“Evolving U.S. Asian-Pacific Strategy and Its Implications for US-ROK Relations”和“The Korea Nuclear Issue”。Korea and World Affairs. Vol.15, No.3, Fall, 1991
2此文原稿为作者于1987年6月在汉城召开的“朝鲜战争国际研讨会”上提交的论文。Chang Il Ohn. The Basic Nature of US-ROK Relations[J]. Korea and World Affairs. Vol.12, No.3, Fall, 1988:580-604
3语出杜鲁门:“…other than that it was a strange land in far-off Asia.”见于: Korea and World Affairs[J]. Vol.12, No.3, Fall, 1988:581
4Treacherous“ROK-US. Agreement”[J]. Korea Today(Monthly). No.58,1961(3),朝鲜人民民主主义共和国·平壤
5柳倩的“美国掠夺下的南朝鲜经济”(世界知识,1954(23))也是如此。在其表述中,诸如“韩国工业的厄运”、“财政面临破产”和“美‘援’加深苦难”等措辞也明显地体现了意识形态色彩,但提供的许多相关的统计数字还是值得利用的。
1就笔者接触到的有限的日文资料来看,美国对韩政策问题主要散见于战后日本政治发展以及论述日美关系的著述中。
2 Koji Murata. The Origins And Evolution of The Korean-American Alliance: A Japanese Perspective[EB/OL]. (1998-08)[2008-09-29]. http://www.stanFord/.edu/grop/APARC
3 Morinosuke Kajima. History of Modern Japan---- A Brief Diplomatic[M]. Charles E. Tuttle Co.: Publishers, Rutland, Vermont &Tokyo, Japan. 1965.
4 Korea’s Development Under Park Chung Hee[M]. Routledge Curzon, Tylor & Francis Group, London and New York , 2004
1 Darul M. Plunk. Korea and World Affairs[J].Vol.13, No.1, Spring, 1989:5-21
2 William J. Taylor Jr., Michael J. Mazarr. ROK-US. Security Relations, Korea and World Affairs[J]. Vol.13, No.2, Summer, 1989:263-277
3 Doug Bandow. Old Wine In New Bottles: The Pantagon’s East Asia Security Strategy Report[R].Cato Policy Analysis No.344, May 18,1999
4 Gerald L. Curtis And Sung-Joo Han. The US- South Korea Alliance[M]. Lexington Books, USA and Canada, 1983
5 Yur–Bok Lee and Wayne Patterson. Korean–American Relations[M]. State University of New York Press,1999
1 Jong–Setlee and Uk Heo. The US–South Korean Alliance (1961-1988)[M]. The Edwin Mellen Press, 2002
2 Donald Stone Macdonald, US-Korea Relations From Liberation To Self-Reliance: The Twenty-Year Record[M]. Boulder, Colo.:Westview Press,1992
3 The Consequences of Military Exercises Among the US. South Korea, and South Vietnam in the 1950’s [R]. Haruka Matsuda, 8th Annual South East Asian Studies Graduate Conference, Cornell University, Published In 2006
1 The Quiet War: Combat Operations Along The Korean Demilitarized Zone,1966-1969[J]. The Journal of Military History. April, 2000:439
2 Anni P. Baker, American Soldiers Overseas ---- The Global Military Presence[M]. Praeger Publishers, London, 2004
3 Jeffrey Robertson, The Anti-American Blowback From Bush’s Korea Policy[J]. Foreign policy in focus,January,2003
4 Mark Mobius, The Japan-Korea Normalization Process And Korean Anti-Americanism[J]. Asian Survey, Vol.6, No.4. April, 1966:241-248
5Uncle Sam's Young Opponents: South Korea[J]. The Economist (US), V331 N7866. June 4, 1994 :40
1 Pyungwon Kong. Change in the Political System of Republic of Korea and the United States-ROK Alliance[M]. West Virginia University, 2005
2 Christos G. Frentzos. From Seoul to Saigon: US-Korea Relations and the Vietnam War[D]. Houston University, 2004
3 Bong J.Kim. Democracy and Human Rights: US-South Korea Relations1945-1979[D]. University of Toledo, 1994
4Midori Yoshii. Reducing the American Burden: Kenney’s Policy Toward Northeast Asia[D]. Boston University, 2003
5 Ilsu Kim. The President and International Security:Korea[D]. Miami University,1998
1可见于:http://www.kimsoft.com/korea.htm
2美国的朝韩研究网站:Korean Studies in USA, http://complit.la.psu.edu/korean/koreanstudies.htm
3 C.I.Eugene Kim. Significance of The 1963 Korean Elections[J]. Asian Survey,Vol.4, No.3. May,1964:765-773
4 B.C.Koh. Inter-Korean Relations: Seoul’s Perspective[J]. Asian Survey, Vol20, No.11, Nov.1980:1108-1122
5 Chong-Sik Lee. Japanese-Korea Relations in Perspective[J]. Pacific Affairs, Vol35, No.4, Winter, 1962-1963:315-326
6 Se Jin Kim. South Korea’s Involvement in South Vietnam and Its Economic and Political Impact[J]. Asian Survey, Vol10, No.6, June, 1970:519-532
1 Larry A Niksch. US. Troop Withdrawal from South Korea: Past Shortcoming and Future Prospects[J]. Asian Survey, Vol.21, No.3, March, 1981:325-341
2 Donald C. Hellmann. Basic Problems of Japanese-South Korea Relations[J]. Asian Survey, Vol2, No3. 1962:19-24
3 Doug Bandow. Free Rider: South Korea’s Dual Dependence on America[R]. Cato Policy Analysis No.308, May 19, 1998
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1潘一禾.文化与国际关系[M].杭州:浙江大学出版社,2005:127
1马端临.文献通考·自序[Z].北京:中华书局, 1986:考三
1本文中的FRUS资料标识方式:FRUS文本形式资料注释形式与其他文本资料标识形式相同;FRUS电子文本资料按照“…..FRUS….. Doc…..”形式标出。
2 Current Intelligence Weekly Summary, 2000年解密。
3 The American Presient Project(APP).
4国家安全委员会(NSC)文件, 1960年11月28日和1961年1月18日。
1分别为:The Situation In Korea(1972年8月); Department of State Briefing Paper (1974年11月); Presidential Directive/NSC-12(1977年5月5日).
2 Probable Communist Reactions To Deployment of an ROK Combat Division For Base Security Duty In South Vietnam, CIA, 1965/03/19
3 The Future of Korean-Japanese Relations, CIA特别报告,1966/03/18
4文件大概内容为:“......政策研究应该包括(但不限于)以下方面:美国在韩国的军事存在问题;美国向韩国提供军事援助问题(包括先进武器技术的转让以及研究南朝鲜发展核武器的兴趣问题);美国关于两个朝鲜国际地位的立场;美国关于大国与半岛关系的立场;南北对话问题;南朝鲜在东北亚地区未来角色问题;美国对韩国国内政治发展问题的政策。”
5 Presidential Directive/NSC-12, May 5, 1977
1 A New U.S.-Rok Alliance: A Nine-Point Policy Recommendation for a Reflective and Mature Partnership[R]. Brookings Institution, 2005
1这句话出自于“An Epitome of Modern Geography”, Boston, l820.转引自John Edward Wilz.United States Policy Vis-a-vis Korea, 1850-1950[R]. USAFA Harmon Memorial Lecture #351992.引文原文为:In a volume entitled, published in, the author dismissed the Hermit Kingdom in two sentences: "Corea is a small kingdom tributary to China, but is little known. King-kitao [Seoul] is the chief town.”
2 1832年普鲁士传教士谷茨拉夫(Gutzlaff)来到朝鲜半岛并在此呆了1个月左右时间。见于:Sungho Lee. The Emergence of the Modern University in Korea[J]. Higher Education, Vol. 18, No. 1, From Dependency to Autonomy: The Development of Asian Universities, 1989:88 31832年美国东印度公司派遣商船进入朝鲜黄海、忠清两道沿岸要求订约通商。见于:黄定天.东北亚国际关系史[M].哈尔滨:黑龙江教育出版社,1999:150
4 Kwang-Il Baek. Korea and the United States [M]. Research and Center for Peace and Unification of Korea, 1988:21
5 John Edward Wilz.United States Policy Vis-a-vis Korea, 1850-1950[R]. USAFA Harmon Memorial Lecture #35. 1992.这种说法还可见于:Earl Swisher. The Advanture of Four Americans in Korea and Peking in 1855[J]. The Pacific Historical Review, Vol.21, No. 3. Aug., 1952:237
6[韩]朴正熙.我们国家的道路[M].北京:华夏出版社,1988:100
7这4个人有两个“第一”:他们除了是“第一批踏上朝鲜半岛的美国人”以外,还被认为是“第一批进入北京的美国人”。见于:Earl Swisher. The Advanture of Four Americans in Korea and Peking in 1855[J]. The Pacific Historical Review, Vol.21, No. 3. Aug., 1952:237
1 John Edward Wilz.United States Policy Vis-a-vis Korea, 1850-1950[R]. USAFA Harmon Memorial Lecture #35. 1992.
2 Ibid.
3 Bae Kichan. Korea at the Crossroad: The History and Future of East Asia[M]. Happy Reading Books, Seoul, Korea, 2007:196
4黄定天.东北亚国际关系史[M].哈尔滨:黑龙江教育出版社,1999:152
5 United States Expedition to Korea[EB/OL]. [2008-12-18] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Korean_expedition#cite_note-1.一说是253名朝鲜人被杀死。见于: James Morton Callahan. American Relations in the Pacific and the Far East, 1784-1900[M]. BiblioBazaar, LLC, 2008:111
1 John Edward Wilz. United States Policy Vis-a-vis Korea, 1850-1950[R]. USAFA Harmon Memorial Lecture #35. 1992
2 Thomas Duvernay. The 1871 U.S.-Korea Conflict: Cause and Effects[EB/OL]. [2009-07-02]. http://www.shinmiyangyo.org/nsynopsis.html
3崔丕.近代东北亚国际关系史研究[M].长春:东北师范大学出版社,1992:8
4 1884年首批来自北美的传教士踏上了朝鲜半岛,其突出特点是女传教士居多数,在1884-1907年间来到该地区的美国传教团中女性比例在55%-70%之间。这方面的情况可见于: Katherine Hyunjoo Lee Ahn.Pioneer American Women Missionaries to Korea, 1884-1907[D]. Pasadean, California, 2004(Abstract)
1 Kenneth B. Lee. Korea and East Asia ---The Story of a Phoenix[M]. Praeger, London, 1997:129
2Ibid.
1 Jim Elliott.Theodore Roosevelt Gives Korea to Japan[EB/OL]. http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Olympus/2460/korea.html
2 Junkab Chang. United States Mediation In South Korean-Japanese Negotiations, 1951-1965: A Case Study in the Limitations of Embassy Diplomacy[D]. Mississippi State University, 1998, UMI Number: 9906940, 1998:22在该文第23页还有如下表述:1905年8月罗斯福在写给洛克希尔(Rockhill)的信中说,“以前我是倾向日本的,但是在我与日本谈判代表团接触以后我比以前更加倾向于日本了”。
1 Syngman Rhee. The Spirit of Independence[M]. University of Hawaii Press, 2001:XI
2中国清政府对此进行过警告,袁世凯甚至计划利用曾接受中国训练的朝鲜士兵发动政变,以促使朝鲜停止此类外交活动。Syngman Rhee. The Spirit of Independence[M]. University of Hawaii Press, 2001:176
1 Wayne Patterson; Yur-Bok Lee. One Hundred Years of Korean-American Relations, 1882-1982[M]. University of Alabama Press, 1986:3
2 Junkab Chang. United States Mediation in South Korean-Japanese Negotiations, 1951-1965: A Case Study in the Limitations of Embassy Diplomacy[D]. Mississippi State University, 1998, UMI Number: 9906940. 1998:23
3 Akifumi Nagata. American Missionaries in Korea and U.S.-Japan Relations 1910–1920[J]. The Japanese Journal of American Studies, No. 16. 2005:161
4 Junkab Chang. United States Mediation in South Korean-Japanese Negotiations, 1951-1965: A Case Study in the Limitations of Embassy Diplomacy [D]. Mississippi State University, 1998, UMI Number: 9906940. 1998:25
1 Policy of Korea. U.S. Department of States[Z]. FRUS, 1946, Volume VIII, Washington D.C. GPO, 1946:697
1 Memorandum by Secretary of Defense (Forrestal) to Secretary of State (George Marshall), 26 September, 1947[Z]. FRUS 1947,Volume VI, 1947:817
2 Reported by NSC on the Position of the United States with Respect to Korea, 8 April, 1948[Z]. FRUS, 1948, Volume VI, 1948:1168
3李明.韓戰前後的美國對華政策[R].台湾“国立”政治大学外交系,「中国近代史的再思考」国际学术研讨会,“中央研究院”近代史研究所主办,台北,2005:7.(2005-07-01)[2007-09-08]. http://nccuir.lib.nccu.edu.tw/bitstream/140.119/27527/1/abstract8-2-1.pdf
1 Kenneth B. Lee. Korea and East Asia ---The Story of a Phoenix[M]. Praeger, London, 1997:187
2 Geir Helgesen. Democracy in South Korea——A Political Culture Perspective[M]. NIAS Press, 1995:11
3语出美国国务院苏联问题专家查尔斯·波伦(Charles Bohlen),见于:[美]德瑞克·李波厄特.五十年伤痕——美国的冷战历史观与世界(上)[M].上海:上海三联书店,2008:109
1 Memorandum for Mr. Rostow[Z]. Declassified Documents Reference System (DDRS). Farmington Hills, Mich.: Gale Group, 2006. Document Number: CK3100317628
2 State-JCS Meeting on March 17 (Note 2) [Z]. FRUS, 1961-1963 XXII, Doc. 201
1 President Concludes Talks With General Park of Korea[Z]. Department of State Bulletin, GPO, Dec.4, 1961:928
2 UN Seats Republic of Korea For Debate on Korea Item[M]. GPO, May 15, 1961:736
3 President Kennedy Salutes Korea on Anniversary of Revolution and US to Give Additional $15 Million to Aid Korea Economy[Z]. GPO, May 8, 1961:691
4 03/21/1961Short-Range Outlook in the Republic of Korea[Z]. Special Intelligence Estimate(SIE), Number 42-2-60 (Supplements NIE42.1-2-60) , CIA
1苏联塔斯社暗示,韩国军事政变有美国因素在其中。塔斯社指出,韩国军事政变是反动的、是有外部力量支持的…. Tass Hints U.S. Had Role in Korea Coup[N]. The New York Times. May 17, 1961:3
2 William J. Jorden. Capital Is Wary on Korea; Aid Program to Continue; U.S. Bars Action on Coup In Korea[N]. The New York Times. May 17, 1961:1
3根据1950年美韩大邱协定,玛格鲁特将军负责指挥联合国军,并掌控韩国军事力量。
1 Telegram From the Commander in Chief, United Nations Command (Magruder) to the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (Lemnitzer) [Z]. FRUS, 1961-1963 XXII. Doc.218.
2John Kie-Chiang Oh. Role of the United States in South Korea’s Democratization [J]. Pacific Affairs, Vol.42, No2. Summer 1969:171
1 Korea's Austere Leader; Chung Hee Park[N]. The New York Times, October 17, 1963:2
2 05/31/1961Short-Term Prospects in South Korea, SIE, Number 42-2-61.CIA
3 Telegram from the Department of State to the Embassy in Korea. Washington, May 16, 1961[Z]. FRUS, 1961-1963 XXII. Doc.216
1 Kwang-II Baek. Korea and the United States--- A Study of the ROK-U.S. Security Relationship Within the Conceptual Framework of Alliances between Great and Small Powers[M]. Research Center for Peace and Unification of Korea (Seoul, ROK), 1988:62
2张都瑛在信中说:“我谨代表军事委员会向贵国政府和人民对于韩国繁荣发展所提供的援助和所做出的贡献表示诚挚的敬意和感激之情。坚持建立在自由平等基础之上的民主原则是韩国的国家目标,尽管1960年
4月革命是成功的,它受到了韩国民众的广泛支持和国际社会的同情,但一年后人民群众依然发现自己处于饥馑和绝望之中,政府的贪污腐化现象一如从前。这种情况导致我们有效抵制共产主义威胁的能力受损。为挽救局面,军方采取行动在5月16日推翻了当时的政府全面掌管了政府的行政、立法和司法权力。于是我们开始了神圣的革命任务——推翻腐败的无效率的政府,挽救人民挽救国家。…..当我们的使命完成以后将把政权归还清廉的和勤勉尽责的民政政府。….我们真切地希望存在于我们两国之间的最友好的关系将会得到持续加强。”US Department of State, Historical office, American Foreign Policy: Current Documents 1961, Washington DC: GPO, 1965:974
3 Korean Chief Is Rebuffed in Move to Visit Kennedy; U.S. Rejects Visit by Korean Chief[N]. The New York Times. May 25, 1961:1
4 Bernard Kalb. Magruder Pledges Cooperation With Korean Junta in Defense; U.S. General Says He'll 'Work Willingly' With Regime in Military Matters but Criticizes Flouting of His Control[N]. The New York Times. June 8, 1961:5
1 National Security Files (NSF), Box 127, JFKL转引自: Midori Yoshii. Reducing the American Burden: The Kennedy’s Policy toward Northeast Asia [D]. Boston University. 2003:96
2 11/03/1961 -- South Korean Leader Pak Chong-Hui[Z]. Current Intelligence Weekly(CIW), CIA
3 Rusk Talks Today With Korea Chief; U.S. Aide Arrives in Seoul -- Pledges Help to Junta[N]. The New York Times, November 5, 1961: 9
4 Rusk, Back, Praises Koreans[N]. The New York Times, November 6,1961:27
5 Secretary Rusk’s News Conference of November 17[Z]. GPO, December 4, 1961:919
1 Memorandum of Conversation Washington, November 14, 1961[Z]. FRUS, 1961-1963,XXII. Doc.247
2 05/25/1961 -- South Korea[Z]. CIW, CIA
1 11/03/1961 -- Japanese -- South Korean Relations[Z]. CIW, CIA
2 The South Korean Coup[N]. New Times, No.22, May 31,1961:14
3 04/13/1961 -- Restlessness In South Korea[Z]. Current Intelligence Weekly Summary(CIWS), CIA
4 Youngwan Alexander Kim. Divided Korea: The Politics of Development, 1945-1972[M]. Cambridge Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1976:209
1 Stephan Haggard. Byung-Kook Kim, Chung-in Moon. The Transition to Export-Led Growth in South Korea(1954-1966)[R]. Country Economics Department, The World Bank, November 1990:21
2 Kwang-Il Baek. Korea and the United States ------A Study of the ROK-U.S. Security Relationship within the Conceptual Framework of Alliances between Great and Small Powers[M]. Research Center for Peace and Unification of Korea, Seoul Computer Press, 1988:78
1 05/18/1961 -- South Korea[Z]. CIWS, CIA
2 09/07/1962--Short-Term Outlook for South Korea. Special National Intelligence Estimate[Z]. SNIE42-2-62, CIA
3 Edgar V. Connor. Korea: Current Issue and Historical Background[M], Nova Science Publisher, Inc. New York, 2002:189 405/18/1961 -- South Korea[Z]. CIWS, CIA
1 07/27/1961 -- South Korea's Economy[Z]. CIWS, CIA
2 05/18/1961 -- South Korea[Z]. CIWS, CIA
3 07/18/1961 -- The Current Regime In The Republic of Korea[Z]. SIE42-3-61,CIA
1 Young Jeh Kim. Toward a United Korea: History and Alternatives[M], Research Center for Peace and Unification of Korea (Seoul, ROK), 1987:49
2 Yongjeung Kim. President, Korean Affairs Institute Washington,Korea's Coup Denounced; Overthrow of Government Held No Popular Uprising[N]. The New York Times. June 15, 1961:42
3 Basic Needs in Korea[N]. The New York Times. May 30,1961:16
4 Bernard Kalb Korea Parades Hoodlums In Show of Force on Crime; Korea Hoodlums Paraded By Junta[N]. The New York Times. May 22, 1961:1
5 Stephan Haggard. Byung-Kook Kim, Chung-in Moon. The Transition to Export-Led Growth in South Korea(1954-66)[R]. Country Economics Department, The World Bank, November 1990:15
6 Curb on Junta Chief Rumored in Korea[N]. The New York Times. June 4, 1961:9
7 Bernard Kalb. Junta Head Loses 3 Posts In Korea; Retains Chairmanship of Cabinet and Council[N]. The New York Times. June 6, 1961:3
8 Pak Receives Key Post in South Korean Junta[N]. The New York Times. June 10, 1961:2
9 07/06/1961 -- South Korea. and 08/17/1961 -- South Korea [Z]. CIWS, CIA
1 11/03/1961 -- South Korean Leader Pak Chong-Hui[Z]. CIW, CIA
2 Kennedy Pledges 'All' Aid to Korea; He Informs Gen. Park U.S. Will Send More Troops if Reds Attack Again Kennedy Pledges 'All' Aid to Korea[N]. The New York Times. November 15, 1961:1
3 Gen. Park Pledges Better Use of Further U.S. Aid to Korea; Says Here That Funds Will Go to Help People -- Bars Corruption by officials[N]. The New York Times. November 18, 1961:8
1 Memorandum From Michael V. Forrestal of the National Security Council Staff to President KennedyWashington, March 28, 1963[Z]. FRUS.1961-1963.Volume XXII.No.298.
2 U.S. Hopes Envoy Can Sway Korea; Wants Berger to Encourage Early Return to Civil Rule[N].The New York Times. June 15, 1961: 5
3 Telegram From the Department of State to the Embassy in Korea Washington. March 16, 1963. [Z]. FRUS. 1961-1963. Volume XXII. Doc.294
1 Memorandum from Michael V. Forrestal of the National Security Council Staff to President Kennedy[Z]. Washington, March 28, 1963. FRUS.1961-1963.Volume XXII. Doc.298.
2 06/08/1962 -- South Korea -- A Year of Military Rule[Z]. CIWR, CIA
3 Short-Term Outlook for South Korea[Z]. Special National Intelligence Estimate SNIE 42-2-62 Washington, September 7, 1962. FRUS.1961-1963.Volume XXII. Doc.275
4 Telegram from the Department of State to The Embassy in Korea[Z].Washington, January 26, 1963, FRUS. 1961-1963. Volume XXII. .No.287.
1 Editorial Note[Z]. FRUS.1961-1963.Volume XXII. Doc.292
2 Telegram from the Embassy in Korea to the Department of State Washington[Z]. March 14, 1963, FRUS. 1961-1963.Volume XXII. Doc.293
3 Ibid. Doc.294
1Kim, Bong Joong, Democracy and Human Rights: US-South Korean Relations, 1945-1979[D]. The University of Toledo, 1994:176
2South Korea in Danger[N]. The New York Times. .March 16, 1963:6
3Politicians Defy Junta in Korea; Open Drive Against 4 More Years of Military Rule[N]. The New York Times. March 21, 1963:4
4在1963年3月21日的新闻发布会上有记者问肯尼迪,“美国一直以来对于韩国的独立与民主感兴趣,如何看待上周末军事集团宣布延期4年军事统治”?肯尼迪表示,“在过去几天时间里,南朝鲜的局势发生极大变化,似乎处于一种流动状态,所以我认为现在就此事做出最后的声明是不可能的。目前我们密切注视着那里局势的发展并期望在哪里实现稳定。我们认为韩国对美国亚洲安全利益至关重要,并将继续关注目前关于移交政权的讨论,局势未定之前,我做任何解说都是无助的,至少这一周如此”。The President's News Conference of. March 21st, 1963. The American Presidenvy Project(Kennedy) http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=9124&st=south+korea&st1=
5 A.M. Rosenthal. Power Struggle Mounts in Korea; U.S. Feels Strain; Washington Warily Seeks A Compromise In Tension Over Military Regime Authorities Move Swiftly Power Struggle Mounts in Korea U.S. Envoy Meets Park[N]. The New York Times. March 23, 1963:1
6 A.M. Rosenthal. U.S. Seeks Truce in Korea to Halt Fight for Power; U.S. Stand Expected Popular Support Lacking[N]. The New York Times. March 25, 1963:1
7 U.S. Urges Korea to Scrap Junta for Civil Regime; Policy Statement Warns Prolonged Army Rule Threatens Stability Issue Is Re-examined[N]. The New York Times. March 26, 1963:1
8 A.M. Rosenthal. Both Sides Are Wary; U.S.Urges Korea to Scrap Junta[N]. The New York Times. March 26, 1963:1
1 Memorandum from Michael V. Forrestal of the National Security Council Staff to President Kennedy[Z]. Washington, March 28, 1963. FRUS.1961-1963.Volume XXII. Doc.298.
2 Telegram from the Department of State to the Embassy in Korea Washington[Z]. March 28, 1963, FRUS.1961-1963.Volume XXII. Doc.297
3 Memorandum from Michael V. Forrestal of the National Security Council Staff to President Kennedy[Z]. Washington, March 28, 1963. FRUS.1961-1963.Volume XXII. Doc.298.
4 Ibid
5 Memorandum for the Record[Z].Washington, March 29, 1963. FRUS.1961-1963.Volume XXII. Doc.299
1Ibid Doc.299
2 Telegram From the Department of State to the Embassy in Korea[Z]. Washington, April 8, 1963, FRUS. 1961-1963.Volume XXII. Doc.300
3 Democracy Needed in Korea[N]. The New York Times. April 1, 1963:26
4 Kennedy Urging Korea Civil Rule; Junta Asked to Step Down as Soon as Possible[N]. The New York Times. April 3, 1963:1
5 The President's News Conference of. April 3rd, 1963. The American Presidency Project (Kennedy). http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=9139&st=south+korea&st1=
6 A.M. Rosenthal. U.S. Will Cut Aid To South Koreans; U.S. Will Reduce South Korean Aid[N]. The New York Times. April 4, 1963:1
7 A.M. Rosenthal. U.S. officers in Seoul Keeping Close Watch on Korean Crisis; Any Troop Shifts to Bolster Position of Military Regime Could Impair Joint Defense Against Reds[N]. The New York Times. April 5, 1963:3
8 A.M. Rosenthal Leader of Korean Junta Agrees to Hold Elections; U.S. Threat to Cut Aid Sways General Park to Accept Civil Rule Korean Junta Leader Agrees To Hold Elections in the Fall[N]. The New York Times. April 6, 1963:1
1 Telegram from the Embassy in Korea to the Department of State[Z]. Seoul, April 29, 1963, FRUS. 1961-1963. Volume XXII. Doc.302
2 Memorandum of Conversation Washington[Z]. June 17, 1963. FRUS.1961-1963.Volume XXII.Doc.309
3 Telegram From the Department of State to the Embassy in Korea[Z]. Washington, October 22, 1963, FRUS. 1961-1963.Volume XXII. Doc.316
4 Ibid Doc.316
1 Memorandum of Conversation Washington[Z]. November 25, 1963. FRUS.1961-1963.Volume XXII.Doc.318
1 Kazuhiko Togo. Japan’s Foreign Policy 1945-2003[M]. Brill Leiden Boston, 2005:157
1 South Korean-Japanese Relations[Z]. Department of State, November 1974
2 Junkab Chang. United States Mediation in South Korean-Japanese Negotiations, 1951-1965: A Case Study in the Limitations of Embassy Diplomacy[D]. Mississippi State University, UMI Number: 9906940. 1998:46
1 Jong-Chun Baek. Probe for Korean Reunification—Conflict and Security[M]. Research Center for Peace and Unification of Korea,1988:143
2[美]劳伦斯·奥尔森.日本在战后亚洲[M].上海:上海人民出版社, 1974:99
3 Brain Bridges. Japan and Korea in the 1990s—From Antagonism to Adjustment[M]. Edward Elgar Publishing Limited. 1993:10
4原文为:“Yoshida and Rhee were two old men who could hardly bear to be in the same room together.”见于:Robyn Lim. The Geopolitics of East Asia—The Search for Equilibrium[M]. Routledge, 2003:93
1 Colon Associates, United States Foreign Policy: Asia, Study No. 5 (prepared at the request of the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations)[Z]. Washington D.C.: U.S. Government Printing office, 1959:117-119
2比如从1961-1987年间,韩国方面以“带有日本韵调”为理由禁止传唱253首歌曲。原文为:“They emit a Japanese flavour.”见于:Brain Bridges. Japan and Korea in the 1990s---From Antagonism to Adjustment[M]. Edward Elgar Publishing Limited. 1993:138
3 [日]井上清.战后日本史(下)[M].天津:天津人民出版社,1972:271
1[日]高崎宗司.檢証日韓會談[M].岩波書店,1996:22
2 Rhee Bids Japanese Join Fight on Reds[N]. The New York Times, 17 February 1950:12
3[日]高崎宗司.檢証日韓會談[M].岩波書店,1996:22
1 Junkab Chang. United States Mediation in South Korean-Japanese Negotiations, 1951-1965: A Case Study in the Limitations of Embassy Diplomacy[D]. Mississippi State University, UMI Number: 9906940. 1998:76
2 Ibid. 77
1 Junkab Chang. United States Mediation in South Korean-Japanese Negotiations, 1951-1965: A Case Study in the Limitations of Embassy Diplomacy[D]. Mississippi State University, UMI Number: 9906940. 1998:76
2 Ibid. 77
1 Junkab Chang. United States Mediation in South Korean-Japanese Negotiations, 1951-1965: A Case Study in the Limitations of Embassy Diplomacy[D]. Mississippi State University, UMI Number: 9906940. 1998:95
1 Tokyo Embassy telegram to the Department of State, 21 January, 1954, RG84, FSPDS. Korea. Seoul Embassy, Classified General Records, 1953-1955, Box 4, File 320.1. NA. Ibid:124
1 Junkab Chang, United States Mediation In South Korean-Japanese Negotiations, 1951-1965: A Case Study in the Limitations of Embassy Diplomacy[D]. Mississippi State University, 1998, UMI Number: 9906940. 1998:136
2 U.S. Summary Minutes of the Third Meeting of the United States- Republic of Korea Talks.[Z]. Washington, 29 July, 1954. FRUS, 1952-1954, Volume XIV. p1689
3 Dulles to Briggs, 8 November 1954, RG84, FSPDS, Korea, Seoul Embassy, Classified General Records, 1953-1955, Box 4, File 320. 1. NA.转引自:Junkab Chang, United States Mediation In South Korean-Japanese Negotiations, 1951-1965: A Case Study in the Limitations of Embassy Diplomacy[D]. Mississippi State University, 1998, UMI Number: 9906940. 1998:138
1 Hyun-Dong Kim, Korea and The United States—The Evolving Transpacific Alliance in the 1960s[M]. Research Center for Peace and Unification of Korea, 1990:262
2沃尔特(Walter C Dowling)1956年5月任此职;驻日大使埃里森辞职后,麦克阿瑟唯一的儿子小道格拉斯·麦克阿瑟于1957年2月接任。
1 Memorandum of Conversation, Washington, November 14, 1961[Z]. FRUS,1961-1963, Volume XXII, Doc.247
2[日]石丸和人,山本剛士.戰后日本外交史Ⅱ[M].三省堂,1983:332
1 Memorandum of Conversation Washington. June 17, 1963[Z]. FRUS.1961-1963.Volume XXII. Doc.309
2 Memorandum of Conversation (Note 4) . Washington, November 25, 1963. [Z]. FRUS.1961-1963.Volume XXII. Doc.318
3Ibid.
4 Memorandum From the President's Special Assistant for National Security Affairs (Bundy) to the Deputy Under Secretary of State for Political AffairsWashington. December 20, 1963. [Z]. FRUS.1961-1963.Volume XXII. Doc.320
1 Park Chung Hee, The Student Must Go Back to School—A Presidential Instruction for The Student, June 26,1964, From Major Speech By Korea’s Park Chung Hee[M]. Hollym Corporation: Publishers, Seoul, Korea, 1970:106
2曹中屏、张连瑰.当代韩国史[M].天津:南开大学出版社, 2005:284
3 Kazuhiko Togo, Japan’s Foreign Policy 1945-2003[M]. Brill Leiden Boston, 2005:159
4 Tokyo- Washionton-Deoul Triangle [J]. The New Times, April 21,1965:20
5 Memorandum of Conversation[Z]. Department of State, January 12,1965, L. B. Johnson Library
1刘世龙.战后日美伙伴关系的三个阶段[J].日本学刊,2003(1)
2[日]姜尚中.日朝关系の克服[M].集英社, 2003:64
3Hyun-Dong Kim. Korea and The United States—The Evolving Transpacific Alliance in the 1960s[M]. Research Center for Peace and Unification of Korea, 1990:272
1曹中屏、张连瑰.当代韩国史[M].天津:南开大学出版社,2005:283
2美国远东事务助理国务卿邦迪和韩国外长李东元也一致认为,“实现日韩关系正常化是对亚洲和平事业的巨大贡献。”United States And Korea Reaffirm Policy of Cooperation [Z]. Department of State Bulletin. October 19, 1964, Volume LI, No.1321. 1964:542
3 Editorial Note[Z]. FRUS 1964-1968, Vol. XXIX, Korea, Department of State, Washington, DC, Doc.34
4 Memorandum for Mr. Bundy[Z]. National Security Council Washington D.C. 20506, February 12, 1965
1 Kwang Il Baek. Korea And The United States[M]. Research Center for Peace and Unification of Korea, 1988:74-75
2 Hyun-Dong Kim, Korea and The United States ----The Evolving Transpacific Alliance in the 1960s[M]. Research Center for Peace and Unification of Korea, 1990:279
3 Kil J. Yi. In Research of a Panacea: Japan-Korea Rapprochement and America’s“Far Eastern Problems”[J]. Pacific Historical Review, Vol.71, No.4, 2002:633
1 Kwang Il Baek. Korea And The United States[M]. Research Center for Peace and Unification of Korea, 1988:74-75
2 Hyun-Dong Kim, Korea and The United States ----The Evolving Transpacific Alliance in the 1960s[M]. Research Center for Peace and Unification of Korea, 1990:279
3 Kil J. Yi. In Research of a Panacea: Japan-Korea Rapprochement and America’s“Far Eastern Problems”[J]. Pacific Historical Review, Vol.71, No.4, 2002:633
1石丸和人,山本剛士.戰后日本外交史Ⅱ[M].三省堂,1983:330
2 Kwang Il Baek. Korea and the United States[M]. Research Center for Peace and Unification of Korea, 1988:70(1954-1966) [R]. Country Economics Department, The World Bank, November 1990:16
1[韩]朴正熙.国家、革命与我[M].北京:光明出版社,1963:34-38
2 Brain Bridges. Japan and Korea in the 1990s---from Antagonism to Adjustment[M]. Edward Elgar Publishing Limited. 1993:12
3黄兆群.韩国六大总统[M].北京:人民出版社,2004:95
1 Korea’s Twenty Year [J]. New Times, August 25, 1965:8
2 Donald C. Hellmann. Basic Problems of Japanese-South Korean Relations[J]. Asian Survey, Vol.2, No.3. May,
1 Park Chung Hee. Let Us View The Present Situation In Long-Range Perspective ---For Korea-Japan Diplomatic Normalization Talks On March 26,1964[A]. Major Speech By Korea’s Park Chung Hee[M]. Hollym Corporation: Publishers, Seoul, Korea. 1970:80-84
2黄兆群.韩国六大总统[M].北京:人民出版社,2004:97
3 Morinosuke Kajima. History of Modern Japan—A Brief Diplomatic[M]. Charles E. Tuttle Co.: Publishers, Rutland, Vermont &Tokyo, Japan. 1965:135
4木村幹.民主化の韓国政治——樸正熙と野党政治家たち[M].名古屋大学出版社, 2008:117
1 J. Mark Mobius. The Japan-Korea Normalization Process and Korean Anti-Americanism[J]. Asian Survey, April, 1966:241
2[韩]金大中.金大中自传:我的人生、我的路[M].北京:外文出版社,1998:86-89
1 Kwang Il Baek. Korea And The United States[M]. Research Center For Peace And Unification of Korea,1988:74
1 Soon Sung Cho. Japan’s Two Koreas Policy and the Problems of Korean Unification[J].Asian Survey, 7, No.10. October 1967:716
2 Ibid.719
3 Sixth Meeting of the Joint United States- Japan Committee on Trade and Economic Affairs[R]. Washington, September 13-15, 1967:2
4 Kenneth B. Lee. Korea and East Asia[M]. Praeger, 1997:200
1 Richard J. Barnet. Intervention and Revolution: The United States in the Third World [M].World Pub. Co., 1968:188
2 The United States and Vietnam [EB/OL]. [2008-09-17]. http://aglasshome.com/h2/ch26.htm
3 French Indochina War [EB/OL]. [2009-02-08].http://www.olive-drab.com/od_history_vietnam_french.php
1 Christos Frentzos. Syngman Rhee and the Vietnam War: South Korea’s Attempt to Enter the First Indochina Conflict, 1954[R]. Society for Historians of American Foreign Relations 2004 Conference. 2004:2
2 Memorandum by the Executive Secretary to The National Security Council, Washington, March 2, 1954, [Z].FRUS,1952-1954, Volume XV, p1754
1 The Ambassador in Korea (Briggs) to the Department of State, Seoul, July 12, 1954[Z]. FRUS,1952-1954, Volume. XV, p1836
2 The Department of the Army to the Commander in Chief, United Nations Command(Hull),Washington, September 15, 1954, Appendix[Z]. FRUS, 1952-1954, Volume. XV, p1878
3 Hagerty Dairy, July 27, 1954[Z]. FRUS, 1952-1954, Volume.XV, p1839
1Richard J. Barnet. Intervention and Revolution: The United States in the Third World[M].World Publishing. Co., 1968:197
2 Department of State Bulletin[Z]. Vol.LIV. NO. 1393, GPO, March 7, 1966:350
3 Rusk. Freedom in the Postwar World (Secretary Rusk before American Veterans of WWII and Korea) [Z]. Philadelphia, 29 August 1964, Department of State Bulletin, 14 September 1964, The Pentagon Papers, Gravel Edition, Volume 3, p722-723.电子版见于http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/pentagon3/ps13.htm
1 Department of State Telegram, From Seoul To Secretary of State, April 28,1962, NSF, Country File, Korea, Box 128a, Folder: Korea Cable, 4/62-5/62, JFK Library
2 06/08/1962 -- South Korea -- A Year of Military Rule[Z]. CIWR, CIA
3 Christos Frentzos. From Seoul to Saigon: U.S.-Korean Relations and the Vietnam War [D], University of Huston. 2004:85
1 U.S. Strategy in Vietnam [J]. New Times, May 22, 1968:4
2 Telegram From the Embassy in Korea to the Department of State, Seoul, March 30, 1965[Z]. FRUS 1964-1968, Vol. XXIX, Korea, Department of State, Washington, DC, Doc.37
1 Sylvia Ellis.Britain. America, and the Vietnam War[M]. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2004:5
2 South Korea and the Vietnam-era Mindset [EB/OL]. (2007-11-03)[2009-01-23]. http://faroutliers.blogspot.com/2004/01/south-korea-and-vietnam-era-mindset.html
3 The Futile War in South Viet Nam [J]. New Times, June 3, 1964:14
1 Editorial Note[Z].FRUS 1964-1968, Volume XXIX, Korea, Department of State Washington, DC, Doc 5.
2 Christos Frentzos. From Seoul to Saigon: U.S.-Korean Relations and the Vietnam War [D], University of Huston. 2004:103
1 Editorial Note[Z].FRUS 1964-1968, Vol.XXIX, Korea, Department of State, Washington, DC, Doc.20
1 Memorandum of Conversation, Seoul, December 19, 1964[Z]. FRUS 1964-1968, Vol. XXIX, Korea, Department of State, Washington, DC, Doc. 28
2 Kwang-Il Baek. Korea and the United States[M], Research Center for Peace and Unification of Korea, 1988:79
3 Memorandum of Conversation, Seoul, December 19, 1964[Z]. FRUS 1964-1968, Vol. XXIX, Korea, Department of State, Washington, DC, Doc. 28
1 Telegram From the Embassy in Korea to the Department of State, Seoul, December 30, 1964, Memorandum of Conversation, Seoul, December 19, 1964[Z]. FRUS 1964-1968, Vol. XXIX, Korea, Department of State, Washington, DC, Doc.30
1 Editorial Note[Z]. FRUS 1964-1968, Vol. XXIX, Korea, Department of State, Washington, DC, Doc.32
2 National Intelligence Estimate, NIE 42/14.2-65[Z].Washington, January 22, 1965.
3 Nicholas Evan Sarantakes. The Quiet War: Combat Operations along the Korean Demilitarized Zone, 1966-1969[J]. The Journal of Military History, Vol.64, No. 2 .April 2000:441
1 Christos Frentzos. From Seoul to Saigon: U.S.-Korean Relations and the Vietnam War [D], University of Huston. 2004:147
2 V. Dalnov. Not Across the River[J].New Times,June23,1965:9
3 Memorandum From James C. Thomson of the National Security Council Staff and the President's Special Assistant for National Security Affairs (Bundy) to President Johnson. Washington, May 14, 1965[Z]. FRUS 1964-1968, Vol. XXIX, Korea, Department of State, Washington, DC, Doc.44
1 Memorandum From the Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs (McNaughton) to the Deputy Secretary of Defense (Vance),Washington, April 13, 1965[Z].FRUS 1964-1968, Vol. XXIX, Korea, Department of State, Washington, DC, Doc.38.
2 Memorandum From James C. Thomson of the National Security Council Staff to President Johnson, Washington, May 17, 1965[Z]. FRUS 1964-1968, Vol. XXIX, Korea, Department of State, Washington, DC, Doc.47
3 Memorandum of Conversation, Washington, May 17, 1965[Z]. FRUS 1964-1968, Vol. XXIX, Korea, Department of State, Washington, DC, Doc.48
4 Ibid.
1 Memorandum of Conversation[Z]. Washington, May 18, 1965, FRUS 1964-1968, Vol. XXIX, Korea, Department of State, Washington, DC, Doc.50
2基本内容包括:完全装备3个后备役师以避免韩国向南越派兵后造成的力量亏空;负责运送任务;提供与美国部队同样标准的军人薪金、死亡及伤残补偿费;提供韩国军队在南越所需的后勤支援及汉城与南越作战部队之间直接的安全联络设备;为韩国作战部队配备广播系统以便进行反共广播宣传以及向韩国军队提供新闻娱乐服务;提供4架C-123飞机执行医疗救助任务和“汉城与西贡”之间的联络任务,等等。Stanley Robert Larsen and James Lawton Collins, Jr. Allied Participation in Vietnam [M]. Department of the Army, Washington, D.C. 1985:124
3Telegram From the Embassy in Korea to the Department of State, Seoul, July 10, 1965, 0510Z (Note 2) [Z]. FRUS 1964-1968, Vol. XXIX, Korea, Department of State, Washington, DC, Doc.57
4 Telegram From the Embassy in Korea to the Department of State, Seoul, March 30, 1965[Z]. FRUS 1964-1968, Vol. XXIX, Korea, Department of State, Washington, DC, Doc.37
5 Christos Frentzos. From Seoul to Saigon: U.S.-Korean Relations and the Vietnam War [D]. University of Huston. 2004:158
1 Telegram From the Department of State to the Embassy in Korea,Washington, April 26, 1965 (Note 2) [Z]. FRUS 1964-1968, Vol. XXIX, Korea, Department of State, Washington, DC, Doc.40
2 Editorial Note[Z]. FRUS 1964-1968, Vol. XXIX, Korea, Department of State, Washington, DC, Doc.58
3 Editorial Note[Z]. FRUS 1964-1968, Vol. XXIX, Korea, Department of State, Washington, DC, Doc.32
1 Telegram From the Department of State to the Embassy in Korea,Washington, January 27, 1966[Z].FRUS 1964-1968, Vol. XXIX, Korea, Department of State, Washington, DC, Doc.76
2 Editorial Note[Z].FRUS 1964-1968, Vol. XXIX, Korea, Department of State, Washington, DC, Doc.32
3 War’s Widening Ripples[J].New Times, August25, 1965:14
4 Telegram From the Embassy in Korea to the Department of State, Seoul, December 28, 1965, 0730Z. [Z]. FRUS 1964-1968, Vol. XXIX, Korea, Department of State, Washington, DC, Doc.65
5 Telegram From the Embassy in Korea to the Department of State, Seoul, December 28, 1965, 0935Z. [Z].FRUS 1964-1968, Vol. XXIX, Korea, Department of State, Washington, DC, Doc.66
6 Telegram From the Embassy in Korea to the Department of State, Seoul, December 30, 1965, 0945Z (Note 2)[Z].FRUS 1964-1968, Vol. XXIX, Korea, Department of State, Washington, DC, Doc.67.
1 Kim, Bong Joong. Democracy and Human Rights: US-South Korean Relations,1945-1979[D]. The University of Toledo, 1994:188
2 Telegram From the Embassy in Korea to the Department of State, Seoul, January 5, 1966, 0830Z.Note 2[Z].FRUS 1964-1968, Vol. XXIX, Korea, Department of State, Washington, DC, Doc.69
3 Telegram from the Embassy in Korea to the Department of State, Seoul, December 30, 1965, 0945Z[Z].FRUS 1964-1968, Vol. XXIX, Korea, Department of State, Washington, DC, Doc.67.
4副国务卿乔治·鲍尔(George W. Ball)1966年1月30日在美国西北大学的一次校友会上的讲话。The Issue In Viet-Nam. Department of State Bulletin. February 14, 1966, Vol. LIV. No.1390:241
1 Telegram from the Embassy in Korea to the Department of State, Seoul, January 10, 1966, 1010Z(Note 4) [Z].FRUS 1964-1968, Vol. XXIX, Korea, Department of State, Washington, DC, Doc.71
2 Telegram From the Embassy in Korea to the White House, Seoul, February 23, 1966, 0945Z.(Note 2) [Z]. FRUS 1964-1968, Vol. XXIX, Korea, Department of State, Washington, DC, Doc.80
3 Telegram From the Embassy in Korea to the Department of State, Seoul, March 18, 1966, 0745Z. [Z].FRUS 1964-1968, Vol. XXIX, Korea, Department of State, Washington, DC, Doc.82
4 Editorial Note, FRUS 1964-1968, Vol. XXIX, Korea, Department of State, Washington, DC, Doc.81
5 Remarks at the Lighting of the Nation's Christmas Tree. December 15, 1966 The American Presidency Project(Johnson) http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=28067&st=human+rights&st1=
1美国驻韩大使威廉姆·波特在1970年的一次听证会上指出,在越战中美国士兵人均开销为1.3万美元,菲律宾士兵为7000美元,而韩国士兵人均为5000美元。Declassified Papers Show South Korea Sought to Relocate US Base to Cheju, BBC Monitoring Asia Pacific[EB/OL]. [2008-07-18]. http://www.redorbit.com/news/technology/220916/declassified_papers_show_south_korea_sought_to_relocate_us_base/
2 Samiel Berger. Korea-Progress and Prospects[Z]. Department of State Bulletin, GPO. May 30, 1966, Volume LIV, No.1405:864
1 Memorandum from Alfred Jenkins of the National Security Council Staff to the President's Special Assistant (Rostow), Washington, July 26, 1967.Attachment[Z].FRUS 1964-1968, Vol. XXIX, Korea, Department of State, Washington, DC, Doc.123
2 Intelligence Memorandum, No. 1620/66 Washington, November 8, 1966[Z]. FRUS 1964-1968, Vol. XXIX, Korea, Department of State, Washington, DC, Doc.98
3 Telegram From the Commanding General, United States Eighth Army, Korea, and the Commander in Chief, United Nations Command, Korea (Bonesteel) to the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (Wheeler), Seoul, November 10, 1966, 0817Z[Z]. FRUS 1964-1968, Vol. XXIX, Korea, Department of State, Washington, DC, Doc.99
4 Telegram from the Embassy in Korea to the Department of State, Seoul, November 22, 1966, 0315Z (Note 3)[Z]. FRUS 1964-1968, Vol. XXIX, Korea, Department of State, Washington, DC, Doc.101
1 David L. Anderson, John Ernst. The War that Never Ends: New Perspectives on the Vietnam War[Z].University Press of Kentucky, 2007:68
2 Se Jin Kim. South Korea’s Involvement in Vietnam and Its Economic and Political Impact[J]. Asian Survey, Vol.10, No.6. June, 1970:531
3 Editorial Note[Z]. FRUS 1964-1968, Vol. XXIX, Korea, Department of State, Washington, DC, Doc.97
1 Telegram From the Embassy in Korea to the Department of State,Seoul, September 19, 1967[Z]. FRUS 1964-1968, Vol. XXIX, Korea, Department of State, Washington, DC, Doc.129
2 Telegram From the Embassy in Vietnam to the Department of State, Saigon, October 31, 1967[Z]. FRUS 1964-1968, Vol. XXIX, Korea, Department of State, Washington, DC, Doc.132
3 Telegram From the Embassy in Korea to the Department of State,Seoul, December 6, 1967[Z]. FRUS 1964-1968, Vol. XXIX, Korea, Department of State, Washington, DC, Doc.137 .
1 Telegram From the Embassy in Australia to the Department of State, Canberra, December 21, 1967[Z]. FRUS 1964-1968, Vol. XXIX, Korea, Department of State, Washington, DC, Doc.139 .
2 Notes on Conversation Between President Johnson and President Pak,Canberra, December 21, 1967[Z]. FRUS 1964-1968, Vol. XXIX, Korea, Department of State, Washington, DC, Doc.140
1 Remarks at the Iolani Palace in Honolulu. April 15th 1968, The American Presidency Project(Johnson) http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=28802&st=south+korea&st1=
2 The President's News Conference of. May 3, 1968. The American Presidency Project(Johnson) http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=28831&st=south+korea&st1=
3 Special National Intelligence Estimate, SNIE 14.2-68, Washington, May 16, 1968[Z]. FRUS 1964-1968, Vol. XXIX, Korea, Department of State, Washington, DC, Doc.200
4 Intelligence Note From the Director of the Bureau of Intelligence and Research (Hughes) to Secretary of State Rusk,No. 870 (Note 3) [Z].FRUS 1964-1968, Vol. XXIX, Korea, Department of State, Washington, DC, Doc.207
5 [美]德瑞克·李波厄特.五十年伤痕(下)[M].上海:上海三联书店,2008:482
1 Memorandum for the Secretary of State, the Secretary of Defense, the Chairman, Joint Chiefs of Staff[Z]. National Security Council, Washington. D.C. June 23, 1971, National Security Decision Memorandum. 113
2关于韩国军队在南越的部署情况还可见于:Shelby L. Stanton. Vietnam Order of Battle---a complete illustrated reference to u.s. army combat and support forces in Vietnam(1961-1973) [M]. Stackpole Books, 2003:272-273
1Wonmo Dong. Korean-American Relations at Crossroads [M]. The Association of Christian Scholars in North America, INC. 1982:44
2 Park, Tae-Gyun. The Impracticable Plan; the Phase-down Policy of Korean Army by the U.S. in 1950s and 1960s[EB/OL]. Seoul National University, [2009-09-10]http://arts.monash.edu.au/korean/ksaa/conference/16taegyunpark.pdf
1 Christos Frentzos. From Seoul to Saigon: U.S.-Korean Relations and the Vietnam War[D]. University of Huston. 2004:146
2 Memorandum From Vice President Humphrey to President Johnson. Washington, January 5, 1966[Z]. FRUS 1964-1968, Vol. XXIX, Korea, Department of State, Washington, DC, Doc.68
1 Shin Bum Shik. Major Speech By Korea’s Park Chung Hee[M]. Hollym Corporation Publishers, Seoul, Korea, 1970:280
2 Telegram From the Department of State to the Embassy in Vietnam, March 30, 1965[Z]. FRUS 1964-1968, Vol. XXIX, Korea, Department of State, Washington, DC, Doc.220
1 Wang-Il Baek. Korea And The United States[M]. Research Center For Peace And Unification of Korea, 1988:80
2Marc Jason Gilbert. The Vietnam War on Campus: Other Voices, More Distant Drums[M]. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2001:151
3 Memorandum From the Executive Secretary of the National Security Council (Smith) to the President's Special Assistant (Rostow) (Appendix 2). Washington, January 19, 1967[Z]. FRUS 1964-1968, Vol. XXIX, Korea, Department of State, Washington, DC, Doc.107
4资中筠.战后美国外交史[M].北京:世界知识出版社, 1994:569
1 Memorandum From James C. Thomson of the National Security Council Staff to President Johnson, May 17, 1965, 1964-1968[Z]. FRUS Volume XXIX, Korea, Department of State, Washington, DC, Doc.47
1 Marvin E. Gettleman. Jane Franklin, Marilyn Young, Vietnam and America: A Documented History [M].Grove Press, 1995:39
2 Transcript of Johnson News Session on Foreign and Domestic Matters[N]. New York Times, 24 April 1964:14
3 Telegram From the Embassy in Korea to the Department of State,Seoul, November 25, 1967, 0528Z[Z]. FRUS 1964-1968, Vol. XXIX, Korea, Department of State, Washington, DC, Doc.134
1 Aid Report for Fiscal Transmitted to Congress[Z]. February 7, 1966, No.1389. GPO. Department of State Bulletin. 1966:208
2 Joe C Dixon. The American military and the Far East[R].Air Force Military History Symposium, DIANE Publishing, 1980:224.
3 Wonmo Dong. Korean-American Relations at Crossroads[M]. The Association of Christian Scholars in North America, INC.1982:44
4 Christos Frentzos. From Seoul to Saigon: U.S.-Korean Relations and the Vietnam War [D]. University of Huston. 2004:254
1 Memorandum of Conversation, Washington, May 18, 1965, 1964-1968, FRUS Volume XXIX, Korea, Department of State, Washington, DC, Doc.52
2本段数字来自于Christos Frentzos. From Seoul to Saigon: U.S.-Korean Relations and the Vietnam War [D]. University of Huston. 2004:178-180
3 Se Jin Kim. South Korea’s Involvement in Vietnam and Its Economic and political Impact, Asian Survey, Vol. 10, No. 6. (June,. 1970)1970:519
1 Department of State Bulletin[Z]. April 18,1966,Volume LIV. No.1399:633
2 David S Painter. The Cold War ---An International History [M]. Routledge, 1999:59
3折现率是将未来收益还原或转换为现值的比率。折现率实质是一种资本投资的收益率,它与报酬率、利润率、回报率、盈利率和利率在本质上是相同的。
4 Tad Szulc. U.S. War Outlays Aid Korea and Philippines [N].New York Times .January 26, 1970:3
5 Nigel Harris. The Far East and Neo-Colonialis[EB/OL]. [2009-01-27]. http://www.marxists.org/history/etol/writers/harris/1968/xx/fareast.htm
1 Se Jin Kim. South Korea’s Involvement in Vietnam and Its Economic and Political Impact[J]. Asian Survey, Vol. 10, No. 6. 1970:522
2 Hyun-Dong Kim. Korea and The United States ----The Evolving Transpacific Alliance in the 1960s[M]. Research Center for Peace and Unification of Korea, 1990:239
1 Emerson Chapin. Seoul Citing Troop Aid, Seeks Role at a Vietnam Peace Parley[N].The New York Times, April 27, 1966:7
2 Se Jin Kim. South Korea’s Involvement in Vietnam and Its Economic and political Impact [J]. Asian Survey, Vol. 10, No. 6. 1970:530
1 Memorandum of Conversation. Washington, November 14, 1961[Z]. FRUS1961-1963.Volume XXII, Doc.247
1 Letter from the Ambassador to Korea (Brown) to the Assistant Secretary of State for Far Eastern Affairs (Bundy), Seoul, August 26, 1966[Z]. FRUS 1964-1968, Vol. XXIX, Korea, Department of State, Washington, DC, Doc.90
2基辛格在描述渐进外交中的讨价还价时指出:“我请以色列总理拉宾让步,他说他不能,因为以色列弱小。于是,我给了他很多武器,他说他不需要让步,因为以色列强大。”这显然是悖论,提供越多的援助,反而越不可能带来控制。见于:[美]斯蒂芬·沃尔特.联盟的起源[M].北京:北京大学出版社, 2007:230
1 Telegram From the Commander in Chief of the United Nations Command and of United States Forces, Korea (Bonesteel) to the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (Wheeler), Seoul, January 24, 1968, 1240Z[Z]. .FRUS 1964-1968, Vol. XXIX, Korea, Department of State, Washington, DC, Doc.146
2 Telegram From the Embassy in Korea to the Department of State,Seoul, January 24, 1968, 2105Z[Z]. FRUS 1964-1968, Vol. XXIX, Korea, Department of State, Washington, DC, Doc.219
3 Telegram From the Commander in Chief, Pacific (McCain) to the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (Wheeler),Honolulu, November 16, 1968, 0538Z[Z]. FRUS 1964-1968, Vol. XXIX, Korea, Department of State, Washington, DC, Doc.208
4 Notes of Meeting, Washington, January 25, 1968[Z]. FRUS, 1964-1968, Volume XXIX(Korea), Department of State, Washington, DC, Doc.226
1 US Strategy in Asia, Briefing Memorandum (Attachment)[Z]. October 16, 1975:8
1 Sixth Annual Message. November 19,1794. The American Presidency Project(Washington) http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=29436&st=human+rights&st1=或可见于:Message in Reply to the House of Representatives. November 29, 1794, The American Presidency Project(Washington) http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=65481&st=human+rights&st1=
2威尔逊说,“我的梦想是……有一天美国达到了这样的程度——人们都知道它把人权置于其他权利之首、它的旗帜不仅是美国的旗帜,而且还是人类人道主义之旗”。原文为:My dream is that…….., and that America will come into the full light of the day when all shall know that she puts human rights above all other rights and that her flag is the flag not only of America but of humanity.见于:Address at Independence Hall: "The Meaning of Liberty. July 4, 1914. The American Presidency Project(Wilson) http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=65381&st=human+rights&st1=
3Warren Christopher. In the Stream of History: Shaping Foreign Policy for A New Era[M]. StanFord University Press, 1998:62
1 William Shaw. Human Rights in Korea: Historical and Policy Perspectives[R]. Harvard University Asia Center, 1991:150
1 John Kie-Chiang Oh. Role of the United States in South Korea’s Democratization [J]. Pacific Affairs, Vol.42, No2. Summer 1969: 166
2 Kim, Bong Joong. Democracy and Human Rights: US-South Korean Relations, 1945-1979[D]. The University of Toledo, 1994:76
3The Charge in Korea (Lightner) to the Department of State, June 1, 1952[Z]. FRUS,1952-1954, Vol XV, p280
1 Memorandum by the Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for Far Eastern Affairs (Johnson) to the Secretary of state, June 2, 1952[Z]. FRUS. 1952-1954, Vol XV,p281-282
2 President Truman to the President of the Republic of Korea(Rhee), June 2, 1952[Z]. FRUS,1952-1954, Vol XV, p285
3 The Charge in Korea (Lightner) to the Department of State, June 3, 1952[Z]. FRUS,1952-1954, Vol XV, p290
1 The Ambassador in Korea (Muccio) to the Department of State, June 12, 1952[Z]. FRUS,1952-1954, Vol XV, p324-325
2原句为“Eisenhower inherited one of Truman’s annoying tasks—taming Rhee.”见于:Kim, Bong Joong, Democracy and Human Rights: US-South Korean Relations, 1945-1979[D]. The University of Toledo,1994:89
3前者语出艾森豪威尔;后者语出克拉克。后者在其回忆录当中表示说,他当时进行的是双线外交战——一个是与“共产主义分子”在板门店进行的;另一个是与李承晚在汉城进行的。最大的麻烦来自于李承晚。Ibid:89
1 John Kie-Chiang Oh. Role of the United States in South Korea’s Democratization [J]. Pacific Affairs, Vol.42, No2. Summer 1969:118-119
1Coup in South Korea[N].The New York Time. May 17,1961:36
2U.S. Voices Regret on Korean Curbs; Letter to Kennedy Pledges Return to Civilian Rule[N].The New York Time. May 23, 1961:8
3Bernard Kalb, Korea Charges Abuses In Press; Junta Bans 834 Periodicals and News Agencies[N].The New York Time. May 29, 1961:5
4 Curb on Constitution Considered By South Korea Military Junta[N].The New York Time. May 30, 1961:2
5 Korea Junta Curbs Student Activities[N].The New York Time. June 9, 1961:3
6 Bernard Kalb. 7 Members of U.N. To Caution Korea; Committee Said To Agree On Individual Pleas to Junta to Restore Liberties Remembers of U.N. To Caution Korea[N].The New York Time. June 13, 1961:1
7 Glenn D. Paige. Korea Called Police State; Evidence Seen That Junta Plans No Restoration of Freedom[N]. The New York Times. June 25, 1961:E8
1 Seoul Bars Newsman; South Korea Cancels Visa of UPI Correspondent[N]. The New York Times. June 25, 1961:4
2 Rusk Lauds Korean Junta for Democratic Trend; Welcomes Military Regime's Moves in Direction of Honest Government[N]. The New York Times. July 28, 1961:2
3Korea Court Backs 3 Death Sentences[N].The New York Times. November 1, 1961:10
4 Kim, Bong Joong. Democracy and Human Rights: US-South Korean Relations, 1945-1979[D]. The University of Toledo, 1994:166
5South Korea Votes Constitution By 4 to 1 as 85% Go to Polls; Park Commends Vote Koreans Support Constitution, 4-1[N].The New York Times. December 19, 1962:1
1 Korea Frees 69 Arrested In March Demonstrations[N]. The New York Times . April 9, 1963:5
2关于宋尧赞事件见于:(1)Korean General Denies Charges[N]. The New York Times. August 17, 1963:4; (2)6 Korean Parties Demand Ex-Premier Song's Release[N]. The New York Times. September 20, 1963:6
3 Emerson Chapin Seoul Candidate Assails GEN. Park; Says Election of Junta Chief Would End Korean Liberty 4 Others Still in Field[N]. The New York Times October 6, 1963:18
4 Stephan Haggard, Byung-Kook Kim, Chung-in Moon. The Transition to Export-Led Growth in South Korea(1954-66)[R]. Country Economics Department, The World Bank, November 1990:15
5 A.M. Rosenthal New Turn For Korea; Agreement to Hold Elections in Fall for Civilian Government Follows Heavy Pressure From U.S. The New York Times. April 7, 1963:E7,
6South Korean Rulers Say Rhee, in Exile, Can Return[N]. The New York Times, August 16, 1963: 6
1 Remarks to Delegates to the Equal Pay Conference. June 11, 1964. The American Presidency Project(Johnson) http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=26307&st=human+rights&st1=
2 Remarks at a Reception Marking the Third Anniversary of the Organization of African Unity. May 26, 1966. The American Presidency Project(Johnson) . http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=27619&st=human+rights&st1=
1 Wonmo Dong. Korean-American Relations at Crossroads[M]. The Association of Christian Scholars in North America, INC. 1982:40
2 Remarks upon Arriving at the Honolulu International Airport. April 15th , 1968 American Presidency Project(Johnson). http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=28801&st=south+korea&st1=
3 Remarks at the Korean Consulate in Honolulu. April 17, 1968 . The American Presidency Project(Johnson). http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=28806&st=south+korea&st1=
1Now Korea[N]. The New York Times. October 22, 1972:E12
1 Kim, Bong Joong. Democracy and Human Rights: US-South Korean relations, 1945-1979[D]. The University of Toledo, 1994:217
2 C.I. Eugene Kim. Emergency, Development, and Human Rights: South Korea[J]. Asian Survey, Vol.18, No.4. April, 1978:374
1 Richard Halloran. Park Says Seoul Can Repel Attack; South Korean Urges Unity Against North's Threat[N]. The New York Times, April 30, 1975:19
2 James V Young. Eye on Korea---An Inside Account of Korean-American Relations[M]. Texas A&M University Press, 2003:26
3 Republican Party Platform of 1972. August 21, 1972. The American Presidency Project(Nixon). http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=25842&st=human+rights&st1=
11973年8月发生的金大中绑架事件激起了韩国国内反对党的极大非议,学生示威游行规模不断扩大,反对朴正熙“维新宪法”的斗争此起彼伏。美国政府在内外压力下指使美国驻韩大使馆先是解救了其妻,而后又解救了其本人。这是尼克松政府对韩人权政策中表现较突出的实例,也是尼克松政府整个执政期间介入韩国内部民主与人权问题较大的动作。
2 Wonmo Dong. Korean-American Relations at Crossroads[M]. The Association of Christian Scholars in North America, INC. 1982:51
3 Kim, Bong Joong. Democracy and human rights: US-South Korean relations, 1945-1979[D]. The University of Toledo,1994:227
1 Debra Liang-Fenton. Implementing U.S. Human Rights Policy: Agendas, Policies, And Practices[M]. US Institute of Peace Press, 2004:177
2 Remarks on Greeting Korean and American Congressional Veterans of the Korean War. June 25, 1975. The American Presidency Project(Ford). http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=5020&st=south+korea&st1=
3 Korean Legislator Is Facing Expulsion for Assailing Park[N]. The New York Times, October 10, 1975:13
4 Remarks at a Columbus Day Ceremony. October 11, 1976 http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=6443&st=human+rights&st1=. The American Presidency Project(Ford.本注解下同)在1978年11月卡特宣布美国已经成为人权的捍卫者。原文为:”We have become the champions of human rights.”见于: Buffalo, New York Remarks at the Greater Buffalo International Airport. October 28, 1978. http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=30067&st=human+rights&st1= ;还可见于Friends of Carter/Mondale Remarks at a Fundraising Dinner. October 24, 1979,http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=31585&st=human+rights&st1=
1 Republican Party Platform of 1976 August 18, 1976 . the Republican National Convention, August 18, 1976,at Kansas City, Mo. http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=25843&st=south+korea&st1=
2Richard Hallorannew. Korean Inquiry By U.S. Is Disclosed; Charge That Seoul Agents Harass Residents Here Investigated New Korean Inquiry By U.S.Is Disclosed[Z].The New York Times. October 29, 1976:47
3 Robert Lindsey. Seoul's Intelligence Agents Harass Korean Community in Los Angeles; Seoul Regime's Intelligence Agents Systematically Intimidate the Large Korean Community in Los Angeles[Z]. The New York Times. October 30, 1976:53
4关于美国政府向国会要求的1975财政年度的援助金额有一说是“2.34亿美元”——见于:神谷不二.朝鮮半島論[M]. PHP研究所, 1994:132。一说是“2.37亿美元”——见于:Kwang-Il Baek. Korea and the United States [M]. Research and Center for Peace and Unification of Korea, 1988:176。
5 Myung Hyun Cho. Korea and Major Powers [M]. Research Center For Peace And Unification of Korea.1989:251
1 Debra Liang-Fenton. Implementing U.S. Human Rights Policy: Agendas, Policies, and Practices. US Institute of Peace Press, 2004:179
2卡特上台之初逐渐将人权问题置于优先地位考虑,他说这样做是由于他对《圣经》的信仰。The President-Elect's News Conference in Los Angeles November 6, 1980. The American Presidency Project(Carter) http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=85231&st=human+rights&st1=
3王绳祖.国际关系史(第十卷)[M].北京:世界知识出版社, 1996:18
4吴艳君.美国理想主义外交政策的演变[J].中州大学学报, 2006(2):32
5Sandy Vogelgesang. American Dream, Global Nightmare: The Dilemma of U.S. Human Rights Policy[M]. W. W. Norton, 1980:15
1 Presidential Review Memorandum/NSC-13[Z]. National Security Council, January 26, 1977
2 Report To The American People - Remarks From The White House Library. February 2, 1977. The American Presidency Project(Carter). http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=7455&st=human+rights&st1=
3 Chae-Jin Lee. A Troubled Peace: U.S. Policy and the Two Koreas[M]. JHU Press, 2006:83
4卡特在1977年2月23日举行的新闻发布会上就政治犯问题阐述了对若干国家人权状况的看法,其中点名提到韩国伴之以古巴等国。The President's News Conference of. February 23, 1977. The American Presidency Project(Carter). http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=6887&st=south+korea&st1
5 Presidential Directive/NSC-12[Z]. National Security Council, May 5, 1977
6 Ad Hoc Coalition for Women Remarks to Representatives of Women's Groups. March 10, 1977.The American Presidency Project(Carter). http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=7146&st=human+rights&st1=
1 Kwang-Il Baek. Korea and the United States [M]. Research and Center for Peace and Unification of Korea, 1988:149
2Gregg Brazinsky, Nation building in South Korea: Koreans, Americans, and the making of a democracy [M].UNC Press, 2007:230
1 Debra Liang-Fenton. Implementing U.S. Human Rights Policy: Agendas, Policies, and Practices. US Institute of Peace Press, 2004:180
2 University of Notre Dame - Address at Commencement Exercises at the University. May 22, 1977. The American Presidency Project(Carter). http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=7552&st=south+korea&st1=
3Jewish High Holy Days Message of the President. August 15, 1977. The American Presidency Project(Carter). http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=7964&st=human+rights&st1=
4Andrew H. Malcolm,South Korea Is a Test of the Human Rights Issue[N]. The New York Times. May 1, 1977:E5
5University of Notre Dame - Address at Commencement Exercises at the University. May 22nd, 1977. The American Presidency Project(Carter). http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=7552&st=south+korea&st1
6 C.I. Eugene Kim. Emergency, Development, and Human Rights: South Korea[J]. Asian Survey, Vol.18, No.4. April, 1978:375
1卡特于1978年5月17日给朴正熙的信。Letter from President Jimmy Carter to President Chung Hee Park. White House. May 17, 1978. Declassified Documents Reference System(DDRS). Farmington Hills, Mich.: Gale Group, 2006. Document Number: CK3100129809
2 Interview With the President Question-and-Answer Session With Yoshio Hori and Yoshiki Hidaka of the Japan Broadcasting, Corporation (NHK). June 20, 1979. The American Presidency Project(Carter). http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=32504&st=human+rights&st1=
3Wilson, North Carolina Remarks at a Democratic Party Rally for John Ingram. August 5, 1978. The American Presidency Project(Carter). http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=31154&st=human+rights&st1=
4 HartFord, Connecticut Remarks at a Fundraising Reception for Governor Ella Grasso. October 28, 1978 The American Presidency Project(Carter). http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=30068&st=human+rights&st1=
5 Gresham, Oregon Remarks at a "Get Out the Vote" Rally. November 3, 1978 The American Presidency Project(Carter). http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=30110&st=human+rights&st1=另外卡特还在多种场合重申美国“已经举起人权大旗”( We've raised the banner of human rights.)强调“只要他在白宫……”这样的表述体现了卡特推行人权政策的决心。卡特同样的表达还可见于“美国总统项目(卡特)”资料库(The American Presidency Project)下述材料中:
1、Skokie, Illinois Remarks at a "Get Out the Vote" Rally. November 2, 1978. http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=30112&st=human+rights&st1=
2、Sacramento, California Remarks at a "Get Out the Vote" Rally. November 3, 1978 http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=30111&st=human+rights&st1=
3、Duluth, Minnesota Remarks at a "Get Out the Vote" Rally. November 3, 1978 http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=30112&st=human+rights&st1=
4、Interview With the President Remarks and a Question-and-Answer Session With Editors and News Directors. December 1, 1978 http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=30255&st=human+rights&st1= (不但如此,他在这次讲话中还越来越明确而坚定地表示,“地球上没有什么力量能够使美国与对人权的义务承诺相脱离。”见于: Universal Declaration of Human Rights Remarks at a White House Meeting Commemorating the 30th Anniversary of the Declaration's Signing. December 6, 1978 http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=30264&st=human+rights&st1=)
5、Memphis, Tennessee Remarks at the Democratic National Committee's National Finance Council Breakfast. December 9, 1978 http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=30286&st=human+rights&st1=
6、Wausau, Wisconsin Remarks at a Fundraising Reception for Representative David R. Obey. March 31, 1979 http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=32130&st=human+rights&st1=
7、BedFord, New Hampshire Remarks at a State Democratic Party Fund raising Dinner. April 25, 1979 http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=32233&st=human+rights&st1=
8、Democratic Congressional Campaign Dinner Remarks at the Dinner. May 9, 1979 http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=32317&st=human+rights&st1=
9、Chicago, Illinois Remarks at a Fundraising Dinner for Mayor Jane Byrne. October 15, 1979 http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=31534&st=human+rights&st1=
10、East RutherFord, New Jersey Interview With Dick Leone of WNET-TV. October 25, 1979 http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=31591&st=human+rights&st1=
11、Meeting With Student Leaders Remarks and a Question-and-Answer Session. February 15, 1980 http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=32938&st=human+rights&st1=
12、New York, New York Remarks at the International Ladies' Garment Workers Union Rally. October 30, 1980 http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=45397&st=human+rights&st1=
13、Saginaw, Michigan Remarks at a Rally With Area Residents. October 30, 1980 http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=45398&st=human+rights&st1=
14、Portland, Oregon Remarks at a Rally With Area Residents. November 3, 1980 http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=45454&st=human+rights&st1=
1 Kim, Bong Joong. Democracy and Human Rights: US-South Korean Relations, 1945-1979[D]. The University of Toledo, 1994:303
2 Interview With the President Question-and-Answer Session With Yoshio Hori and Yoshiki Hidaka of the Japan Broadcasting, Corporation (NHK). The American Presidency Project(Carter). June 20, 1979 http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=32504&st=south+korea&st1=这种表述另见于Interview With the President Question-and-Answer Session With Members of the Japanese Press. June 20, 1979 The American Presidency Project(Carter). http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=32534&st=south+korea&st1=
3 Equal Rights Amendment and Humphrey-Hawkins Full Employment Legislation Statement on Senate Action on the ERA Extension Resolution and a White House Task Force on the Employment Legislation. October 6, 1978. The American Presidency Project(Carter). http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=29937&st=human+rights&st1=
4 Mexico City, Mexico Remarks Before the Mexican Congress. February 16, 1979 The American Presidency Project(Carter). http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=31927&st=human+rights&st1=卡特同样的表达还可见于“美国总统项目(卡特)”资料库(The American Presidency Project)下述材料中:
1、Los Angeles, California Remarks at Dedication Ceremonies for La Placita de Dolores de Los Angeles. May
5, 1979. The American Presidency Project(Carter). http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=32295&st=human+rights&st1=
2、Visit of President Lopez Portillo of Mexico Joint Press Statement. September 29, 1979 The American Presidency Project(Carter). http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=31452&st=human+rights&st1=
1 Days of Remembrance of Victims of the Holocaust Remarks at a Commemorative Ceremony. April 24, 1979. The American Presidency Project(Carter). http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=32218&st=human+rights&st1=另见于:
1、President's Commission on the Holocaust Remarks on Receiving the Final Report of the Commission. September 27, 1979. The American Presidency Project(Carter). http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=31430&st=human+rights&st1=
2、Proclamation 4337 - Bill of Rights Day, Human Rights Day and Week December 3, 1974 The American Presidency Project(Carter). http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=23887&st=human+rights&st1=
2Gregg Brazinsky. Nation Building in South Korea: Koreans, Americans, and the Making of a Democracy [M].UNC Press, 2007:230
3 "Ask the President" Remarks During a Telephone Call-out Program on National Public Radio. October 13, 1979. The American Presidency Project(Carter). http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=31529&st=south+korea&st1=
1周琪.国会与美国外交政策[M].上海:上海社会科学院出版社, 2006:46
2 Remarks at the White House to Members of the American Legion. March 1, 1962. The American Presidency Project(Kennedy). http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=9083&st=south+korea&st1=
1 Kim, Bong Joong. Democracy and Human Rights: US-South Korean Relations, 1945-1979[D]. The University of Toledo, 1994:234
1Robert G. Rich. US Ground Force Withdrawal from Korea: A Case Study in National Security Decision Making[R]. United States Department of State Foreign Service Institute, June, 1982:8 2154 In Congress Condemn Jailings In South Korea[Z].The New York Times. October 28, 1976:12
3Digest of Other White House Announcements Week Ending Friday, March 25, 1977. The American Presidency Project(Carter). http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=7236&st=human+rights&st1=
4Henry Kamm. Korea Ex-President Urges U.S. Pressure; Foe of Park Regime Feels Appeal by Carter Would Encourage Return of Democracy[N] The New York Times, March 7, 1977:5
5Security Assistance Programs Letter to the Speaker of the House and the President of the Senate Transmitting Proposed Legislation. March 28, 1977. The American Presidency Project(Carter). http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=7243&st=human+rights&st1=
6Natalie Kaufman Hevener. The Dynamics of Human Rights in U.S. Foreign Policy[M].Transaction Publishers, 1981:288
1 Geir Helgesen. Democracy in South Korea——A Political Culture Perspective[M]. NIAS Press, 1995:13
2自由之家(FreedomHouse)是一个创建于1941年的国际性非政府组织,总部位于华盛顿,致力于民主、政治自由以及人权的研究和支持,其最知名的是对各国民主自由程度的年度评估,该报告被用于政治科学的研究。该组织80%左右的预算来自美国政府,但也接受其他来源的资助,例如布拉德利基金、史密斯·理查德森基金以及荷兰政府等。
3 Democracy of Korea[R].Korean Overseas Information Service,2005
4[新加坡]许通美.美国与东亚——冲突与合作[M].中央编译出版社,1999:110
5Farewell Address to the Nation January 14, 1981 The American Presidency Project(Reagan). http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=44516&st=human+rights&st1=
1康多莉扎·赖斯(Condoleezza Rice). 2006年度各国人权报告(序言)[EB/OL].美国驻华大使馆(中文)网站http://chinese.usembassy-china.org.cn/hr_report2006.html
2 Debra Liang-Fenton. Implementing U.S. Human Rights Policy: Agendas, Policies, and Practices. US Institute of Peace Press, 2004:179
1 Catherine Lutz. US Bases and Empire: Global Perspectives on the Asia Pacific [EB/OL]. [2009-02-11]. http://www.japanfocus.org/-Catherine-Lutz/3086
2刘绪贻.战后美国史(1945-2000)[M].北京:人民出版社,2002:12
3 Tim Kane. Global U.S. Troop Deployment, 1950-2005[EB/OL]. Ewing Marion Kauffman Foundation, May 24, 2006, (2006-05-24)[2009-09-22]http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1146649
4 Chalmers Johnson. 737 U.S. Military Bases = Global Empire[EB/OL]. [2008-02-18]. http://www.alternet.org/story/47998?page=entire
1Gregg Brazinsky. Nation Building in South Korea: Koreans, Americans, and the Making of A Democracy [M].UNC Press, 2007:74
2王帆.美国的亚太联盟[M].北京:世界知识出版社,2007:10
1 Nuclear Chronology (1950-1979) [EB/OL]. (2004-11)[2009-02-19]. http://www.nti.org/e_research/profiles/SKorea/Nuclear/3045.html.
2 Chronology: 1 January 1968 - 30 June 1968, Eighth United States Army, Staff Historian's office, G3, Headquarters, Eighth U.S. Army APO 96301. p17
3 Nuclear Chronology(1950-1979) [EB/OL] (2004-11)[2009-02-19]. http://www.nti.org/e_research/profiles/SKorea/Nuclear/3045.html
4 Stanley Weintraub. MacArthur's War: Korea and the Undoing of an American Hero[M]. Free Press, 2000:264
1 Robert S. Norris, William N. Arkin and William Burr. Where They Were [J]. The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, Vol. 55, No. 6, November/December 1999:30.
2朝鲜核计划[J].国外核武器动态, 2003(1):42
3 Kwang-Il Baek. Korea and the United States [M]. Research and Center for Peace and Unification of Korea, 1988:183
1 Lieutenant General A C Wedemeyer. Report to the President on China-Korea, September 1947[Z]. FRUS 1947, Volume VI, 1947:803
2 David S. Yost. The Future of U.S. Overseas Presence [R]. U.S. Army Military History Institute. Summer,1995:72
1 Memorandum From the Deputy Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs (Johnson) to the President's Special Assistant for National Security Affairs (Bundy).Washington, December 18, 1963 (Note 2) [Z]. FRUS. 1961-1963. Volume XXII. Doc.319.
2Memorandum From the President's Special Assistant for National Security Affairs (Bundy) to the Deputy Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs (Johnson).Washington, December 20, 1963[Z]. FRUS.1961-1963.Volume XXII. Doc.320
3美国国务院要求研究的内容包括:因撤军而应给韩国的“补偿”问题;撤出的部队部署在夏威夷对美国军事布局平衡性的影响以及作战机动性等问题进行评估;应该考虑该行动相关的预算盈亏问题;研究还应该包括美国所要采取的具体建议步骤,避免使日本、东南亚国家、欧洲以及中苏两国对我们的意图产生任何误解;同时要很好地向美国国会及美国公众解释这种撤军行动。NSAM 298: Study of Possible Redeployment of U.S. Division now Stationed in Korea[Z]. May 5, 1964 , L.B Johnson Library and Museum, http://www.lbjlib.utexas.edu/Johnson/archives.hom/NSAMs/nsam298.asp
4Memorandum of Conversation, Washington, May 18, 1965[Z].FRUS 1964-1968, Vol. XXIX, Korea, Department of State, Washington, DC, Doc.50
1Taking Up the White Man’s Burden: Two American Views (1954)[A]. Marvin E. Gettleman, Jane Franklin, Marilyn Young,Vietnam and America: A Documented History[M].Grove Press, 1995:52
2时殷弘.尼克松主义[M].武汉:武汉大学出版社, 1984:30
3关于此方面的情况可参见:Taking Up the White Man’s Burden: Two American Views (1954)[A]. Marvin E. Gettleman, Jane Franklin, Marilyn Young,Vietnam and America: A Documented History[M].Grove Press, 1995
1Peter W. Colm. The Reduction of Tension in Korea (Volume-2), Institute for Defense Analysis(Note 36). The US. Arms Control and Disarmament Agency, June 1972:174,
1Jong-Sup Lee, Uk Heo. The US-South Korea Alliance 1961-1988[M].The Edwin Mellen Press, 2002:39
2 Memorandum for Kissinger.[Z].The White House, Washington. November 24, 1969
3 Myung Hyun Cho. Korea and Major Powers [M]. Research Center For Peace And Unification of Korea.1989:297
4 Second Annual Report to the Congress on United States Foreign Policy. February 25, 1971. The American Presidency Project(Nixon). http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=3324&st=south+korea&st1=
5 Special Message to the Congress Proposing Supplemental Foreign Assistance Appropriations. November 18, 1970. The American Presidency Project(Nixon). http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=2822&st=south+korea&st1=
6时殷弘.尼克松主义[M].武汉:武汉大学出版社,1984:47
1 Jong-Sup Lee and Uk Heo. The U.S.-South Korean Alliance (1961-1988)[M]. The Edwin Mellen Press. 2002:40;100
2 Myung Hyun Cho. Korea and Major Powers [M]. Research Center For Peace and Unification of Korea.1989:303
3 William E. Berry, Jr. . The Invitation to Struggle: Executive and Legislative Competition Over the U.S. Military Presence on The Korean Peninsula (Part 1)[R]. May 17, 1996, U.S. Air Force Academy
4韓桂玉.韓国軍-駐韓米軍[M].かゃ書房, 1989:362
5神谷不二.朝鮮半島論[M]. PHP研究所, 1994:128
6刘绪贻.战后美国史(1945-2000)[M].北京:人民出版社,2002:430
1 Korea Watergate or Washout?[N]. The New York Times. March 29, 1977:23
2 Louisiana Governor Says His Wife Was Given $10,000 by South Korean[N]. The New York Times. October 26, 1976:14
3 Richard Halloran. South Korea Denies Links To Lobbyist; Says Park Does Not Represent Government Congressman Reports Contributions[N]. The New York Times. October 27, 1976:9
4 Nicholas M. Horrock. Big Political Scandal Held Possible Study Still in Early Stage; Inquiry on Korean Influence in U.S. Focuses on List of 90 in Congress[N]. The New York Times. October 28, 1976:89
5 Robert G. Rich. US Ground Force Withdrawal from Korea: A Case Study in National Security Decision Making[R]. United States Department of State Foreign Service Institute, June, 1982:9
1 Robert G. Rich. US Ground Force Withdrawal from Korea: A Case Study in National Security Decision Making[R]. United States Department of State Foreign Service Institute, June, 1982:7
1 Korean Surplus In U.S. Trade[N]. The New York Times, January 31, 1979:D3
2 William E. Berry, Jr. . The Invitation To Struggle: Executive And Legislative Competition Over The U.S. Military Presence On The Korean Peninsula (Part 2) [R]. U.S. Air Force Academy, May 17, 1996
1 Presidential Directive/NSC-12[Z]. May 5, 1977
2卡特认为,如果美国及时提供足够的海空及后勤支持的话,在5年之内韩国就具备了在没有美国地面军事力量援助情况下抵御朝鲜军事进攻以实现自保的能力。Kwang-Il Baek. Korea and the United States [M]. Research and Center for Peace and Unification of Korea, 1988:143
3 Force Planning and Budgetary Implications of U.S. Withdrawal from Korea[R]. Congressional Budget office, Congress of the United States, May 1978:14
1 Richard Halloran, A Partial U.S. Pullout From South Korea Now Seems Inevitable [N]. February 27, 1977:136
2 Kwang-Il Baek. Korea and the United States [M]. Research and Center for Peace and Unification of Korea, 1988:142
3 Bernard Weinraub. Carter Defends Plan to Reduce Forces in Korea[N]. The New York Times, May 27, 1977:39
1 North-South Talk In Korea To Open; First Contact in Panmunjom Set by Red Cross Units on Divided Families North and South Koreans Set Talks by Red Cross officials[N]. New York Times, August 15, 1971: 1
2 East Europe Trade Proposed To Seoul [N]. New York Times, August 22, 1971:6
1 Kwang-Il Baek. Korea and the United States [M]. Research and Center for Peace and Unification of Korea, 1988:146
2其目的就是在5年之内向“军事力量改进计划”提供资金,但实际上两次续期直到1990年才停止实行。
3 Zygmunt Nagorski Jr. Standing up for South Korea[N]. New York Times, June 14, 1975:27
4 William E. Berry, Jr. . The Invitation to Struggle: Executive and Legislative Competition Over the U.S. Military Presence on the Korean Peninsula (Part 1)[R]. May 17, 1996, U.S. Air Force Academy
5 Larry A. Niksch. US Troop Withdrawal from South Korea: Past Shortcomings and Future Prospects [J].Asian Survey, Vol.21, No.3, March 1981:329
1 Richard Halloran. Korean Lobbyist Fought to Hide Document Naming 70 Lawmakers[N].The New York Times, February 5, 1977:9
2 House Panel Opens Way For Korea Bribe Inquiry[N]. The New York Times, February 9, 1977:20
3 Kwang-Il Baek. Korea and the United States [M]. Research and Center for Peace and Unification of Korea, 1988:147
4 Chae-Jin Lee. A Troubled Peace: U.S. Policy and the Two Koreas[M]. JHU Press, 2006:84
1 Henry Kamm. Park Said to Yield Reluctantly to U.S. Korea Plan[N].The New York Times, May 26, 1977:3
2 Force Planning and Budgetary Implications of U.S. Withdrawal from Korea[R]. Congressional Budget office, Congress of the United States, May 1978:14
3 Jong-Sup Lee. Uk Heo. The US-South Korea Alliance 1961-1988[M].The Edwin Mellen Press, 2002:163
1美国国防部长施莱辛格曾经多次在不同场合指出,如果常规力量不能取得胜利的情况下,美国将动用战术核武器以阻止来自世界上“重点地区”(vital parts)的进攻,他具体提到了两个“重点地区”,一是欧洲、一是朝鲜半岛地区。Robert A. Mosbacher Jr.. Nuclear Arms and the Stakes in Korea[N]. The New York Times. September 17, 1975:45
2 North Korea Charges U.S. With 'Nuclear Blackmail'[N]. The New York Times, June 23, 1975:21
3 Malcolm W. Browne. Soviet Opens Drive For a U.S. Pullout from South Korea[N]. New York Times, June 25, 1975:10
4 Kwang-Il Baek. Korea and the United States [M]. Research and Center for Peace and Unification of Korea, 1988:182
5神谷不二.朝鮮半島論[M]. PHP研究所, 1994:66
1韓桂玉.韓国軍-駐韓米軍[M].かゃ書房,1989:365
2 Robert G. Rich. US Ground Force Withdrawal from Korea: A Case Study in National Security Decision Making[R].United States Department of State Foreign Service Institute, June, 1982:17
3 [美]亨利.欧文.七十年代的美国对外政策[M].生活.读书.新知三联书店, 1975:35
4Don Oberdorfer. The United States, Japan and the Korean Peninsula: Coordinating Policies and Objectives[R]. Working Paper No. 11. Johns Hopkins University, The Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies, U.S.A And Hajime Izumi University of Shizuoka, Japan
5 Bernard Gwertzman. Kissinger Tells Asian Allies U.S. Stands By Them; Warns States On Continent Not To Employ Force To Impose Will On Others Japan Society Address He Cites American Intent To Maintain Peace And Security In Korea[N].The New York Times, June 19, 1975:73
6 Tokyo and Seoul Are Pleased By Kissinger Remarks on Asia[N]. The New York Times .June 20, 1975:3
1 Chae-Jin Lee. A troubled peace: U.S. Policy and the Two Koreas[M]. JHU Press, 2006:83
2 Mondale Says U.S. Will Keep Some Forces in Korea[N]. The New York Times. February 1, 1977:3
3 Henry Kamm. U.S. Stand on Korea Assures Japanese; Statements on Troop Withdrawals and Stability Made By Mondale[N]. The New York Times, February 4, 1977:3
1 Korean Peninsula, Issues/Talking Point[Z]. State of Department, November 1974
1 Myung Hyun Cho. Korea and Major Powers [M]. Research Center for Peace and Unification of Korea.1989:309
2 James Reston. Compromise With Nixon Indicated Chinese Army Demands That U.S. Leave All Asia[N]. The New York Times. August 2, 1971:1
3神谷不二.朝鮮半島論[M]. PHP研究所,1994:152
1 South Korean Warns That Soviet May Bolster Its Navy in Far East[N]. The New York Times, January 14, 1979:6
2 U.S. Visitors Bid China Curb Korea; Congressional Group Meets Deputy Premier In Peking[N]. New York Times. August 7, 1975:6
3 Chae-Jin Lee. A Troubled Peace: U.S. Policy and the Two Koreas[M]. JHU Press, 2006:88
4 South Koreans Voice Some Disappointment On Teng Visit to U.S. [N]. The New York Times February 11, 1979:20
5 Richard Halloran. Carter Due to Ask Teng for Help on Korea; First Wide-Ranging Conversation[N]. The New York Times, January 24, 1979:A9
1 The President's News Conference of. May 26th, 1977 http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=7587&st=south+korea&st1
2 Bernard Weinraub. General Returns From South Korea to Face Carter[N]. The New York Times, May 21, 1977:5
3 Bernard Weinraub. Defense Chief Backs Korea Plan, Says the Military Must Support It; Defense Chief Backs Korea Plan[N]. The New York Times, May 23, 1977:1
4 General Who Attacked Carter Plans Agrees to Retire[N]. The New York Times, April 29, 1978:8
1 Donald S. Zagoria. Why We Can't Leave Korea[N]. The New York Times Magazine, October 2, 1977:SM5
2 Larry A. Niksch. US Troop Withdrawal from South Korea: Past Shortcomings and Future Prospects [J].Asian Survey, Vol.21, No.3 March 1981:339
1 Chae-Jin Lee. A Troubled Peace: U.S. Policy and the Two Koreas[M]. JHU Press, 2006:88
2 Gregg Brazinsky. Nation building in South Korea: Koreans, Americans, and the Making of A Democracy[M].UNC Press, 2007:230
1 Larry A. Niksch. US Troop Withdrawal from South Korea: Past Shortcomings and Future Prospects [J].Asian Survey, Vol.21, No.3. March 1981:328
2 Robert G. Rich. US Ground Force Withdrawal from Korea: A Case Study in National Security Decision Making[R]. United States Department of State Foreign Service Institute, June, 1982:21
3 Kwang-Il Baek. Korea and the United States [M]. Research and Center for Peace and Unification of Korea, 1988:158
4 Terence Smith. Carter Cuts Total of U.S. Troops To Leave South Korea This Year; Congressional Inactio n on Aid to Seoul Cited --Pullout Will Be Limited to One Battalion[N]. The New York Times, April 22, 1978:45
1 Richard Burt House Unit Blocks Korean Pullout; Congressional Approval Delayed The New York Times,April 27, 1978:A6
2 National Security Council Memorandum, December 30, 1977 Declassified Documents Reference System(DDRS). Farmington Hills, Mich.: Gale Group, 2006.Document Number: CK3100080511
3 Chae-Jin Lee. A Troubled Peace: U.S. Policy and the Two Koreas[M]. JHU Press, 2006:89
1 Richard Halloran. Stevenson To Stall A U.S. Loan To Seoul[ N]. The New York Times February 23, 1978: A11
2 O'Neill Denies He Talked With Park about Korea[N]. April 17, 1978, J14
3 Richard Halloran. Ex-Rep. Hanna Is Sentenced to Prison in Korean Influence-Buying Case[N]. The New York Times. April 25, 1978:77
4 Richard Halloran. Kissinger Testifies On 'Bribery' By Korea[N]. The New York Times. April 21, 1978:A11
5 Korean Denies An Accord On Ex-Envoy's Testimony[N]. The New York Times, April 10, 1978:A18
1 Interview With the President Remarks and a Question-and-Answer Session With a Group of Editors and News Directors. January 13, 1978 The American Presidency Project(Carter). http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=30689&st=south+korea&st1=
2语出美国助理国务卿霍布鲁克(Holbrooke):“虽然韩国门事件的发生源于某些误解、错误行动及缺乏及时充分的补救措施,但这并没有危及美韩联盟的基础”。Chae-Jin Lee. A Troubled Peace: U.S. Policy and the Two Koreas[M]. JHU Press, 2006:102
3Gregg Brazinsky. Nation building in South Korea: Koreans, Americans, and the making of a democracy[M].UNC Press, 2007:230
4 Richard Burt. New Study Raises U.S. Estimate of North Korean Army Strength; Stress on Organizational Changes Withdrawal Decision Made in 1977[N]. The New York Times, January 4, 1979: A8
1 Robert G. Rich. US Ground Force Withdrawal from Korea: A Case Study in National Security Decision Making[R]. United States Department of State Foreign Service Institute, June, 1982:25
2 Bernard Weinraub Opposition Growing On Korean Pullout; Resistance In Congress Bolstered By Revised Army Estimate of North's Military Strength[N]. The New York Times. January 21, 1979:15
3 Senate Unit Urges Pullout Halt[N]. The New York Times, January 24, 1979: A9
1 Robert G. Rich. US Ground Force Withdrawal from Korea: A Case Study in National Security Decision Making[R]. United States Department of State Foreign Service Institute, June, 1982:26
2Kwang-Il Baek. Korea and the United States [M]. Research and Center for Peace and Unification of Korea, 1988:166
3Interview With the President Question-and-Answer Session With Members of the Japanese Press. June 20, 1979. The American Presidency Project(Carter). http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=32534&st=south+korea&st1=
1Korean and East Asian Issues Questions and Answers for Publication in the Orient Press. June 21, 1979 . The American Presidency Project(Carter). http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=32536&st=south+korea&st1=
2United States Troop Withdrawals From the Republic of Korea Statement by the President. July 20, 1979. The American Presidency Project(Carter). http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=32622&st=south+korea&st1=
1 Jong-Sup Lee and Uk Heo. The U.S.-South Korean Alliance (1961-1988) [M]. The Edwin Mellen Press. 2002:81
2 Chronology of Major U.S. Armed Forces Incidents in Korea Since 1959[Z]. Memo. Department of State. July 14, 1977. DDRS. Farmington Hills, Mich.: Gale Group, 2006.Document Number: CK3100093684
3 Intelligence Note From the Director of the Bureau of Intelligence and Research (Hughes) to Secretary of State Rusk No. 870 (Note 3) [Z]. FRUS 1964-1968, Vol. XXIX. Doc.207
1 US Strategy in Asia: Trends, Issues, and Choice, Briefing Memorandum[Z]. Department of State, October 16, 1975
1 Vladimir Socolovo. Sino-Korean Hydropower Project[J]. New Times, No.14, April 14, 1961:28
2 Don Oberdorfer. The Two Koreas——A Contemporary History [M]. Addison- Wesley, Reading Massachusetts, 1997:251
3 Young Sun Ha. Nuclearization of Small States and World Order: The Case of Korea [J]. Asian Survey, Vol. 18, No. 11, November 1978:1140
1 Ferenc Rátkai chargéd’affaires ad interim Report, Embassy of Hungary in North Korea to the Hungarian Foreign Ministry [Z]. CWIHP. Identifier: 756495F9-9001-5767-E48EB83F8F35EB89, Date: 4 August 1983.
2 Young Sun Ha. Nuclearization of Small States and World Order: The Case of Korea [J]. Asian Survey, Vol. 18, No. 11, November 1978:1139
3 Seoul Chief Terms US Troops Vital [N]. The New York Times, 24 June 1970:1
1 US Notifies Seoul of its Plan for Removal of Some Troops [N]. The New York Times, 9 July 1970:10
2 CINCPAC Command History (VolumeⅠ) [Z]. 1974:262
3驻韩美军曾在韩国部署数百枚核武器[EB/OL]. (2005-10-11)[2009-02-02].http://news.enorth.com.cn/system/2005/10/11/001137217.shtml
1 Rebecca K. C. Hersman and Robert Peters. Nuclear U-Turns-----Learning from South Korean and Taiwanese Rollback[J]. Nonproliferation Review, Vol. 13, No 3, November 2006:542
2 Bernard Gwertzman. 6000 Ground Troops In Korea Will Leave By End of Next Year[N]. New York Times, June
6, 1977:61
3 official Hints South Korea Might Build Atom Bomb [N]. The New York Times, 1 July 1977:4
4 Habib to Visit Seoul for Talks on Pullout [N]. The New York Times, 9 July 1977:5
5 Kim Hyung-A. Korea’s Development Under Park Chung Hee——Rapid Industrialization(1961-1979)[M]. Routledge Curzon Taylor And Fancies London and New York, 2004:198
1 Park Chung Hee. Self-Reliant Defense and Economic Construction (Press Conference, on January 10, 1969)[M]. Major Speech by Korea’s Park Chung Hee. Hollym Corporation: Publishers, Seoul, Korea, 1970:212
2 Kim Hyung-A. Korea’s Development Under Park Chung-hee——Rapid Industrialization, 1961-1979[M]. Routledge Curzon, Taylor & Francis Group, 2004:109
1 Andrew H. Malcolm. South Korea Builds a Defense Industry [N]. The New York Times, 10 October, 1977:7
2 Force Planning and Budgetary Implications of U.S. Withdrawal from Korea[R]. Congressional Budget office, Congress of the United States, May 1978:13
3 Implementation of the NPT Safeguards Agreement in the Republic of Korea[R]. IAEA.2004:6
1 Young Sun Ha. Nuclearization of Small States and World Order: The Case of Korea [J]. Asian Survey, Vol. 18, No. 11, November 1978:1139
2 Ferenc Szabó, Ambassador Report, Embassy of Hungary in North Korea to the Hungarian Foreign Ministry [Z]. CWIHP. Date: 22 May 1979, Identifier: 756495F9-9001-5767-E48EB83F8F35EB89
3美国驻韩核武器大部分是在1958年年初到1964年年底完成部署的,规格、型号以及调整时间等相关信息在下述档案材料中有详细记载:History of the Custody and Development of Nuclear Weapons (U), July 1945 through September 1977, Office of the Assistant to the Secretary of oOffence (Atomic Energy), February 1978
1 Don Oberdorfer. The Two Koreas——A Contemporary History[M]. Addison-Wesley, Reading Massachusetts, 1997:69
2 US Strategy in Asia: Trends, Issues, and Choice, Briefing Memorandum [Z]. Department of State, October 16, 1975(该文件正文第2页)
1 Don Oberdorfer. The Two Koreas——A Contemporary History[M]. Addison-Wesley, Reading Massachusetts, 1997:71
2 US Strategy in Asia, Briefing Memorandum[Z]. October 16, 1975(该文件正文第2页)
1 US Strategy in Asia: Trends, Issues, and Choice, Briefing Memorandum [Z]. Department of State, October 16, 1975(该文件附件第7页)
2 Kim Hyung-A. Korea’s Development Under Park Chung Hee——Rapid Industrialization(1961-1979)[M]. Routledge Curzon Taylor And Fancies. London and New York, 2004:195
3 Deployment of Nuclear Weapons [Z]. CINCPAC Command History (VolumeⅠ), 1976:159
4 Pyungwon Kong. Change in the Political System of Republic of Korea (ROK) and the United States (U.S.)– ROK Alliance [D]. Eberly College of Arts and Sciences, West Virginia University, 2005:84
5 Young Sun Ha. Nuclearization of Small States and World Order: The Case of Korea [J]. Asian Survey, Vol. 18, No. 11, November 1978:1142
1 Kim Hyung-A. Korea’s Development under Park Chung Hee——Rapid Industrialization (1961-1979) [M]. Routledge Curzon Taylor and Fancies. London and New York, 2004:193
1 Don Oberdorfer. The Two Koreas——A Contemporary History [M]. Addison-Wesley, Reading Massachusetts, 1997:70
1 Don Oberdorfer. The Two Koreas——A Contemporary History[M]. Addison-Wesley, Reading Massachusetts, 1997:73
2 Interview with the President Remarks and a Question-and-Answer Session With Editors and News Directors. May 11, 1979. The American Presidentcy Project (Carter). http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=32330&st=south+korea&st1=
1 Don Oberdorfer. The Two Koreas——A Contemporary History[M]. Addison-Wesley, Reading Massachusetts, 1997:70
1高奇琦.韩国的核选择:历史与现实比较[J].当代韩国, 2007(冬季号):64
2韩国议员讨论开发核武器以使朝鲜弃核[EB/OL]. [2009-05-30]. http://int.nfdaily.cn/content/2009-05/30/content_5198316.htm
3朝鲜军方表示有权对任何挑衅进行先发制人打击[EB/OL]. http://news.163.com/09/0616/00/5BSV5S9Q000120GU.html
4 Truth behind S. Korea's Development of Nukes Disclosed [EB/OL]. ( 2004-10-25)[2008-12-22] http://www.kcna.co.jp/item/2004/200410/news10/25.htm.
5 Nuclear Power in Korea[EB/OL]. (2009-02)[2009-04-01]. http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf81.html.
1 [美]斯蒂芬·沃尔特.联盟的起源[M].北京:北京大学出版社, 2007:序言
2 Myung Hyun Cho. Korea and Major Powers [M]. Research Center for Peace and Unification of Korea.1989:304
3语出基辛格。参见:Excerpts from Kissinger's Address at Dinner of the Japan Society[N]. The New York Times. June 19, 1975:8
1 Myung Hyun Cho. Korea and Major Powers[M]. Research Center for Peace and Unification of Korea.1989:305
1 Robert G. Rich. US Ground Force Withdrawal from Korea: A Case Study in National Security Decision Making[R]. United States Department of State Foreign Service Institute, June, 1982:16
2 William E. Berry, Jr. The Invitation to Struggle: Executive and Legislative Competition Over the U.S. Military Presence on the Korean Peninsula (Part 2) [R]. May 17, 1996, U.S. Air Force Academy
3Larry A. Niksch. US Troop Withdrawal from South Korea: Past Shortcomings and Future Prospects [J].Asian Survey, Vol.21, No.3, March 1981:334
1 Robert G. Rich. US Ground Force Withdrawal from Korea: A Case Study in National Security Decision Making[R]. United States Department of State Foreign Service Institute, June, 1982:16
2 William E. Berry, Jr. The Invitation to Struggle: Executive and Legislative Competition Over the U.S. Military Presence on the Korean Peninsula (Part 2) [R]. May 17, 1996, U.S. Air Force Academy
3Larry A. Niksch. US Troop Withdrawal from South Korea: Past Shortcomings and Future Prospects [J].Asian Survey, Vol.21, No.3, March 1981:334
1 U.S.Military Bases and Empire [EB/OL]. Monthly Review Volume 53, Number 10. http://www.monthlyreview.org/0302editr.htm
2 Richard Halloran. U.S. Reconsiders Ground Forces in Korea, Japan, Global Beat Issue Brief No. 62, October 8, 2000. http://www.bu.edu/globalbeat/pubs/ib62.html
1福特在谋求连任时的广播讲话。Radio Address on Peace. October 28, 1976. The American Presidency Project(Ford) http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=6559&st=south+korea&st1=
2肯尼迪说,到1961年,美国所认可的与之存在“亲密联盟关系”的国家达到40多个。Remarks at the President's Birthday Dinner in Boston. May 29, 1961. The American Presidency Project(Kennedy) http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=8159&st=south+korea&st1=他还指出,美国“现在有100多万人在国外服役,历史上没有哪个国家承担过如此重任,而有些国家在海外部署重兵但却是为了实现征服任务。我们在韩国有两个师——不是为了控制韩国而是为了保护它,在南越也有许多美国人,…..我们这100多万人正尽力保卫这些国家…….”。Television and Radio Interview: After Two Years - a Conversation with the President. December 17, 1962. The American Presidency Project(Kennedy) http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=9060&st=south+korea&st1=
3 Kim Hyung-A, Korea’s Development Under Park Chung Hee------- Rapid Industrialization(1961-1979)[M]. Routledge Curzon Taylor And Fancies London and new York, 2004:195
1约翰逊认为,当美国已经完全卷入越南地面战斗时应更加不遗余力地维护东亚战略网。他在关于1967年财政年度美国对老挝、韩国和泰国等国的援助问题作了上述讲话。见于:Department of State Bulletin, February
28, 1966, Vol.LIV, No.1392:325;福特也指出,韩国是美国“整个亚太战略中非常关键的一环,美韩之间有着很好的合作计划和良好的军事关系。就我而言,我们将继续保持这种稳固的关系,因为这是我们整个太平洋战略的一部分。见于:The President's News Conference of May 3, 1976 The American Presidency Project(Ford). http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=5931&st=south+korea&st1=
2语出卡特,见于:Presidential Scholars Remarks to High School Students Selected as Presidential Scholars of 1977.June 9, 1977. The American Presidency Project (Carter). http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=7648&st=human+rights&st1=
3语出卡特,见于:Withdrawal of U.S. Ground Combat Forces From the Republic of Korea Statement by the President. April 21, 1978 The American Presidency Project (Carter). http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=30694&st=south+korea&st1=
1John Edward Wilz.United States Policy Vis-a-Vis Korea, 1850-1950[R]. USAFA Harmon Memorial Lecture #351992.
2Telegram from the Embassy in Korea to the Department of State Seoul, July 15, 1963[Z]. FRUS. 1961-1963. Volume XXII. Doc.311
3 [美]塞利格.哈里逊.扩大中的鸿沟[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社, 1984:157
4赵虎吉.揭开韩国神秘的面纱[M].北京:民族出版社, 2003:11
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2肯尼迪语:“brothers-in-arms, standing side by side”, President Concludes Talks With General Park of Korea[Z]. Department of State Bulletin, December 4, 1961:928
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1中国外交部网站:http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/chn/gxh/tyb/fyrbt/t565743.htm
2关于建国以来、尤其是90年代以来中国对朝鲜半岛研究状况的综合介绍可参见朴键一和马军伟编著的《中国对朝鲜半岛的研究》一书(民族出版社,2006)。
1池田勇人语。《日美关系资料集》,东京大学出版会,1999:595-596,转引自刘世龙的《美日关系史(1791-2001)》, 2003:459
2见该书“第二章冷战时期美国的人权外交政策(卡特政府时期)”。
1笔者还拜读过一篇与此内容相近的学术论文,是从韩国角度论述的——“朴正熙与韩日邦交正常化”(赵成国,青岛海洋大学,《世界历史》2003(3))。
1比如,“美国在东亚的遏制政策与千岛群岛归属问题”(《社会科学战线》1993(4))和“美国的冷战战略与巴黎统筹委员会、中国委员会”(东北师范大学出版社,2000)等。
1比如,“美韩同盟调整的动力、现状与前景”(杨红梅.现代国际关系,2005(8))、“从韩国角度看美韩联盟前景”([韩]金顺韩(Kim Sung Han),现代外国哲学社会科学文摘,1997(1))、“韩国反美主义浅析”(孙俊华.太平洋学报,2005(3))、“试析冷战后美韩同盟关系的变化”(王传剑,国际论坛2001(4))等。
2Yu–Namkim, Hoyt H. Purvis. Seoul and Washington[M]. Seoul Press, 1993
3Jong–Chunbaek, Sang–Hyunlee. Korea– U.S. Relations in Transition[M].The Sejone Institute, 2002
4高丽大学教授姜声鹤的文章:US Forces in Korea and Development of ROK Air Force[J]. Korea Focus, March-April, 2003
5South Korea-US Security Issues Amid Improving Inter-Korean Relations[J].Korea Focus, May– June, 2001
1Yong-Sup Han. Readjusting the Role of US Forces In Korea in a Changing World[J]. Korea and World Affairs, Spring 2004.
2 South Korea-US relations: Concerns and Prospects[J].Korea Focus, November–December, 2000
3Young Jeh Kim. Toward A United Korea[M]. Research Center for Peace and Unification of Korea. 1987; Jong–Chunbaek. Probe for Korean Reunification[M]. Research Center for Peace and Unification of Korea. 1988; Myung Hyun Cho. Korea and Major Powers[M]. Research Center for Peace and Unification of Korea.1989
4Oknim Chung. The Origins And Evolution of The Japanese-American Alliance: A Korean Perspective[EB/OL]. (1998-09)[2005-10-28].本文来自于美国斯坦福大学“亚太研究中心”http://www.stanFord/.edu/grop/APARC
1 The US Troop Withdraw Policy From South Korea
3李昊宰.國際政治論叢(第17輯)[J].1977(12):147-164
4 Park Chung Hee. Let Us View The Present Situation in Long-Range Perspective ---For Korea-Japan Diplomatic Normalization Talks on March 26,1964, From Major Speech by Korea’s Park Chung Hee[M]. Hollym Corporation: Publishers, Seoul, Korea, 1970; The Samhwa Publishing Co. Seoul, Korea.
1这两篇文章名称分别为“Evolving U.S. Asian-Pacific Strategy and Its Implications for US-ROK Relations”和“The Korea Nuclear Issue”。Korea and World Affairs. Vol.15, No.3, Fall, 1991
2此文原稿为作者于1987年6月在汉城召开的“朝鲜战争国际研讨会”上提交的论文。Chang Il Ohn. The Basic Nature of US-ROK Relations[J]. Korea and World Affairs. Vol.12, No.3, Fall, 1988:580-604
3语出杜鲁门:“…other than that it was a strange land in far-off Asia.”见于: Korea and World Affairs[J]. Vol.12, No.3, Fall, 1988:581
4Treacherous“ROK-US. Agreement”[J]. Korea Today(Monthly). No.58,1961(3),朝鲜人民民主主义共和国·平壤
5柳倩的“美国掠夺下的南朝鲜经济”(世界知识,1954(23))也是如此。在其表述中,诸如“韩国工业的厄运”、“财政面临破产”和“美‘援’加深苦难”等措辞也明显地体现了意识形态色彩,但提供的许多相关的统计数字还是值得利用的。
1就笔者接触到的有限的日文资料来看,美国对韩政策问题主要散见于战后日本政治发展以及论述日美关系的著述中。
2 Koji Murata. The Origins And Evolution of The Korean-American Alliance: A Japanese Perspective[EB/OL]. (1998-08)[2008-09-29]. http://www.stanFord/.edu/grop/APARC
3 Morinosuke Kajima. History of Modern Japan---- A Brief Diplomatic[M]. Charles E. Tuttle Co.: Publishers, Rutland, Vermont &Tokyo, Japan. 1965.
4 Korea’s Development Under Park Chung Hee[M]. Routledge Curzon, Tylor & Francis Group, London and New York , 2004
1 Darul M. Plunk. Korea and World Affairs[J].Vol.13, No.1, Spring, 1989:5-21
2 William J. Taylor Jr., Michael J. Mazarr. ROK-US. Security Relations, Korea and World Affairs[J]. Vol.13, No.2, Summer, 1989:263-277
3 Doug Bandow. Old Wine In New Bottles: The Pantagon’s East Asia Security Strategy Report[R].Cato Policy Analysis No.344, May 18,1999
4 Gerald L. Curtis And Sung-Joo Han. The US- South Korea Alliance[M]. Lexington Books, USA and Canada, 1983
5 Yur–Bok Lee and Wayne Patterson. Korean–American Relations[M]. State University of New York Press,1999
1 Jong–Setlee and Uk Heo. The US–South Korean Alliance (1961-1988)[M]. The Edwin Mellen Press, 2002
2 Donald Stone Macdonald, US-Korea Relations From Liberation To Self-Reliance: The Twenty-Year Record[M]. Boulder, Colo.:Westview Press,1992
3 The Consequences of Military Exercises Among the US. South Korea, and South Vietnam in the 1950’s [R]. Haruka Matsuda, 8th Annual South East Asian Studies Graduate Conference, Cornell University, Published In 2006
1 The Quiet War: Combat Operations Along The Korean Demilitarized Zone,1966-1969[J]. The Journal of Military History. April, 2000:439
2 Anni P. Baker, American Soldiers Overseas ---- The Global Military Presence[M]. Praeger Publishers, London, 2004
3 Jeffrey Robertson, The Anti-American Blowback From Bush’s Korea Policy[J]. Foreign policy in focus,January,2003
4 Mark Mobius, The Japan-Korea Normalization Process And Korean Anti-Americanism[J]. Asian Survey, Vol.6, No.4. April, 1966:241-248
5Uncle Sam's Young Opponents: South Korea[J]. The Economist (US), V331 N7866. June 4, 1994 :40
1 Pyungwon Kong. Change in the Political System of Republic of Korea and the United States-ROK Alliance[M]. West Virginia University, 2005
2 Christos G. Frentzos. From Seoul to Saigon: US-Korea Relations and the Vietnam War[D]. Houston University, 2004
3 Bong J.Kim. Democracy and Human Rights: US-South Korea Relations1945-1979[D]. University of Toledo, 1994
4Midori Yoshii. Reducing the American Burden: Kenney’s Policy Toward Northeast Asia[D]. Boston University, 2003
5 Ilsu Kim. The President and International Security:Korea[D]. Miami University,1998
1可见于:http://www.kimsoft.com/korea.htm
2美国的朝韩研究网站:Korean Studies in USA, http://complit.la.psu.edu/korean/koreanstudies.htm
3 C.I.Eugene Kim. Significance of The 1963 Korean Elections[J]. Asian Survey,Vol.4, No.3. May,1964:765-773
4 B.C.Koh. Inter-Korean Relations: Seoul’s Perspective[J]. Asian Survey, Vol20, No.11, Nov.1980:1108-1122
5 Chong-Sik Lee. Japanese-Korea Relations in Perspective[J]. Pacific Affairs, Vol35, No.4, Winter, 1962-1963:315-326
6 Se Jin Kim. South Korea’s Involvement in South Vietnam and Its Economic and Political Impact[J]. Asian Survey, Vol10, No.6, June, 1970:519-532
1 Larry A Niksch. US. Troop Withdrawal from South Korea: Past Shortcoming and Future Prospects[J]. Asian Survey, Vol.21, No.3, March, 1981:325-341
2 Donald C. Hellmann. Basic Problems of Japanese-South Korea Relations[J]. Asian Survey, Vol2, No3. 1962:19-24
3 Doug Bandow. Free Rider: South Korea’s Dual Dependence on America[R]. Cato Policy Analysis No.308, May 19, 1998
1、Chey, Youn-cha Shin. "Korean Studies in the Soviet Union: A Historical Perspective." Korea Journal 29:2. February 1989: 4-14.
2、Guillemoz, Alexandre. "Korean Studies in Western Europe and the Institutions Involved (1976-1988)." Korea Journal 29:2. February 1989: 15-36.
3、Kim, Youn-soo. "Korean Studies in Czechoslovakia and Poland." Korea Journal 14:12 . December 1974: 38-42, 49.
4、Kim, Youn-Soo. "Korean Studies in Germany Today." Koreanische Studien 2:3. September 1977: 33-38.
5、"Korean Studies Booming in Europe." Korea Journal 17:6. June 1977: 52-53.
6、Li, Ogg and Pyong-geun Lee. "100 Years of Korean Studies in France." Korea Journal 26:6. June 1986: 17-26.
7、Lidin, Olof G. "Korean Studies in Denmark." In Simon B. Heilesen, ed. Symposium on Korea. Copenhagen: East Asian Institute, University of Copenhagen, 1988.
8、Michell, Tony. "Korean Studies in the U.K." Korea Journal 24:4. April 1984: 76-77.
9、Santangelo, Paolo. "Korean Studies in Italy." In Hangukhak ui kwaje wa chonmang: Che-5 hoe kukche haksul hoeui segye Hangukhak taehoe nonmunjip I (Kijo yonsol - yoksa - omun p'yon): Korean Studies, Its Tasks and Perspectives I: Papers of the 5th International Conference on Korean Studies. Songnam: Hanguk Chongshin Munhwa Yonguwon, 1988.
10、Shin, Huy-dong. "Korean Studies in Scandinavia: Study and Research." In Che-1 hoe Hangukhak Kukche Haksul Hoeui Nonmunjip: Papers of the 1st International Conference on Korean Studies. Songnam: Hanguk Chongshin Munhwa Yonguwon, 1980.
11、"Ten Years of Korean Studies at the University of Sheffield, 1979-1989." Sheffield, Eng.: School of East Asian Studies, Centre for Korean Studies, University of Sheffield, 1991.
12、Vanin, Yuri. "Russian Korea Studies in the Past and Present." Far Eastern Affairs 3. 1999: 3-23.
13、Vos, Frits. "Korean Studies in the Netherlands: Past and Present." In Che-1 hoe Hangukhak Kukche Haksul Hoeui Nonmunjip: Papers of the 1st International Conference on Korean Studies. Songnam: Hanguk Chongshin Munhwa Yonguwon, 1980.
1潘一禾.文化与国际关系[M].杭州:浙江大学出版社,2005:127
1马端临.文献通考·自序[Z].北京:中华书局, 1986:考三
1本文中的FRUS资料标识方式:FRUS文本形式资料注释形式与其他文本资料标识形式相同;FRUS电子文本资料按照“…..FRUS….. Doc…..”形式标出。
2 Current Intelligence Weekly Summary, 2000年解密。
3 The American Presient Project(APP).
4国家安全委员会(NSC)文件, 1960年11月28日和1961年1月18日。
1分别为:The Situation In Korea(1972年8月); Department of State Briefing Paper (1974年11月); Presidential Directive/NSC-12(1977年5月5日).
2 Probable Communist Reactions To Deployment of an ROK Combat Division For Base Security Duty In South Vietnam, CIA, 1965/03/19
3 The Future of Korean-Japanese Relations, CIA特别报告,1966/03/18
4文件大概内容为:“......政策研究应该包括(但不限于)以下方面:美国在韩国的军事存在问题;美国向韩国提供军事援助问题(包括先进武器技术的转让以及研究南朝鲜发展核武器的兴趣问题);美国关于两个朝鲜国际地位的立场;美国关于大国与半岛关系的立场;南北对话问题;南朝鲜在东北亚地区未来角色问题;美国对韩国国内政治发展问题的政策。”
5 Presidential Directive/NSC-12, May 5, 1977
1 A New U.S.-Rok Alliance: A Nine-Point Policy Recommendation for a Reflective and Mature Partnership[R]. Brookings Institution, 2005
1这句话出自于“An Epitome of Modern Geography”, Boston, l820.转引自John Edward Wilz.United States Policy Vis-a-vis Korea, 1850-1950[R]. USAFA Harmon Memorial Lecture #351992.引文原文为:In a volume entitled, published in, the author dismissed the Hermit Kingdom in two sentences: "Corea is a small kingdom tributary to China, but is little known. King-kitao [Seoul] is the chief town.”
2 1832年普鲁士传教士谷茨拉夫(Gutzlaff)来到朝鲜半岛并在此呆了1个月左右时间。见于:Sungho Lee. The Emergence of the Modern University in Korea[J]. Higher Education, Vol. 18, No. 1, From Dependency to Autonomy: The Development of Asian Universities, 1989:88 31832年美国东印度公司派遣商船进入朝鲜黄海、忠清两道沿岸要求订约通商。见于:黄定天.东北亚国际关系史[M].哈尔滨:黑龙江教育出版社,1999:150
4 Kwang-Il Baek. Korea and the United States [M]. Research and Center for Peace and Unification of Korea, 1988:21
5 John Edward Wilz.United States Policy Vis-a-vis Korea, 1850-1950[R]. USAFA Harmon Memorial Lecture #35. 1992.这种说法还可见于:Earl Swisher. The Advanture of Four Americans in Korea and Peking in 1855[J]. The Pacific Historical Review, Vol.21, No. 3. Aug., 1952:237
6[韩]朴正熙.我们国家的道路[M].北京:华夏出版社,1988:100
7这4个人有两个“第一”:他们除了是“第一批踏上朝鲜半岛的美国人”以外,还被认为是“第一批进入北京的美国人”。见于:Earl Swisher. The Advanture of Four Americans in Korea and Peking in 1855[J]. The Pacific Historical Review, Vol.21, No. 3. Aug., 1952:237
1 John Edward Wilz.United States Policy Vis-a-vis Korea, 1850-1950[R]. USAFA Harmon Memorial Lecture #35. 1992.
2 Ibid.
3 Bae Kichan. Korea at the Crossroad: The History and Future of East Asia[M]. Happy Reading Books, Seoul, Korea, 2007:196
4黄定天.东北亚国际关系史[M].哈尔滨:黑龙江教育出版社,1999:152
5 United States Expedition to Korea[EB/OL]. [2008-12-18] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Korean_expedition#cite_note-1.一说是253名朝鲜人被杀死。见于: James Morton Callahan. American Relations in the Pacific and the Far East, 1784-1900[M]. BiblioBazaar, LLC, 2008:111
1 John Edward Wilz. United States Policy Vis-a-vis Korea, 1850-1950[R]. USAFA Harmon Memorial Lecture #35. 1992
2 Thomas Duvernay. The 1871 U.S.-Korea Conflict: Cause and Effects[EB/OL]. [2009-07-02]. http://www.shinmiyangyo.org/nsynopsis.html
3崔丕.近代东北亚国际关系史研究[M].长春:东北师范大学出版社,1992:8
4 1884年首批来自北美的传教士踏上了朝鲜半岛,其突出特点是女传教士居多数,在1884-1907年间来到该地区的美国传教团中女性比例在55%-70%之间。这方面的情况可见于: Katherine Hyunjoo Lee Ahn.Pioneer American Women Missionaries to Korea, 1884-1907[D]. Pasadean, California, 2004(Abstract)
1 Kenneth B. Lee. Korea and East Asia ---The Story of a Phoenix[M]. Praeger, London, 1997:129
2Ibid.
1 Jim Elliott.Theodore Roosevelt Gives Korea to Japan[EB/OL]. http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Olympus/2460/korea.html
2 Junkab Chang. United States Mediation In South Korean-Japanese Negotiations, 1951-1965: A Case Study in the Limitations of Embassy Diplomacy[D]. Mississippi State University, 1998, UMI Number: 9906940, 1998:22在该文第23页还有如下表述:1905年8月罗斯福在写给洛克希尔(Rockhill)的信中说,“以前我是倾向日本的,但是在我与日本谈判代表团接触以后我比以前更加倾向于日本了”。
1 Syngman Rhee. The Spirit of Independence[M]. University of Hawaii Press, 2001:XI
2中国清政府对此进行过警告,袁世凯甚至计划利用曾接受中国训练的朝鲜士兵发动政变,以促使朝鲜停止此类外交活动。Syngman Rhee. The Spirit of Independence[M]. University of Hawaii Press, 2001:176
1 Wayne Patterson; Yur-Bok Lee. One Hundred Years of Korean-American Relations, 1882-1982[M]. University of Alabama Press, 1986:3
2 Junkab Chang. United States Mediation in South Korean-Japanese Negotiations, 1951-1965: A Case Study in the Limitations of Embassy Diplomacy[D]. Mississippi State University, 1998, UMI Number: 9906940. 1998:23
3 Akifumi Nagata. American Missionaries in Korea and U.S.-Japan Relations 1910–1920[J]. The Japanese Journal of American Studies, No. 16. 2005:161
4 Junkab Chang. United States Mediation in South Korean-Japanese Negotiations, 1951-1965: A Case Study in the Limitations of Embassy Diplomacy [D]. Mississippi State University, 1998, UMI Number: 9906940. 1998:25
1 Policy of Korea. U.S. Department of States[Z]. FRUS, 1946, Volume VIII, Washington D.C. GPO, 1946:697
1 Memorandum by Secretary of Defense (Forrestal) to Secretary of State (George Marshall), 26 September, 1947[Z]. FRUS 1947,Volume VI, 1947:817
2 Reported by NSC on the Position of the United States with Respect to Korea, 8 April, 1948[Z]. FRUS, 1948, Volume VI, 1948:1168
3李明.韓戰前後的美國對華政策[R].台湾“国立”政治大学外交系,「中国近代史的再思考」国际学术研讨会,“中央研究院”近代史研究所主办,台北,2005:7.(2005-07-01)[2007-09-08]. http://nccuir.lib.nccu.edu.tw/bitstream/140.119/27527/1/abstract8-2-1.pdf
1 Kenneth B. Lee. Korea and East Asia ---The Story of a Phoenix[M]. Praeger, London, 1997:187
2 Geir Helgesen. Democracy in South Korea——A Political Culture Perspective[M]. NIAS Press, 1995:11
3语出美国国务院苏联问题专家查尔斯·波伦(Charles Bohlen),见于:[美]德瑞克·李波厄特.五十年伤痕——美国的冷战历史观与世界(上)[M].上海:上海三联书店,2008:109
1 Memorandum for Mr. Rostow[Z]. Declassified Documents Reference System (DDRS). Farmington Hills, Mich.: Gale Group, 2006. Document Number: CK3100317628
2 State-JCS Meeting on March 17 (Note 2) [Z]. FRUS, 1961-1963 XXII, Doc. 201
1 President Concludes Talks With General Park of Korea[Z]. Department of State Bulletin, GPO, Dec.4, 1961:928
2 UN Seats Republic of Korea For Debate on Korea Item[M]. GPO, May 15, 1961:736
3 President Kennedy Salutes Korea on Anniversary of Revolution and US to Give Additional $15 Million to Aid Korea Economy[Z]. GPO, May 8, 1961:691
4 03/21/1961Short-Range Outlook in the Republic of Korea[Z]. Special Intelligence Estimate(SIE), Number 42-2-60 (Supplements NIE42.1-2-60) , CIA
1苏联塔斯社暗示,韩国军事政变有美国因素在其中。塔斯社指出,韩国军事政变是反动的、是有外部力量支持的…. Tass Hints U.S. Had Role in Korea Coup[N]. The New York Times. May 17, 1961:3
2 William J. Jorden. Capital Is Wary on Korea; Aid Program to Continue; U.S. Bars Action on Coup In Korea[N]. The New York Times. May 17, 1961:1
3根据1950年美韩大邱协定,玛格鲁特将军负责指挥联合国军,并掌控韩国军事力量。
1 Telegram From the Commander in Chief, United Nations Command (Magruder) to the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (Lemnitzer) [Z]. FRUS, 1961-1963 XXII. Doc.218.
2John Kie-Chiang Oh. Role of the United States in South Korea’s Democratization [J]. Pacific Affairs, Vol.42, No2. Summer 1969:171
1 Korea's Austere Leader; Chung Hee Park[N]. The New York Times, October 17, 1963:2
2 05/31/1961Short-Term Prospects in South Korea, SIE, Number 42-2-61.CIA
3 Telegram from the Department of State to the Embassy in Korea. Washington, May 16, 1961[Z]. FRUS, 1961-1963 XXII. Doc.216
1 Kwang-II Baek. Korea and the United States--- A Study of the ROK-U.S. Security Relationship Within the Conceptual Framework of Alliances between Great and Small Powers[M]. Research Center for Peace and Unification of Korea (Seoul, ROK), 1988:62
2张都瑛在信中说:“我谨代表军事委员会向贵国政府和人民对于韩国繁荣发展所提供的援助和所做出的贡献表示诚挚的敬意和感激之情。坚持建立在自由平等基础之上的民主原则是韩国的国家目标,尽管1960年
4月革命是成功的,它受到了韩国民众的广泛支持和国际社会的同情,但一年后人民群众依然发现自己处于饥馑和绝望之中,政府的贪污腐化现象一如从前。这种情况导致我们有效抵制共产主义威胁的能力受损。为挽救局面,军方采取行动在5月16日推翻了当时的政府全面掌管了政府的行政、立法和司法权力。于是我们开始了神圣的革命任务——推翻腐败的无效率的政府,挽救人民挽救国家。…..当我们的使命完成以后将把政权归还清廉的和勤勉尽责的民政政府。….我们真切地希望存在于我们两国之间的最友好的关系将会得到持续加强。”US Department of State, Historical office, American Foreign Policy: Current Documents 1961, Washington DC: GPO, 1965:974
3 Korean Chief Is Rebuffed in Move to Visit Kennedy; U.S. Rejects Visit by Korean Chief[N]. The New York Times. May 25, 1961:1
4 Bernard Kalb. Magruder Pledges Cooperation With Korean Junta in Defense; U.S. General Says He'll 'Work Willingly' With Regime in Military Matters but Criticizes Flouting of His Control[N]. The New York Times. June 8, 1961:5
1 National Security Files (NSF), Box 127, JFKL转引自: Midori Yoshii. Reducing the American Burden: The Kennedy’s Policy toward Northeast Asia [D]. Boston University. 2003:96
2 11/03/1961 -- South Korean Leader Pak Chong-Hui[Z]. Current Intelligence Weekly(CIW), CIA
3 Rusk Talks Today With Korea Chief; U.S. Aide Arrives in Seoul -- Pledges Help to Junta[N]. The New York Times, November 5, 1961: 9
4 Rusk, Back, Praises Koreans[N]. The New York Times, November 6,1961:27
5 Secretary Rusk’s News Conference of November 17[Z]. GPO, December 4, 1961:919
1 Memorandum of Conversation Washington, November 14, 1961[Z]. FRUS, 1961-1963,XXII. Doc.247
2 05/25/1961 -- South Korea[Z]. CIW, CIA
1 11/03/1961 -- Japanese -- South Korean Relations[Z]. CIW, CIA
2 The South Korean Coup[N]. New Times, No.22, May 31,1961:14
3 04/13/1961 -- Restlessness In South Korea[Z]. Current Intelligence Weekly Summary(CIWS), CIA
4 Youngwan Alexander Kim. Divided Korea: The Politics of Development, 1945-1972[M]. Cambridge Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1976:209
1 Stephan Haggard. Byung-Kook Kim, Chung-in Moon. The Transition to Export-Led Growth in South Korea(1954-1966)[R]. Country Economics Department, The World Bank, November 1990:21
2 Kwang-Il Baek. Korea and the United States ------A Study of the ROK-U.S. Security Relationship within the Conceptual Framework of Alliances between Great and Small Powers[M]. Research Center for Peace and Unification of Korea, Seoul Computer Press, 1988:78
1 05/18/1961 -- South Korea[Z]. CIWS, CIA
2 09/07/1962--Short-Term Outlook for South Korea. Special National Intelligence Estimate[Z]. SNIE42-2-62, CIA
3 Edgar V. Connor. Korea: Current Issue and Historical Background[M], Nova Science Publisher, Inc. New York, 2002:189 405/18/1961 -- South Korea[Z]. CIWS, CIA
1 07/27/1961 -- South Korea's Economy[Z]. CIWS, CIA
2 05/18/1961 -- South Korea[Z]. CIWS, CIA
3 07/18/1961 -- The Current Regime In The Republic of Korea[Z]. SIE42-3-61,CIA
1 Young Jeh Kim. Toward a United Korea: History and Alternatives[M], Research Center for Peace and Unification of Korea (Seoul, ROK), 1987:49
2 Yongjeung Kim. President, Korean Affairs Institute Washington,Korea's Coup Denounced; Overthrow of Government Held No Popular Uprising[N]. The New York Times. June 15, 1961:42
3 Basic Needs in Korea[N]. The New York Times. May 30,1961:16
4 Bernard Kalb Korea Parades Hoodlums In Show of Force on Crime; Korea Hoodlums Paraded By Junta[N]. The New York Times. May 22, 1961:1
5 Stephan Haggard. Byung-Kook Kim, Chung-in Moon. The Transition to Export-Led Growth in South Korea(1954-66)[R]. Country Economics Department, The World Bank, November 1990:15
6 Curb on Junta Chief Rumored in Korea[N]. The New York Times. June 4, 1961:9
7 Bernard Kalb. Junta Head Loses 3 Posts In Korea; Retains Chairmanship of Cabinet and Council[N]. The New York Times. June 6, 1961:3
8 Pak Receives Key Post in South Korean Junta[N]. The New York Times. June 10, 1961:2
9 07/06/1961 -- South Korea. and 08/17/1961 -- South Korea [Z]. CIWS, CIA
1 11/03/1961 -- South Korean Leader Pak Chong-Hui[Z]. CIW, CIA
2 Kennedy Pledges 'All' Aid to Korea; He Informs Gen. Park U.S. Will Send More Troops if Reds Attack Again Kennedy Pledges 'All' Aid to Korea[N]. The New York Times. November 15, 1961:1
3 Gen. Park Pledges Better Use of Further U.S. Aid to Korea; Says Here That Funds Will Go to Help People -- Bars Corruption by officials[N]. The New York Times. November 18, 1961:8
1 Memorandum From Michael V. Forrestal of the National Security Council Staff to President KennedyWashington, March 28, 1963[Z]. FRUS.1961-1963.Volume XXII.No.298.
2 U.S. Hopes Envoy Can Sway Korea; Wants Berger to Encourage Early Return to Civil Rule[N].The New York Times. June 15, 1961: 5
3 Telegram From the Department of State to the Embassy in Korea Washington. March 16, 1963. [Z]. FRUS. 1961-1963. Volume XXII. Doc.294
1 Memorandum from Michael V. Forrestal of the National Security Council Staff to President Kennedy[Z]. Washington, March 28, 1963. FRUS.1961-1963.Volume XXII. Doc.298.
2 06/08/1962 -- South Korea -- A Year of Military Rule[Z]. CIWR, CIA
3 Short-Term Outlook for South Korea[Z]. Special National Intelligence Estimate SNIE 42-2-62 Washington, September 7, 1962. FRUS.1961-1963.Volume XXII. Doc.275
4 Telegram from the Department of State to The Embassy in Korea[Z].Washington, January 26, 1963, FRUS. 1961-1963. Volume XXII. .No.287.
1 Editorial Note[Z]. FRUS.1961-1963.Volume XXII. Doc.292
2 Telegram from the Embassy in Korea to the Department of State Washington[Z]. March 14, 1963, FRUS. 1961-1963.Volume XXII. Doc.293
3 Ibid. Doc.294
1Kim, Bong Joong, Democracy and Human Rights: US-South Korean Relations, 1945-1979[D]. The University of Toledo, 1994:176
2South Korea in Danger[N]. The New York Times. .March 16, 1963:6
3Politicians Defy Junta in Korea; Open Drive Against 4 More Years of Military Rule[N]. The New York Times. March 21, 1963:4
4在1963年3月21日的新闻发布会上有记者问肯尼迪,“美国一直以来对于韩国的独立与民主感兴趣,如何看待上周末军事集团宣布延期4年军事统治”?肯尼迪表示,“在过去几天时间里,南朝鲜的局势发生极大变化,似乎处于一种流动状态,所以我认为现在就此事做出最后的声明是不可能的。目前我们密切注视着那里局势的发展并期望在哪里实现稳定。我们认为韩国对美国亚洲安全利益至关重要,并将继续关注目前关于移交政权的讨论,局势未定之前,我做任何解说都是无助的,至少这一周如此”。The President's News Conference of. March 21st, 1963. The American Presidenvy Project(Kennedy) http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=9124&st=south+korea&st1=
5 A.M. Rosenthal. Power Struggle Mounts in Korea; U.S. Feels Strain; Washington Warily Seeks A Compromise In Tension Over Military Regime Authorities Move Swiftly Power Struggle Mounts in Korea U.S. Envoy Meets Park[N]. The New York Times. March 23, 1963:1
6 A.M. Rosenthal. U.S. Seeks Truce in Korea to Halt Fight for Power; U.S. Stand Expected Popular Support Lacking[N]. The New York Times. March 25, 1963:1
7 U.S. Urges Korea to Scrap Junta for Civil Regime; Policy Statement Warns Prolonged Army Rule Threatens Stability Issue Is Re-examined[N]. The New York Times. March 26, 1963:1
8 A.M. Rosenthal. Both Sides Are Wary; U.S.Urges Korea to Scrap Junta[N]. The New York Times. March 26, 1963:1
1 Memorandum from Michael V. Forrestal of the National Security Council Staff to President Kennedy[Z]. Washington, March 28, 1963. FRUS.1961-1963.Volume XXII. Doc.298.
2 Telegram from the Department of State to the Embassy in Korea Washington[Z]. March 28, 1963, FRUS.1961-1963.Volume XXII. Doc.297
3 Memorandum from Michael V. Forrestal of the National Security Council Staff to President Kennedy[Z]. Washington, March 28, 1963. FRUS.1961-1963.Volume XXII. Doc.298.
4 Ibid
5 Memorandum for the Record[Z].Washington, March 29, 1963. FRUS.1961-1963.Volume XXII. Doc.299
1Ibid Doc.299
2 Telegram From the Department of State to the Embassy in Korea[Z]. Washington, April 8, 1963, FRUS. 1961-1963.Volume XXII. Doc.300
3 Democracy Needed in Korea[N]. The New York Times. April 1, 1963:26
4 Kennedy Urging Korea Civil Rule; Junta Asked to Step Down as Soon as Possible[N]. The New York Times. April 3, 1963:1
5 The President's News Conference of. April 3rd, 1963. The American Presidency Project (Kennedy). http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=9139&st=south+korea&st1=
6 A.M. Rosenthal. U.S. Will Cut Aid To South Koreans; U.S. Will Reduce South Korean Aid[N]. The New York Times. April 4, 1963:1
7 A.M. Rosenthal. U.S. officers in Seoul Keeping Close Watch on Korean Crisis; Any Troop Shifts to Bolster Position of Military Regime Could Impair Joint Defense Against Reds[N]. The New York Times. April 5, 1963:3
8 A.M. Rosenthal Leader of Korean Junta Agrees to Hold Elections; U.S. Threat to Cut Aid Sways General Park to Accept Civil Rule Korean Junta Leader Agrees To Hold Elections in the Fall[N]. The New York Times. April 6, 1963:1
1 Telegram from the Embassy in Korea to the Department of State[Z]. Seoul, April 29, 1963, FRUS. 1961-1963. Volume XXII. Doc.302
2 Memorandum of Conversation Washington[Z]. June 17, 1963. FRUS.1961-1963.Volume XXII.Doc.309
3 Telegram From the Department of State to the Embassy in Korea[Z]. Washington, October 22, 1963, FRUS. 1961-1963.Volume XXII. Doc.316
4 Ibid Doc.316
1 Memorandum of Conversation Washington[Z]. November 25, 1963. FRUS.1961-1963.Volume XXII.Doc.318
1 Kazuhiko Togo. Japan’s Foreign Policy 1945-2003[M]. Brill Leiden Boston, 2005:157
1 South Korean-Japanese Relations[Z]. Department of State, November 1974
2 Junkab Chang. United States Mediation in South Korean-Japanese Negotiations, 1951-1965: A Case Study in the Limitations of Embassy Diplomacy[D]. Mississippi State University, UMI Number: 9906940. 1998:46
1 Jong-Chun Baek. Probe for Korean Reunification—Conflict and Security[M]. Research Center for Peace and Unification of Korea,1988:143
2[美]劳伦斯·奥尔森.日本在战后亚洲[M].上海:上海人民出版社, 1974:99
3 Brain Bridges. Japan and Korea in the 1990s—From Antagonism to Adjustment[M]. Edward Elgar Publishing Limited. 1993:10
4原文为:“Yoshida and Rhee were two old men who could hardly bear to be in the same room together.”见于:Robyn Lim. The Geopolitics of East Asia—The Search for Equilibrium[M]. Routledge, 2003:93
1 Colon Associates, United States Foreign Policy: Asia, Study No. 5 (prepared at the request of the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations)[Z]. Washington D.C.: U.S. Government Printing office, 1959:117-119
2比如从1961-1987年间,韩国方面以“带有日本韵调”为理由禁止传唱253首歌曲。原文为:“They emit a Japanese flavour.”见于:Brain Bridges. Japan and Korea in the 1990s---From Antagonism to Adjustment[M]. Edward Elgar Publishing Limited. 1993:138
3 [日]井上清.战后日本史(下)[M].天津:天津人民出版社,1972:271
1[日]高崎宗司.檢証日韓會談[M].岩波書店,1996:22
2 Rhee Bids Japanese Join Fight on Reds[N]. The New York Times, 17 February 1950:12
3[日]高崎宗司.檢証日韓會談[M].岩波書店,1996:22
1 Junkab Chang. United States Mediation in South Korean-Japanese Negotiations, 1951-1965: A Case Study in the Limitations of Embassy Diplomacy[D]. Mississippi State University, UMI Number: 9906940. 1998:76
2 Ibid. 77
1 Junkab Chang. United States Mediation in South Korean-Japanese Negotiations, 1951-1965: A Case Study in the Limitations of Embassy Diplomacy[D]. Mississippi State University, UMI Number: 9906940. 1998:76
2 Ibid. 77
1 Junkab Chang. United States Mediation in South Korean-Japanese Negotiations, 1951-1965: A Case Study in the Limitations of Embassy Diplomacy[D]. Mississippi State University, UMI Number: 9906940. 1998:95
1 Tokyo Embassy telegram to the Department of State, 21 January, 1954, RG84, FSPDS. Korea. Seoul Embassy, Classified General Records, 1953-1955, Box 4, File 320.1. NA. Ibid:124
1 Junkab Chang, United States Mediation In South Korean-Japanese Negotiations, 1951-1965: A Case Study in the Limitations of Embassy Diplomacy[D]. Mississippi State University, 1998, UMI Number: 9906940. 1998:136
2 U.S. Summary Minutes of the Third Meeting of the United States- Republic of Korea Talks.[Z]. Washington, 29 July, 1954. FRUS, 1952-1954, Volume XIV. p1689
3 Dulles to Briggs, 8 November 1954, RG84, FSPDS, Korea, Seoul Embassy, Classified General Records, 1953-1955, Box 4, File 320. 1. NA.转引自:Junkab Chang, United States Mediation In South Korean-Japanese Negotiations, 1951-1965: A Case Study in the Limitations of Embassy Diplomacy[D]. Mississippi State University, 1998, UMI Number: 9906940. 1998:138
1 Hyun-Dong Kim, Korea and The United States—The Evolving Transpacific Alliance in the 1960s[M]. Research Center for Peace and Unification of Korea, 1990:262
2沃尔特(Walter C Dowling)1956年5月任此职;驻日大使埃里森辞职后,麦克阿瑟唯一的儿子小道格拉斯·麦克阿瑟于1957年2月接任。
1 Memorandum of Conversation, Washington, November 14, 1961[Z]. FRUS,1961-1963, Volume XXII, Doc.247
2[日]石丸和人,山本剛士.戰后日本外交史Ⅱ[M].三省堂,1983:332
1 Memorandum of Conversation Washington. June 17, 1963[Z]. FRUS.1961-1963.Volume XXII. Doc.309
2 Memorandum of Conversation (Note 4) . Washington, November 25, 1963. [Z]. FRUS.1961-1963.Volume XXII. Doc.318
3Ibid.
4 Memorandum From the President's Special Assistant for National Security Affairs (Bundy) to the Deputy Under Secretary of State for Political AffairsWashington. December 20, 1963. [Z]. FRUS.1961-1963.Volume XXII. Doc.320
1 Park Chung Hee, The Student Must Go Back to School—A Presidential Instruction for The Student, June 26,1964, From Major Speech By Korea’s Park Chung Hee[M]. Hollym Corporation: Publishers, Seoul, Korea, 1970:106
2曹中屏、张连瑰.当代韩国史[M].天津:南开大学出版社, 2005:284
3 Kazuhiko Togo, Japan’s Foreign Policy 1945-2003[M]. Brill Leiden Boston, 2005:159
4 Tokyo- Washionton-Deoul Triangle [J]. The New Times, April 21,1965:20
5 Memorandum of Conversation[Z]. Department of State, January 12,1965, L. B. Johnson Library
1刘世龙.战后日美伙伴关系的三个阶段[J].日本学刊,2003(1)
2[日]姜尚中.日朝关系の克服[M].集英社, 2003:64
3Hyun-Dong Kim. Korea and The United States—The Evolving Transpacific Alliance in the 1960s[M]. Research Center for Peace and Unification of Korea, 1990:272
1曹中屏、张连瑰.当代韩国史[M].天津:南开大学出版社,2005:283
2美国远东事务助理国务卿邦迪和韩国外长李东元也一致认为,“实现日韩关系正常化是对亚洲和平事业的巨大贡献。”United States And Korea Reaffirm Policy of Cooperation [Z]. Department of State Bulletin. October 19, 1964, Volume LI, No.1321. 1964:542
3 Editorial Note[Z]. FRUS 1964-1968, Vol. XXIX, Korea, Department of State, Washington, DC, Doc.34
4 Memorandum for Mr. Bundy[Z]. National Security Council Washington D.C. 20506, February 12, 1965
1 Kwang Il Baek. Korea And The United States[M]. Research Center for Peace and Unification of Korea, 1988:74-75
2 Hyun-Dong Kim, Korea and The United States ----The Evolving Transpacific Alliance in the 1960s[M]. Research Center for Peace and Unification of Korea, 1990:279
3 Kil J. Yi. In Research of a Panacea: Japan-Korea Rapprochement and America’s“Far Eastern Problems”[J]. Pacific Historical Review, Vol.71, No.4, 2002:633
1 Kwang Il Baek. Korea And The United States[M]. Research Center for Peace and Unification of Korea, 1988:74-75
2 Hyun-Dong Kim, Korea and The United States ----The Evolving Transpacific Alliance in the 1960s[M]. Research Center for Peace and Unification of Korea, 1990:279
3 Kil J. Yi. In Research of a Panacea: Japan-Korea Rapprochement and America’s“Far Eastern Problems”[J]. Pacific Historical Review, Vol.71, No.4, 2002:633
1石丸和人,山本剛士.戰后日本外交史Ⅱ[M].三省堂,1983:330
2 Kwang Il Baek. Korea and the United States[M]. Research Center for Peace and Unification of Korea, 1988:70(1954-1966) [R]. Country Economics Department, The World Bank, November 1990:16
1[韩]朴正熙.国家、革命与我[M].北京:光明出版社,1963:34-38
2 Brain Bridges. Japan and Korea in the 1990s---from Antagonism to Adjustment[M]. Edward Elgar Publishing Limited. 1993:12
3黄兆群.韩国六大总统[M].北京:人民出版社,2004:95
1 Korea’s Twenty Year [J]. New Times, August 25, 1965:8
2 Donald C. Hellmann. Basic Problems of Japanese-South Korean Relations[J]. Asian Survey, Vol.2, No.3. May,
1 Park Chung Hee. Let Us View The Present Situation In Long-Range Perspective ---For Korea-Japan Diplomatic Normalization Talks On March 26,1964[A]. Major Speech By Korea’s Park Chung Hee[M]. Hollym Corporation: Publishers, Seoul, Korea. 1970:80-84
2黄兆群.韩国六大总统[M].北京:人民出版社,2004:97
3 Morinosuke Kajima. History of Modern Japan—A Brief Diplomatic[M]. Charles E. Tuttle Co.: Publishers, Rutland, Vermont &Tokyo, Japan. 1965:135
4木村幹.民主化の韓国政治——樸正熙と野党政治家たち[M].名古屋大学出版社, 2008:117
1 J. Mark Mobius. The Japan-Korea Normalization Process and Korean Anti-Americanism[J]. Asian Survey, April, 1966:241
2[韩]金大中.金大中自传:我的人生、我的路[M].北京:外文出版社,1998:86-89
1 Kwang Il Baek. Korea And The United States[M]. Research Center For Peace And Unification of Korea,1988:74
1 Soon Sung Cho. Japan’s Two Koreas Policy and the Problems of Korean Unification[J].Asian Survey, 7, No.10. October 1967:716
2 Ibid.719
3 Sixth Meeting of the Joint United States- Japan Committee on Trade and Economic Affairs[R]. Washington, September 13-15, 1967:2
4 Kenneth B. Lee. Korea and East Asia[M]. Praeger, 1997:200
1 Richard J. Barnet. Intervention and Revolution: The United States in the Third World [M].World Pub. Co., 1968:188
2 The United States and Vietnam [EB/OL]. [2008-09-17]. http://aglasshome.com/h2/ch26.htm
3 French Indochina War [EB/OL]. [2009-02-08].http://www.olive-drab.com/od_history_vietnam_french.php
1 Christos Frentzos. Syngman Rhee and the Vietnam War: South Korea’s Attempt to Enter the First Indochina Conflict, 1954[R]. Society for Historians of American Foreign Relations 2004 Conference. 2004:2
2 Memorandum by the Executive Secretary to The National Security Council, Washington, March 2, 1954, [Z].FRUS,1952-1954, Volume XV, p1754
1 The Ambassador in Korea (Briggs) to the Department of State, Seoul, July 12, 1954[Z]. FRUS,1952-1954, Volume. XV, p1836
2 The Department of the Army to the Commander in Chief, United Nations Command(Hull),Washington, September 15, 1954, Appendix[Z]. FRUS, 1952-1954, Volume. XV, p1878
3 Hagerty Dairy, July 27, 1954[Z]. FRUS, 1952-1954, Volume.XV, p1839
1Richard J. Barnet. Intervention and Revolution: The United States in the Third World[M].World Publishing. Co., 1968:197
2 Department of State Bulletin[Z]. Vol.LIV. NO. 1393, GPO, March 7, 1966:350
3 Rusk. Freedom in the Postwar World (Secretary Rusk before American Veterans of WWII and Korea) [Z]. Philadelphia, 29 August 1964, Department of State Bulletin, 14 September 1964, The Pentagon Papers, Gravel Edition, Volume 3, p722-723.电子版见于http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/pentagon3/ps13.htm
1 Department of State Telegram, From Seoul To Secretary of State, April 28,1962, NSF, Country File, Korea, Box 128a, Folder: Korea Cable, 4/62-5/62, JFK Library
2 06/08/1962 -- South Korea -- A Year of Military Rule[Z]. CIWR, CIA
3 Christos Frentzos. From Seoul to Saigon: U.S.-Korean Relations and the Vietnam War [D], University of Huston. 2004:85
1 U.S. Strategy in Vietnam [J]. New Times, May 22, 1968:4
2 Telegram From the Embassy in Korea to the Department of State, Seoul, March 30, 1965[Z]. FRUS 1964-1968, Vol. XXIX, Korea, Department of State, Washington, DC, Doc.37
1 Sylvia Ellis.Britain. America, and the Vietnam War[M]. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2004:5
2 South Korea and the Vietnam-era Mindset [EB/OL]. (2007-11-03)[2009-01-23]. http://faroutliers.blogspot.com/2004/01/south-korea-and-vietnam-era-mindset.html
3 The Futile War in South Viet Nam [J]. New Times, June 3, 1964:14
1 Editorial Note[Z].FRUS 1964-1968, Volume XXIX, Korea, Department of State Washington, DC, Doc 5.
2 Christos Frentzos. From Seoul to Saigon: U.S.-Korean Relations and the Vietnam War [D], University of Huston. 2004:103
1 Editorial Note[Z].FRUS 1964-1968, Vol.XXIX, Korea, Department of State, Washington, DC, Doc.20
1 Memorandum of Conversation, Seoul, December 19, 1964[Z]. FRUS 1964-1968, Vol. XXIX, Korea, Department of State, Washington, DC, Doc. 28
2 Kwang-Il Baek. Korea and the United States[M], Research Center for Peace and Unification of Korea, 1988:79
3 Memorandum of Conversation, Seoul, December 19, 1964[Z]. FRUS 1964-1968, Vol. XXIX, Korea, Department of State, Washington, DC, Doc. 28
1 Telegram From the Embassy in Korea to the Department of State, Seoul, December 30, 1964, Memorandum of Conversation, Seoul, December 19, 1964[Z]. FRUS 1964-1968, Vol. XXIX, Korea, Department of State, Washington, DC, Doc.30
1 Editorial Note[Z]. FRUS 1964-1968, Vol. XXIX, Korea, Department of State, Washington, DC, Doc.32
2 National Intelligence Estimate, NIE 42/14.2-65[Z].Washington, January 22, 1965.
3 Nicholas Evan Sarantakes. The Quiet War: Combat Operations along the Korean Demilitarized Zone, 1966-1969[J]. The Journal of Military History, Vol.64, No. 2 .April 2000:441
1 Christos Frentzos. From Seoul to Saigon: U.S.-Korean Relations and the Vietnam War [D], University of Huston. 2004:147
2 V. Dalnov. Not Across the River[J].New Times,June23,1965:9
3 Memorandum From James C. Thomson of the National Security Council Staff and the President's Special Assistant for National Security Affairs (Bundy) to President Johnson. Washington, May 14, 1965[Z]. FRUS 1964-1968, Vol. XXIX, Korea, Department of State, Washington, DC, Doc.44
1 Memorandum From the Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs (McNaughton) to the Deputy Secretary of Defense (Vance),Washington, April 13, 1965[Z].FRUS 1964-1968, Vol. XXIX, Korea, Department of State, Washington, DC, Doc.38.
2 Memorandum From James C. Thomson of the National Security Council Staff to President Johnson, Washington, May 17, 1965[Z]. FRUS 1964-1968, Vol. XXIX, Korea, Department of State, Washington, DC, Doc.47
3 Memorandum of Conversation, Washington, May 17, 1965[Z]. FRUS 1964-1968, Vol. XXIX, Korea, Department of State, Washington, DC, Doc.48
4 Ibid.
1 Memorandum of Conversation[Z]. Washington, May 18, 1965, FRUS 1964-1968, Vol. XXIX, Korea, Department of State, Washington, DC, Doc.50
2基本内容包括:完全装备3个后备役师以避免韩国向南越派兵后造成的力量亏空;负责运送任务;提供与美国部队同样标准的军人薪金、死亡及伤残补偿费;提供韩国军队在南越所需的后勤支援及汉城与南越作战部队之间直接的安全联络设备;为韩国作战部队配备广播系统以便进行反共广播宣传以及向韩国军队提供新闻娱乐服务;提供4架C-123飞机执行医疗救助任务和“汉城与西贡”之间的联络任务,等等。Stanley Robert Larsen and James Lawton Collins, Jr. Allied Participation in Vietnam [M]. Department of the Army, Washington, D.C. 1985:124
3Telegram From the Embassy in Korea to the Department of State, Seoul, July 10, 1965, 0510Z (Note 2) [Z]. FRUS 1964-1968, Vol. XXIX, Korea, Department of State, Washington, DC, Doc.57
4 Telegram From the Embassy in Korea to the Department of State, Seoul, March 30, 1965[Z]. FRUS 1964-1968, Vol. XXIX, Korea, Department of State, Washington, DC, Doc.37
5 Christos Frentzos. From Seoul to Saigon: U.S.-Korean Relations and the Vietnam War [D]. University of Huston. 2004:158
1 Telegram From the Department of State to the Embassy in Korea,Washington, April 26, 1965 (Note 2) [Z]. FRUS 1964-1968, Vol. XXIX, Korea, Department of State, Washington, DC, Doc.40
2 Editorial Note[Z]. FRUS 1964-1968, Vol. XXIX, Korea, Department of State, Washington, DC, Doc.58
3 Editorial Note[Z]. FRUS 1964-1968, Vol. XXIX, Korea, Department of State, Washington, DC, Doc.32
1 Telegram From the Department of State to the Embassy in Korea,Washington, January 27, 1966[Z].FRUS 1964-1968, Vol. XXIX, Korea, Department of State, Washington, DC, Doc.76
2 Editorial Note[Z].FRUS 1964-1968, Vol. XXIX, Korea, Department of State, Washington, DC, Doc.32
3 War’s Widening Ripples[J].New Times, August25, 1965:14
4 Telegram From the Embassy in Korea to the Department of State, Seoul, December 28, 1965, 0730Z. [Z]. FRUS 1964-1968, Vol. XXIX, Korea, Department of State, Washington, DC, Doc.65
5 Telegram From the Embassy in Korea to the Department of State, Seoul, December 28, 1965, 0935Z. [Z].FRUS 1964-1968, Vol. XXIX, Korea, Department of State, Washington, DC, Doc.66
6 Telegram From the Embassy in Korea to the Department of State, Seoul, December 30, 1965, 0945Z (Note 2)[Z].FRUS 1964-1968, Vol. XXIX, Korea, Department of State, Washington, DC, Doc.67.
1 Kim, Bong Joong. Democracy and Human Rights: US-South Korean Relations,1945-1979[D]. The University of Toledo, 1994:188
2 Telegram From the Embassy in Korea to the Department of State, Seoul, January 5, 1966, 0830Z.Note 2[Z].FRUS 1964-1968, Vol. XXIX, Korea, Department of State, Washington, DC, Doc.69
3 Telegram from the Embassy in Korea to the Department of State, Seoul, December 30, 1965, 0945Z[Z].FRUS 1964-1968, Vol. XXIX, Korea, Department of State, Washington, DC, Doc.67.
4副国务卿乔治·鲍尔(George W. Ball)1966年1月30日在美国西北大学的一次校友会上的讲话。The Issue In Viet-Nam. Department of State Bulletin. February 14, 1966, Vol. LIV. No.1390:241
1 Telegram from the Embassy in Korea to the Department of State, Seoul, January 10, 1966, 1010Z(Note 4) [Z].FRUS 1964-1968, Vol. XXIX, Korea, Department of State, Washington, DC, Doc.71
2 Telegram From the Embassy in Korea to the White House, Seoul, February 23, 1966, 0945Z.(Note 2) [Z]. FRUS 1964-1968, Vol. XXIX, Korea, Department of State, Washington, DC, Doc.80
3 Telegram From the Embassy in Korea to the Department of State, Seoul, March 18, 1966, 0745Z. [Z].FRUS 1964-1968, Vol. XXIX, Korea, Department of State, Washington, DC, Doc.82
4 Editorial Note, FRUS 1964-1968, Vol. XXIX, Korea, Department of State, Washington, DC, Doc.81
5 Remarks at the Lighting of the Nation's Christmas Tree. December 15, 1966 The American Presidency Project(Johnson) http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=28067&st=human+rights&st1=
1美国驻韩大使威廉姆·波特在1970年的一次听证会上指出,在越战中美国士兵人均开销为1.3万美元,菲律宾士兵为7000美元,而韩国士兵人均为5000美元。Declassified Papers Show South Korea Sought to Relocate US Base to Cheju, BBC Monitoring Asia Pacific[EB/OL]. [2008-07-18]. http://www.redorbit.com/news/technology/220916/declassified_papers_show_south_korea_sought_to_relocate_us_base/
2 Samiel Berger. Korea-Progress and Prospects[Z]. Department of State Bulletin, GPO. May 30, 1966, Volume LIV, No.1405:864
1 Memorandum from Alfred Jenkins of the National Security Council Staff to the President's Special Assistant (Rostow), Washington, July 26, 1967.Attachment[Z].FRUS 1964-1968, Vol. XXIX, Korea, Department of State, Washington, DC, Doc.123
2 Intelligence Memorandum, No. 1620/66 Washington, November 8, 1966[Z]. FRUS 1964-1968, Vol. XXIX, Korea, Department of State, Washington, DC, Doc.98
3 Telegram From the Commanding General, United States Eighth Army, Korea, and the Commander in Chief, United Nations Command, Korea (Bonesteel) to the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (Wheeler), Seoul, November 10, 1966, 0817Z[Z]. FRUS 1964-1968, Vol. XXIX, Korea, Department of State, Washington, DC, Doc.99
4 Telegram from the Embassy in Korea to the Department of State, Seoul, November 22, 1966, 0315Z (Note 3)[Z]. FRUS 1964-1968, Vol. XXIX, Korea, Department of State, Washington, DC, Doc.101
1 David L. Anderson, John Ernst. The War that Never Ends: New Perspectives on the Vietnam War[Z].University Press of Kentucky, 2007:68
2 Se Jin Kim. South Korea’s Involvement in Vietnam and Its Economic and Political Impact[J]. Asian Survey, Vol.10, No.6. June, 1970:531
3 Editorial Note[Z]. FRUS 1964-1968, Vol. XXIX, Korea, Department of State, Washington, DC, Doc.97
1 Telegram From the Embassy in Korea to the Department of State,Seoul, September 19, 1967[Z]. FRUS 1964-1968, Vol. XXIX, Korea, Department of State, Washington, DC, Doc.129
2 Telegram From the Embassy in Vietnam to the Department of State, Saigon, October 31, 1967[Z]. FRUS 1964-1968, Vol. XXIX, Korea, Department of State, Washington, DC, Doc.132
3 Telegram From the Embassy in Korea to the Department of State,Seoul, December 6, 1967[Z]. FRUS 1964-1968, Vol. XXIX, Korea, Department of State, Washington, DC, Doc.137 .
1 Telegram From the Embassy in Australia to the Department of State, Canberra, December 21, 1967[Z]. FRUS 1964-1968, Vol. XXIX, Korea, Department of State, Washington, DC, Doc.139 .
2 Notes on Conversation Between President Johnson and President Pak,Canberra, December 21, 1967[Z]. FRUS 1964-1968, Vol. XXIX, Korea, Department of State, Washington, DC, Doc.140
1 Remarks at the Iolani Palace in Honolulu. April 15th 1968, The American Presidency Project(Johnson) http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=28802&st=south+korea&st1=
2 The President's News Conference of. May 3, 1968. The American Presidency Project(Johnson) http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=28831&st=south+korea&st1=
3 Special National Intelligence Estimate, SNIE 14.2-68, Washington, May 16, 1968[Z]. FRUS 1964-1968, Vol. XXIX, Korea, Department of State, Washington, DC, Doc.200
4 Intelligence Note From the Director of the Bureau of Intelligence and Research (Hughes) to Secretary of State Rusk,No. 870 (Note 3) [Z].FRUS 1964-1968, Vol. XXIX, Korea, Department of State, Washington, DC, Doc.207
5 [美]德瑞克·李波厄特.五十年伤痕(下)[M].上海:上海三联书店,2008:482
1 Memorandum for the Secretary of State, the Secretary of Defense, the Chairman, Joint Chiefs of Staff[Z]. National Security Council, Washington. D.C. June 23, 1971, National Security Decision Memorandum. 113
2关于韩国军队在南越的部署情况还可见于:Shelby L. Stanton. Vietnam Order of Battle---a complete illustrated reference to u.s. army combat and support forces in Vietnam(1961-1973) [M]. Stackpole Books, 2003:272-273
1Wonmo Dong. Korean-American Relations at Crossroads [M]. The Association of Christian Scholars in North America, INC. 1982:44
2 Park, Tae-Gyun. The Impracticable Plan; the Phase-down Policy of Korean Army by the U.S. in 1950s and 1960s[EB/OL]. Seoul National University, [2009-09-10]http://arts.monash.edu.au/korean/ksaa/conference/16taegyunpark.pdf
1 Christos Frentzos. From Seoul to Saigon: U.S.-Korean Relations and the Vietnam War[D]. University of Huston. 2004:146
2 Memorandum From Vice President Humphrey to President Johnson. Washington, January 5, 1966[Z]. FRUS 1964-1968, Vol. XXIX, Korea, Department of State, Washington, DC, Doc.68
1 Shin Bum Shik. Major Speech By Korea’s Park Chung Hee[M]. Hollym Corporation Publishers, Seoul, Korea, 1970:280
2 Telegram From the Department of State to the Embassy in Vietnam, March 30, 1965[Z]. FRUS 1964-1968, Vol. XXIX, Korea, Department of State, Washington, DC, Doc.220
1 Wang-Il Baek. Korea And The United States[M]. Research Center For Peace And Unification of Korea, 1988:80
2Marc Jason Gilbert. The Vietnam War on Campus: Other Voices, More Distant Drums[M]. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2001:151
3 Memorandum From the Executive Secretary of the National Security Council (Smith) to the President's Special Assistant (Rostow) (Appendix 2). Washington, January 19, 1967[Z]. FRUS 1964-1968, Vol. XXIX, Korea, Department of State, Washington, DC, Doc.107
4资中筠.战后美国外交史[M].北京:世界知识出版社, 1994:569
1 Memorandum From James C. Thomson of the National Security Council Staff to President Johnson, May 17, 1965, 1964-1968[Z]. FRUS Volume XXIX, Korea, Department of State, Washington, DC, Doc.47
1 Marvin E. Gettleman. Jane Franklin, Marilyn Young, Vietnam and America: A Documented History [M].Grove Press, 1995:39
2 Transcript of Johnson News Session on Foreign and Domestic Matters[N]. New York Times, 24 April 1964:14
3 Telegram From the Embassy in Korea to the Department of State,Seoul, November 25, 1967, 0528Z[Z]. FRUS 1964-1968, Vol. XXIX, Korea, Department of State, Washington, DC, Doc.134
1 Aid Report for Fiscal Transmitted to Congress[Z]. February 7, 1966, No.1389. GPO. Department of State Bulletin. 1966:208
2 Joe C Dixon. The American military and the Far East[R].Air Force Military History Symposium, DIANE Publishing, 1980:224.
3 Wonmo Dong. Korean-American Relations at Crossroads[M]. The Association of Christian Scholars in North America, INC.1982:44
4 Christos Frentzos. From Seoul to Saigon: U.S.-Korean Relations and the Vietnam War [D]. University of Huston. 2004:254
1 Memorandum of Conversation, Washington, May 18, 1965, 1964-1968, FRUS Volume XXIX, Korea, Department of State, Washington, DC, Doc.52
2本段数字来自于Christos Frentzos. From Seoul to Saigon: U.S.-Korean Relations and the Vietnam War [D]. University of Huston. 2004:178-180
3 Se Jin Kim. South Korea’s Involvement in Vietnam and Its Economic and political Impact, Asian Survey, Vol. 10, No. 6. (June,. 1970)1970:519
1 Department of State Bulletin[Z]. April 18,1966,Volume LIV. No.1399:633
2 David S Painter. The Cold War ---An International History [M]. Routledge, 1999:59
3折现率是将未来收益还原或转换为现值的比率。折现率实质是一种资本投资的收益率,它与报酬率、利润率、回报率、盈利率和利率在本质上是相同的。
4 Tad Szulc. U.S. War Outlays Aid Korea and Philippines [N].New York Times .January 26, 1970:3
5 Nigel Harris. The Far East and Neo-Colonialis[EB/OL]. [2009-01-27]. http://www.marxists.org/history/etol/writers/harris/1968/xx/fareast.htm
1 Se Jin Kim. South Korea’s Involvement in Vietnam and Its Economic and Political Impact[J]. Asian Survey, Vol. 10, No. 6. 1970:522
2 Hyun-Dong Kim. Korea and The United States ----The Evolving Transpacific Alliance in the 1960s[M]. Research Center for Peace and Unification of Korea, 1990:239
1 Emerson Chapin. Seoul Citing Troop Aid, Seeks Role at a Vietnam Peace Parley[N].The New York Times, April 27, 1966:7
2 Se Jin Kim. South Korea’s Involvement in Vietnam and Its Economic and political Impact [J]. Asian Survey, Vol. 10, No. 6. 1970:530
1 Memorandum of Conversation. Washington, November 14, 1961[Z]. FRUS1961-1963.Volume XXII, Doc.247
1 Letter from the Ambassador to Korea (Brown) to the Assistant Secretary of State for Far Eastern Affairs (Bundy), Seoul, August 26, 1966[Z]. FRUS 1964-1968, Vol. XXIX, Korea, Department of State, Washington, DC, Doc.90
2基辛格在描述渐进外交中的讨价还价时指出:“我请以色列总理拉宾让步,他说他不能,因为以色列弱小。于是,我给了他很多武器,他说他不需要让步,因为以色列强大。”这显然是悖论,提供越多的援助,反而越不可能带来控制。见于:[美]斯蒂芬·沃尔特.联盟的起源[M].北京:北京大学出版社, 2007:230
1 Telegram From the Commander in Chief of the United Nations Command and of United States Forces, Korea (Bonesteel) to the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (Wheeler), Seoul, January 24, 1968, 1240Z[Z]. .FRUS 1964-1968, Vol. XXIX, Korea, Department of State, Washington, DC, Doc.146
2 Telegram From the Embassy in Korea to the Department of State,Seoul, January 24, 1968, 2105Z[Z]. FRUS 1964-1968, Vol. XXIX, Korea, Department of State, Washington, DC, Doc.219
3 Telegram From the Commander in Chief, Pacific (McCain) to the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (Wheeler),Honolulu, November 16, 1968, 0538Z[Z]. FRUS 1964-1968, Vol. XXIX, Korea, Department of State, Washington, DC, Doc.208
4 Notes of Meeting, Washington, January 25, 1968[Z]. FRUS, 1964-1968, Volume XXIX(Korea), Department of State, Washington, DC, Doc.226
1 US Strategy in Asia, Briefing Memorandum (Attachment)[Z]. October 16, 1975:8
1 Sixth Annual Message. November 19,1794. The American Presidency Project(Washington) http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=29436&st=human+rights&st1=或可见于:Message in Reply to the House of Representatives. November 29, 1794, The American Presidency Project(Washington) http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=65481&st=human+rights&st1=
2威尔逊说,“我的梦想是……有一天美国达到了这样的程度——人们都知道它把人权置于其他权利之首、它的旗帜不仅是美国的旗帜,而且还是人类人道主义之旗”。原文为:My dream is that…….., and that America will come into the full light of the day when all shall know that she puts human rights above all other rights and that her flag is the flag not only of America but of humanity.见于:Address at Independence Hall: "The Meaning of Liberty. July 4, 1914. The American Presidency Project(Wilson) http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=65381&st=human+rights&st1=
3Warren Christopher. In the Stream of History: Shaping Foreign Policy for A New Era[M]. StanFord University Press, 1998:62
1 William Shaw. Human Rights in Korea: Historical and Policy Perspectives[R]. Harvard University Asia Center, 1991:150
1 John Kie-Chiang Oh. Role of the United States in South Korea’s Democratization [J]. Pacific Affairs, Vol.42, No2. Summer 1969: 166
2 Kim, Bong Joong. Democracy and Human Rights: US-South Korean Relations, 1945-1979[D]. The University of Toledo, 1994:76
3The Charge in Korea (Lightner) to the Department of State, June 1, 1952[Z]. FRUS,1952-1954, Vol XV, p280
1 Memorandum by the Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for Far Eastern Affairs (Johnson) to the Secretary of state, June 2, 1952[Z]. FRUS. 1952-1954, Vol XV,p281-282
2 President Truman to the President of the Republic of Korea(Rhee), June 2, 1952[Z]. FRUS,1952-1954, Vol XV, p285
3 The Charge in Korea (Lightner) to the Department of State, June 3, 1952[Z]. FRUS,1952-1954, Vol XV, p290
1 The Ambassador in Korea (Muccio) to the Department of State, June 12, 1952[Z]. FRUS,1952-1954, Vol XV, p324-325
2原句为“Eisenhower inherited one of Truman’s annoying tasks—taming Rhee.”见于:Kim, Bong Joong, Democracy and Human Rights: US-South Korean Relations, 1945-1979[D]. The University of Toledo,1994:89
3前者语出艾森豪威尔;后者语出克拉克。后者在其回忆录当中表示说,他当时进行的是双线外交战——一个是与“共产主义分子”在板门店进行的;另一个是与李承晚在汉城进行的。最大的麻烦来自于李承晚。Ibid:89
1 John Kie-Chiang Oh. Role of the United States in South Korea’s Democratization [J]. Pacific Affairs, Vol.42, No2. Summer 1969:118-119
1Coup in South Korea[N].The New York Time. May 17,1961:36
2U.S. Voices Regret on Korean Curbs; Letter to Kennedy Pledges Return to Civilian Rule[N].The New York Time. May 23, 1961:8
3Bernard Kalb, Korea Charges Abuses In Press; Junta Bans 834 Periodicals and News Agencies[N].The New York Time. May 29, 1961:5
4 Curb on Constitution Considered By South Korea Military Junta[N].The New York Time. May 30, 1961:2
5 Korea Junta Curbs Student Activities[N].The New York Time. June 9, 1961:3
6 Bernard Kalb. 7 Members of U.N. To Caution Korea; Committee Said To Agree On Individual Pleas to Junta to Restore Liberties Remembers of U.N. To Caution Korea[N].The New York Time. June 13, 1961:1
7 Glenn D. Paige. Korea Called Police State; Evidence Seen That Junta Plans No Restoration of Freedom[N]. The New York Times. June 25, 1961:E8
1 Seoul Bars Newsman; South Korea Cancels Visa of UPI Correspondent[N]. The New York Times. June 25, 1961:4
2 Rusk Lauds Korean Junta for Democratic Trend; Welcomes Military Regime's Moves in Direction of Honest Government[N]. The New York Times. July 28, 1961:2
3Korea Court Backs 3 Death Sentences[N].The New York Times. November 1, 1961:10
4 Kim, Bong Joong. Democracy and Human Rights: US-South Korean Relations, 1945-1979[D]. The University of Toledo, 1994:166
5South Korea Votes Constitution By 4 to 1 as 85% Go to Polls; Park Commends Vote Koreans Support Constitution, 4-1[N].The New York Times. December 19, 1962:1
1 Korea Frees 69 Arrested In March Demonstrations[N]. The New York Times . April 9, 1963:5
2关于宋尧赞事件见于:(1)Korean General Denies Charges[N]. The New York Times. August 17, 1963:4; (2)6 Korean Parties Demand Ex-Premier Song's Release[N]. The New York Times. September 20, 1963:6
3 Emerson Chapin Seoul Candidate Assails GEN. Park; Says Election of Junta Chief Would End Korean Liberty 4 Others Still in Field[N]. The New York Times October 6, 1963:18
4 Stephan Haggard, Byung-Kook Kim, Chung-in Moon. The Transition to Export-Led Growth in South Korea(1954-66)[R]. Country Economics Department, The World Bank, November 1990:15
5 A.M. Rosenthal New Turn For Korea; Agreement to Hold Elections in Fall for Civilian Government Follows Heavy Pressure From U.S. The New York Times. April 7, 1963:E7,
6South Korean Rulers Say Rhee, in Exile, Can Return[N]. The New York Times, August 16, 1963: 6
1 Remarks to Delegates to the Equal Pay Conference. June 11, 1964. The American Presidency Project(Johnson) http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=26307&st=human+rights&st1=
2 Remarks at a Reception Marking the Third Anniversary of the Organization of African Unity. May 26, 1966. The American Presidency Project(Johnson) . http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=27619&st=human+rights&st1=
1 Wonmo Dong. Korean-American Relations at Crossroads[M]. The Association of Christian Scholars in North America, INC. 1982:40
2 Remarks upon Arriving at the Honolulu International Airport. April 15th , 1968 American Presidency Project(Johnson). http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=28801&st=south+korea&st1=
3 Remarks at the Korean Consulate in Honolulu. April 17, 1968 . The American Presidency Project(Johnson). http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=28806&st=south+korea&st1=
1Now Korea[N]. The New York Times. October 22, 1972:E12
1 Kim, Bong Joong. Democracy and Human Rights: US-South Korean relations, 1945-1979[D]. The University of Toledo, 1994:217
2 C.I. Eugene Kim. Emergency, Development, and Human Rights: South Korea[J]. Asian Survey, Vol.18, No.4. April, 1978:374
1 Richard Halloran. Park Says Seoul Can Repel Attack; South Korean Urges Unity Against North's Threat[N]. The New York Times, April 30, 1975:19
2 James V Young. Eye on Korea---An Inside Account of Korean-American Relations[M]. Texas A&M University Press, 2003:26
3 Republican Party Platform of 1972. August 21, 1972. The American Presidency Project(Nixon). http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=25842&st=human+rights&st1=
11973年8月发生的金大中绑架事件激起了韩国国内反对党的极大非议,学生示威游行规模不断扩大,反对朴正熙“维新宪法”的斗争此起彼伏。美国政府在内外压力下指使美国驻韩大使馆先是解救了其妻,而后又解救了其本人。这是尼克松政府对韩人权政策中表现较突出的实例,也是尼克松政府整个执政期间介入韩国内部民主与人权问题较大的动作。
2 Wonmo Dong. Korean-American Relations at Crossroads[M]. The Association of Christian Scholars in North America, INC. 1982:51
3 Kim, Bong Joong. Democracy and human rights: US-South Korean relations, 1945-1979[D]. The University of Toledo,1994:227
1 Debra Liang-Fenton. Implementing U.S. Human Rights Policy: Agendas, Policies, And Practices[M]. US Institute of Peace Press, 2004:177
2 Remarks on Greeting Korean and American Congressional Veterans of the Korean War. June 25, 1975. The American Presidency Project(Ford). http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=5020&st=south+korea&st1=
3 Korean Legislator Is Facing Expulsion for Assailing Park[N]. The New York Times, October 10, 1975:13
4 Remarks at a Columbus Day Ceremony. October 11, 1976 http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=6443&st=human+rights&st1=. The American Presidency Project(Ford.本注解下同)在1978年11月卡特宣布美国已经成为人权的捍卫者。原文为:”We have become the champions of human rights.”见于: Buffalo, New York Remarks at the Greater Buffalo International Airport. October 28, 1978. http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=30067&st=human+rights&st1= ;还可见于Friends of Carter/Mondale Remarks at a Fundraising Dinner. October 24, 1979,http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=31585&st=human+rights&st1=
1 Republican Party Platform of 1976 August 18, 1976 . the Republican National Convention, August 18, 1976,at Kansas City, Mo. http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=25843&st=south+korea&st1=
2Richard Hallorannew. Korean Inquiry By U.S. Is Disclosed; Charge That Seoul Agents Harass Residents Here Investigated New Korean Inquiry By U.S.Is Disclosed[Z].The New York Times. October 29, 1976:47
3 Robert Lindsey. Seoul's Intelligence Agents Harass Korean Community in Los Angeles; Seoul Regime's Intelligence Agents Systematically Intimidate the Large Korean Community in Los Angeles[Z]. The New York Times. October 30, 1976:53
4关于美国政府向国会要求的1975财政年度的援助金额有一说是“2.34亿美元”——见于:神谷不二.朝鮮半島論[M]. PHP研究所, 1994:132。一说是“2.37亿美元”——见于:Kwang-Il Baek. Korea and the United States [M]. Research and Center for Peace and Unification of Korea, 1988:176。
5 Myung Hyun Cho. Korea and Major Powers [M]. Research Center For Peace And Unification of Korea.1989:251
1 Debra Liang-Fenton. Implementing U.S. Human Rights Policy: Agendas, Policies, and Practices. US Institute of Peace Press, 2004:179
2卡特上台之初逐渐将人权问题置于优先地位考虑,他说这样做是由于他对《圣经》的信仰。The President-Elect's News Conference in Los Angeles November 6, 1980. The American Presidency Project(Carter) http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=85231&st=human+rights&st1=
3王绳祖.国际关系史(第十卷)[M].北京:世界知识出版社, 1996:18
4吴艳君.美国理想主义外交政策的演变[J].中州大学学报, 2006(2):32
5Sandy Vogelgesang. American Dream, Global Nightmare: The Dilemma of U.S. Human Rights Policy[M]. W. W. Norton, 1980:15
1 Presidential Review Memorandum/NSC-13[Z]. National Security Council, January 26, 1977
2 Report To The American People - Remarks From The White House Library. February 2, 1977. The American Presidency Project(Carter). http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=7455&st=human+rights&st1=
3 Chae-Jin Lee. A Troubled Peace: U.S. Policy and the Two Koreas[M]. JHU Press, 2006:83
4卡特在1977年2月23日举行的新闻发布会上就政治犯问题阐述了对若干国家人权状况的看法,其中点名提到韩国伴之以古巴等国。The President's News Conference of. February 23, 1977. The American Presidency Project(Carter). http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=6887&st=south+korea&st1
5 Presidential Directive/NSC-12[Z]. National Security Council, May 5, 1977
6 Ad Hoc Coalition for Women Remarks to Representatives of Women's Groups. March 10, 1977.The American Presidency Project(Carter). http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=7146&st=human+rights&st1=
1 Kwang-Il Baek. Korea and the United States [M]. Research and Center for Peace and Unification of Korea, 1988:149
2Gregg Brazinsky, Nation building in South Korea: Koreans, Americans, and the making of a democracy [M].UNC Press, 2007:230
1 Debra Liang-Fenton. Implementing U.S. Human Rights Policy: Agendas, Policies, and Practices. US Institute of Peace Press, 2004:180
2 University of Notre Dame - Address at Commencement Exercises at the University. May 22, 1977. The American Presidency Project(Carter). http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=7552&st=south+korea&st1=
3Jewish High Holy Days Message of the President. August 15, 1977. The American Presidency Project(Carter). http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=7964&st=human+rights&st1=
4Andrew H. Malcolm,South Korea Is a Test of the Human Rights Issue[N]. The New York Times. May 1, 1977:E5
5University of Notre Dame - Address at Commencement Exercises at the University. May 22nd, 1977. The American Presidency Project(Carter). http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=7552&st=south+korea&st1
6 C.I. Eugene Kim. Emergency, Development, and Human Rights: South Korea[J]. Asian Survey, Vol.18, No.4. April, 1978:375
1卡特于1978年5月17日给朴正熙的信。Letter from President Jimmy Carter to President Chung Hee Park. White House. May 17, 1978. Declassified Documents Reference System(DDRS). Farmington Hills, Mich.: Gale Group, 2006. Document Number: CK3100129809
2 Interview With the President Question-and-Answer Session With Yoshio Hori and Yoshiki Hidaka of the Japan Broadcasting, Corporation (NHK). June 20, 1979. The American Presidency Project(Carter). http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=32504&st=human+rights&st1=
3Wilson, North Carolina Remarks at a Democratic Party Rally for John Ingram. August 5, 1978. The American Presidency Project(Carter). http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=31154&st=human+rights&st1=
4 HartFord, Connecticut Remarks at a Fundraising Reception for Governor Ella Grasso. October 28, 1978 The American Presidency Project(Carter). http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=30068&st=human+rights&st1=
5 Gresham, Oregon Remarks at a "Get Out the Vote" Rally. November 3, 1978 The American Presidency Project(Carter). http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=30110&st=human+rights&st1=另外卡特还在多种场合重申美国“已经举起人权大旗”( We've raised the banner of human rights.)强调“只要他在白宫……”这样的表述体现了卡特推行人权政策的决心。卡特同样的表达还可见于“美国总统项目(卡特)”资料库(The American Presidency Project)下述材料中:
1、Skokie, Illinois Remarks at a "Get Out the Vote" Rally. November 2, 1978. http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=30112&st=human+rights&st1=
2、Sacramento, California Remarks at a "Get Out the Vote" Rally. November 3, 1978 http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=30111&st=human+rights&st1=
3、Duluth, Minnesota Remarks at a "Get Out the Vote" Rally. November 3, 1978 http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=30112&st=human+rights&st1=
4、Interview With the President Remarks and a Question-and-Answer Session With Editors and News Directors. December 1, 1978 http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=30255&st=human+rights&st1= (不但如此,他在这次讲话中还越来越明确而坚定地表示,“地球上没有什么力量能够使美国与对人权的义务承诺相脱离。”见于: Universal Declaration of Human Rights Remarks at a White House Meeting Commemorating the 30th Anniversary of the Declaration's Signing. December 6, 1978 http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=30264&st=human+rights&st1=)
5、Memphis, Tennessee Remarks at the Democratic National Committee's National Finance Council Breakfast. December 9, 1978 http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=30286&st=human+rights&st1=
6、Wausau, Wisconsin Remarks at a Fundraising Reception for Representative David R. Obey. March 31, 1979 http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=32130&st=human+rights&st1=
7、BedFord, New Hampshire Remarks at a State Democratic Party Fund raising Dinner. April 25, 1979 http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=32233&st=human+rights&st1=
8、Democratic Congressional Campaign Dinner Remarks at the Dinner. May 9, 1979 http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=32317&st=human+rights&st1=
9、Chicago, Illinois Remarks at a Fundraising Dinner for Mayor Jane Byrne. October 15, 1979 http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=31534&st=human+rights&st1=
10、East RutherFord, New Jersey Interview With Dick Leone of WNET-TV. October 25, 1979 http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=31591&st=human+rights&st1=
11、Meeting With Student Leaders Remarks and a Question-and-Answer Session. February 15, 1980 http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=32938&st=human+rights&st1=
12、New York, New York Remarks at the International Ladies' Garment Workers Union Rally. October 30, 1980 http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=45397&st=human+rights&st1=
13、Saginaw, Michigan Remarks at a Rally With Area Residents. October 30, 1980 http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=45398&st=human+rights&st1=
14、Portland, Oregon Remarks at a Rally With Area Residents. November 3, 1980 http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=45454&st=human+rights&st1=
1 Kim, Bong Joong. Democracy and Human Rights: US-South Korean Relations, 1945-1979[D]. The University of Toledo, 1994:303
2 Interview With the President Question-and-Answer Session With Yoshio Hori and Yoshiki Hidaka of the Japan Broadcasting, Corporation (NHK). The American Presidency Project(Carter). June 20, 1979 http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=32504&st=south+korea&st1=这种表述另见于Interview With the President Question-and-Answer Session With Members of the Japanese Press. June 20, 1979 The American Presidency Project(Carter). http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=32534&st=south+korea&st1=
3 Equal Rights Amendment and Humphrey-Hawkins Full Employment Legislation Statement on Senate Action on the ERA Extension Resolution and a White House Task Force on the Employment Legislation. October 6, 1978. The American Presidency Project(Carter). http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=29937&st=human+rights&st1=
4 Mexico City, Mexico Remarks Before the Mexican Congress. February 16, 1979 The American Presidency Project(Carter). http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=31927&st=human+rights&st1=卡特同样的表达还可见于“美国总统项目(卡特)”资料库(The American Presidency Project)下述材料中:
1、Los Angeles, California Remarks at Dedication Ceremonies for La Placita de Dolores de Los Angeles. May
5, 1979. The American Presidency Project(Carter). http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=32295&st=human+rights&st1=
2、Visit of President Lopez Portillo of Mexico Joint Press Statement. September 29, 1979 The American Presidency Project(Carter). http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=31452&st=human+rights&st1=
1 Days of Remembrance of Victims of the Holocaust Remarks at a Commemorative Ceremony. April 24, 1979. The American Presidency Project(Carter). http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=32218&st=human+rights&st1=另见于:
1、President's Commission on the Holocaust Remarks on Receiving the Final Report of the Commission. September 27, 1979. The American Presidency Project(Carter). http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=31430&st=human+rights&st1=
2、Proclamation 4337 - Bill of Rights Day, Human Rights Day and Week December 3, 1974 The American Presidency Project(Carter). http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=23887&st=human+rights&st1=
2Gregg Brazinsky. Nation Building in South Korea: Koreans, Americans, and the Making of a Democracy [M].UNC Press, 2007:230
3 "Ask the President" Remarks During a Telephone Call-out Program on National Public Radio. October 13, 1979. The American Presidency Project(Carter). http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=31529&st=south+korea&st1=
1周琪.国会与美国外交政策[M].上海:上海社会科学院出版社, 2006:46
2 Remarks at the White House to Members of the American Legion. March 1, 1962. The American Presidency Project(Kennedy). http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=9083&st=south+korea&st1=
1 Kim, Bong Joong. Democracy and Human Rights: US-South Korean Relations, 1945-1979[D]. The University of Toledo, 1994:234
1Robert G. Rich. US Ground Force Withdrawal from Korea: A Case Study in National Security Decision Making[R]. United States Department of State Foreign Service Institute, June, 1982:8 2154 In Congress Condemn Jailings In South Korea[Z].The New York Times. October 28, 1976:12
3Digest of Other White House Announcements Week Ending Friday, March 25, 1977. The American Presidency Project(Carter). http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=7236&st=human+rights&st1=
4Henry Kamm. Korea Ex-President Urges U.S. Pressure; Foe of Park Regime Feels Appeal by Carter Would Encourage Return of Democracy[N] The New York Times, March 7, 1977:5
5Security Assistance Programs Letter to the Speaker of the House and the President of the Senate Transmitting Proposed Legislation. March 28, 1977. The American Presidency Project(Carter). http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=7243&st=human+rights&st1=
6Natalie Kaufman Hevener. The Dynamics of Human Rights in U.S. Foreign Policy[M].Transaction Publishers, 1981:288
1 Geir Helgesen. Democracy in South Korea——A Political Culture Perspective[M]. NIAS Press, 1995:13
2自由之家(FreedomHouse)是一个创建于1941年的国际性非政府组织,总部位于华盛顿,致力于民主、政治自由以及人权的研究和支持,其最知名的是对各国民主自由程度的年度评估,该报告被用于政治科学的研究。该组织80%左右的预算来自美国政府,但也接受其他来源的资助,例如布拉德利基金、史密斯·理查德森基金以及荷兰政府等。
3 Democracy of Korea[R].Korean Overseas Information Service,2005
4[新加坡]许通美.美国与东亚——冲突与合作[M].中央编译出版社,1999:110
5Farewell Address to the Nation January 14, 1981 The American Presidency Project(Reagan). http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=44516&st=human+rights&st1=
1康多莉扎·赖斯(Condoleezza Rice). 2006年度各国人权报告(序言)[EB/OL].美国驻华大使馆(中文)网站http://chinese.usembassy-china.org.cn/hr_report2006.html
2 Debra Liang-Fenton. Implementing U.S. Human Rights Policy: Agendas, Policies, and Practices. US Institute of Peace Press, 2004:179
1 Catherine Lutz. US Bases and Empire: Global Perspectives on the Asia Pacific [EB/OL]. [2009-02-11]. http://www.japanfocus.org/-Catherine-Lutz/3086
2刘绪贻.战后美国史(1945-2000)[M].北京:人民出版社,2002:12
3 Tim Kane. Global U.S. Troop Deployment, 1950-2005[EB/OL]. Ewing Marion Kauffman Foundation, May 24, 2006, (2006-05-24)[2009-09-22]http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1146649
4 Chalmers Johnson. 737 U.S. Military Bases = Global Empire[EB/OL]. [2008-02-18]. http://www.alternet.org/story/47998?page=entire
1Gregg Brazinsky. Nation Building in South Korea: Koreans, Americans, and the Making of A Democracy [M].UNC Press, 2007:74
2王帆.美国的亚太联盟[M].北京:世界知识出版社,2007:10
1 Nuclear Chronology (1950-1979) [EB/OL]. (2004-11)[2009-02-19]. http://www.nti.org/e_research/profiles/SKorea/Nuclear/3045.html.
2 Chronology: 1 January 1968 - 30 June 1968, Eighth United States Army, Staff Historian's office, G3, Headquarters, Eighth U.S. Army APO 96301. p17
3 Nuclear Chronology(1950-1979) [EB/OL] (2004-11)[2009-02-19]. http://www.nti.org/e_research/profiles/SKorea/Nuclear/3045.html
4 Stanley Weintraub. MacArthur's War: Korea and the Undoing of an American Hero[M]. Free Press, 2000:264
1 Robert S. Norris, William N. Arkin and William Burr. Where They Were [J]. The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, Vol. 55, No. 6, November/December 1999:30.
2朝鲜核计划[J].国外核武器动态, 2003(1):42
3 Kwang-Il Baek. Korea and the United States [M]. Research and Center for Peace and Unification of Korea, 1988:183
1 Lieutenant General A C Wedemeyer. Report to the President on China-Korea, September 1947[Z]. FRUS 1947, Volume VI, 1947:803
2 David S. Yost. The Future of U.S. Overseas Presence [R]. U.S. Army Military History Institute. Summer,1995:72
1 Memorandum From the Deputy Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs (Johnson) to the President's Special Assistant for National Security Affairs (Bundy).Washington, December 18, 1963 (Note 2) [Z]. FRUS. 1961-1963. Volume XXII. Doc.319.
2Memorandum From the President's Special Assistant for National Security Affairs (Bundy) to the Deputy Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs (Johnson).Washington, December 20, 1963[Z]. FRUS.1961-1963.Volume XXII. Doc.320
3美国国务院要求研究的内容包括:因撤军而应给韩国的“补偿”问题;撤出的部队部署在夏威夷对美国军事布局平衡性的影响以及作战机动性等问题进行评估;应该考虑该行动相关的预算盈亏问题;研究还应该包括美国所要采取的具体建议步骤,避免使日本、东南亚国家、欧洲以及中苏两国对我们的意图产生任何误解;同时要很好地向美国国会及美国公众解释这种撤军行动。NSAM 298: Study of Possible Redeployment of U.S. Division now Stationed in Korea[Z]. May 5, 1964 , L.B Johnson Library and Museum, http://www.lbjlib.utexas.edu/Johnson/archives.hom/NSAMs/nsam298.asp
4Memorandum of Conversation, Washington, May 18, 1965[Z].FRUS 1964-1968, Vol. XXIX, Korea, Department of State, Washington, DC, Doc.50
1Taking Up the White Man’s Burden: Two American Views (1954)[A]. Marvin E. Gettleman, Jane Franklin, Marilyn Young,Vietnam and America: A Documented History[M].Grove Press, 1995:52
2时殷弘.尼克松主义[M].武汉:武汉大学出版社, 1984:30
3关于此方面的情况可参见:Taking Up the White Man’s Burden: Two American Views (1954)[A]. Marvin E. Gettleman, Jane Franklin, Marilyn Young,Vietnam and America: A Documented History[M].Grove Press, 1995
1Peter W. Colm. The Reduction of Tension in Korea (Volume-2), Institute for Defense Analysis(Note 36). The US. Arms Control and Disarmament Agency, June 1972:174,
1Jong-Sup Lee, Uk Heo. The US-South Korea Alliance 1961-1988[M].The Edwin Mellen Press, 2002:39
2 Memorandum for Kissinger.[Z].The White House, Washington. November 24, 1969
3 Myung Hyun Cho. Korea and Major Powers [M]. Research Center For Peace And Unification of Korea.1989:297
4 Second Annual Report to the Congress on United States Foreign Policy. February 25, 1971. The American Presidency Project(Nixon). http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=3324&st=south+korea&st1=
5 Special Message to the Congress Proposing Supplemental Foreign Assistance Appropriations. November 18, 1970. The American Presidency Project(Nixon). http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=2822&st=south+korea&st1=
6时殷弘.尼克松主义[M].武汉:武汉大学出版社,1984:47
1 Jong-Sup Lee and Uk Heo. The U.S.-South Korean Alliance (1961-1988)[M]. The Edwin Mellen Press. 2002:40;100
2 Myung Hyun Cho. Korea and Major Powers [M]. Research Center For Peace and Unification of Korea.1989:303
3 William E. Berry, Jr. . The Invitation to Struggle: Executive and Legislative Competition Over the U.S. Military Presence on The Korean Peninsula (Part 1)[R]. May 17, 1996, U.S. Air Force Academy
4韓桂玉.韓国軍-駐韓米軍[M].かゃ書房, 1989:362
5神谷不二.朝鮮半島論[M]. PHP研究所, 1994:128
6刘绪贻.战后美国史(1945-2000)[M].北京:人民出版社,2002:430
1 Korea Watergate or Washout?[N]. The New York Times. March 29, 1977:23
2 Louisiana Governor Says His Wife Was Given $10,000 by South Korean[N]. The New York Times. October 26, 1976:14
3 Richard Halloran. South Korea Denies Links To Lobbyist; Says Park Does Not Represent Government Congressman Reports Contributions[N]. The New York Times. October 27, 1976:9
4 Nicholas M. Horrock. Big Political Scandal Held Possible Study Still in Early Stage; Inquiry on Korean Influence in U.S. Focuses on List of 90 in Congress[N]. The New York Times. October 28, 1976:89
5 Robert G. Rich. US Ground Force Withdrawal from Korea: A Case Study in National Security Decision Making[R]. United States Department of State Foreign Service Institute, June, 1982:9
1 Robert G. Rich. US Ground Force Withdrawal from Korea: A Case Study in National Security Decision Making[R]. United States Department of State Foreign Service Institute, June, 1982:7
1 Korean Surplus In U.S. Trade[N]. The New York Times, January 31, 1979:D3
2 William E. Berry, Jr. . The Invitation To Struggle: Executive And Legislative Competition Over The U.S. Military Presence On The Korean Peninsula (Part 2) [R]. U.S. Air Force Academy, May 17, 1996
1 Presidential Directive/NSC-12[Z]. May 5, 1977
2卡特认为,如果美国及时提供足够的海空及后勤支持的话,在5年之内韩国就具备了在没有美国地面军事力量援助情况下抵御朝鲜军事进攻以实现自保的能力。Kwang-Il Baek. Korea and the United States [M]. Research and Center for Peace and Unification of Korea, 1988:143
3 Force Planning and Budgetary Implications of U.S. Withdrawal from Korea[R]. Congressional Budget office, Congress of the United States, May 1978:14
1 Richard Halloran, A Partial U.S. Pullout From South Korea Now Seems Inevitable [N]. February 27, 1977:136
2 Kwang-Il Baek. Korea and the United States [M]. Research and Center for Peace and Unification of Korea, 1988:142
3 Bernard Weinraub. Carter Defends Plan to Reduce Forces in Korea[N]. The New York Times, May 27, 1977:39
1 North-South Talk In Korea To Open; First Contact in Panmunjom Set by Red Cross Units on Divided Families North and South Koreans Set Talks by Red Cross officials[N]. New York Times, August 15, 1971: 1
2 East Europe Trade Proposed To Seoul [N]. New York Times, August 22, 1971:6
1 Kwang-Il Baek. Korea and the United States [M]. Research and Center for Peace and Unification of Korea, 1988:146
2其目的就是在5年之内向“军事力量改进计划”提供资金,但实际上两次续期直到1990年才停止实行。
3 Zygmunt Nagorski Jr. Standing up for South Korea[N]. New York Times, June 14, 1975:27
4 William E. Berry, Jr. . The Invitation to Struggle: Executive and Legislative Competition Over the U.S. Military Presence on the Korean Peninsula (Part 1)[R]. May 17, 1996, U.S. Air Force Academy
5 Larry A. Niksch. US Troop Withdrawal from South Korea: Past Shortcomings and Future Prospects [J].Asian Survey, Vol.21, No.3, March 1981:329
1 Richard Halloran. Korean Lobbyist Fought to Hide Document Naming 70 Lawmakers[N].The New York Times, February 5, 1977:9
2 House Panel Opens Way For Korea Bribe Inquiry[N]. The New York Times, February 9, 1977:20
3 Kwang-Il Baek. Korea and the United States [M]. Research and Center for Peace and Unification of Korea, 1988:147
4 Chae-Jin Lee. A Troubled Peace: U.S. Policy and the Two Koreas[M]. JHU Press, 2006:84
1 Henry Kamm. Park Said to Yield Reluctantly to U.S. Korea Plan[N].The New York Times, May 26, 1977:3
2 Force Planning and Budgetary Implications of U.S. Withdrawal from Korea[R]. Congressional Budget office, Congress of the United States, May 1978:14
3 Jong-Sup Lee. Uk Heo. The US-South Korea Alliance 1961-1988[M].The Edwin Mellen Press, 2002:163
1美国国防部长施莱辛格曾经多次在不同场合指出,如果常规力量不能取得胜利的情况下,美国将动用战术核武器以阻止来自世界上“重点地区”(vital parts)的进攻,他具体提到了两个“重点地区”,一是欧洲、一是朝鲜半岛地区。Robert A. Mosbacher Jr.. Nuclear Arms and the Stakes in Korea[N]. The New York Times. September 17, 1975:45
2 North Korea Charges U.S. With 'Nuclear Blackmail'[N]. The New York Times, June 23, 1975:21
3 Malcolm W. Browne. Soviet Opens Drive For a U.S. Pullout from South Korea[N]. New York Times, June 25, 1975:10
4 Kwang-Il Baek. Korea and the United States [M]. Research and Center for Peace and Unification of Korea, 1988:182
5神谷不二.朝鮮半島論[M]. PHP研究所, 1994:66
1韓桂玉.韓国軍-駐韓米軍[M].かゃ書房,1989:365
2 Robert G. Rich. US Ground Force Withdrawal from Korea: A Case Study in National Security Decision Making[R].United States Department of State Foreign Service Institute, June, 1982:17
3 [美]亨利.欧文.七十年代的美国对外政策[M].生活.读书.新知三联书店, 1975:35
4Don Oberdorfer. The United States, Japan and the Korean Peninsula: Coordinating Policies and Objectives[R]. Working Paper No. 11. Johns Hopkins University, The Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies, U.S.A And Hajime Izumi University of Shizuoka, Japan
5 Bernard Gwertzman. Kissinger Tells Asian Allies U.S. Stands By Them; Warns States On Continent Not To Employ Force To Impose Will On Others Japan Society Address He Cites American Intent To Maintain Peace And Security In Korea[N].The New York Times, June 19, 1975:73
6 Tokyo and Seoul Are Pleased By Kissinger Remarks on Asia[N]. The New York Times .June 20, 1975:3
1 Chae-Jin Lee. A troubled peace: U.S. Policy and the Two Koreas[M]. JHU Press, 2006:83
2 Mondale Says U.S. Will Keep Some Forces in Korea[N]. The New York Times. February 1, 1977:3
3 Henry Kamm. U.S. Stand on Korea Assures Japanese; Statements on Troop Withdrawals and Stability Made By Mondale[N]. The New York Times, February 4, 1977:3
1 Korean Peninsula, Issues/Talking Point[Z]. State of Department, November 1974
1 Myung Hyun Cho. Korea and Major Powers [M]. Research Center for Peace and Unification of Korea.1989:309
2 James Reston. Compromise With Nixon Indicated Chinese Army Demands That U.S. Leave All Asia[N]. The New York Times. August 2, 1971:1
3神谷不二.朝鮮半島論[M]. PHP研究所,1994:152
1 South Korean Warns That Soviet May Bolster Its Navy in Far East[N]. The New York Times, January 14, 1979:6
2 U.S. Visitors Bid China Curb Korea; Congressional Group Meets Deputy Premier In Peking[N]. New York Times. August 7, 1975:6
3 Chae-Jin Lee. A Troubled Peace: U.S. Policy and the Two Koreas[M]. JHU Press, 2006:88
4 South Koreans Voice Some Disappointment On Teng Visit to U.S. [N]. The New York Times February 11, 1979:20
5 Richard Halloran. Carter Due to Ask Teng for Help on Korea; First Wide-Ranging Conversation[N]. The New York Times, January 24, 1979:A9
1 The President's News Conference of. May 26th, 1977 http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=7587&st=south+korea&st1
2 Bernard Weinraub. General Returns From South Korea to Face Carter[N]. The New York Times, May 21, 1977:5
3 Bernard Weinraub. Defense Chief Backs Korea Plan, Says the Military Must Support It; Defense Chief Backs Korea Plan[N]. The New York Times, May 23, 1977:1
4 General Who Attacked Carter Plans Agrees to Retire[N]. The New York Times, April 29, 1978:8
1 Donald S. Zagoria. Why We Can't Leave Korea[N]. The New York Times Magazine, October 2, 1977:SM5
2 Larry A. Niksch. US Troop Withdrawal from South Korea: Past Shortcomings and Future Prospects [J].Asian Survey, Vol.21, No.3 March 1981:339
1 Chae-Jin Lee. A Troubled Peace: U.S. Policy and the Two Koreas[M]. JHU Press, 2006:88
2 Gregg Brazinsky. Nation building in South Korea: Koreans, Americans, and the Making of A Democracy[M].UNC Press, 2007:230
1 Larry A. Niksch. US Troop Withdrawal from South Korea: Past Shortcomings and Future Prospects [J].Asian Survey, Vol.21, No.3. March 1981:328
2 Robert G. Rich. US Ground Force Withdrawal from Korea: A Case Study in National Security Decision Making[R]. United States Department of State Foreign Service Institute, June, 1982:21
3 Kwang-Il Baek. Korea and the United States [M]. Research and Center for Peace and Unification of Korea, 1988:158
4 Terence Smith. Carter Cuts Total of U.S. Troops To Leave South Korea This Year; Congressional Inactio n on Aid to Seoul Cited --Pullout Will Be Limited to One Battalion[N]. The New York Times, April 22, 1978:45
1 Richard Burt House Unit Blocks Korean Pullout; Congressional Approval Delayed The New York Times,April 27, 1978:A6
2 National Security Council Memorandum, December 30, 1977 Declassified Documents Reference System(DDRS). Farmington Hills, Mich.: Gale Group, 2006.Document Number: CK3100080511
3 Chae-Jin Lee. A Troubled Peace: U.S. Policy and the Two Koreas[M]. JHU Press, 2006:89
1 Richard Halloran. Stevenson To Stall A U.S. Loan To Seoul[ N]. The New York Times February 23, 1978: A11
2 O'Neill Denies He Talked With Park about Korea[N]. April 17, 1978, J14
3 Richard Halloran. Ex-Rep. Hanna Is Sentenced to Prison in Korean Influence-Buying Case[N]. The New York Times. April 25, 1978:77
4 Richard Halloran. Kissinger Testifies On 'Bribery' By Korea[N]. The New York Times. April 21, 1978:A11
5 Korean Denies An Accord On Ex-Envoy's Testimony[N]. The New York Times, April 10, 1978:A18
1 Interview With the President Remarks and a Question-and-Answer Session With a Group of Editors and News Directors. January 13, 1978 The American Presidency Project(Carter). http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=30689&st=south+korea&st1=
2语出美国助理国务卿霍布鲁克(Holbrooke):“虽然韩国门事件的发生源于某些误解、错误行动及缺乏及时充分的补救措施,但这并没有危及美韩联盟的基础”。Chae-Jin Lee. A Troubled Peace: U.S. Policy and the Two Koreas[M]. JHU Press, 2006:102
3Gregg Brazinsky. Nation building in South Korea: Koreans, Americans, and the making of a democracy[M].UNC Press, 2007:230
4 Richard Burt. New Study Raises U.S. Estimate of North Korean Army Strength; Stress on Organizational Changes Withdrawal Decision Made in 1977[N]. The New York Times, January 4, 1979: A8
1 Robert G. Rich. US Ground Force Withdrawal from Korea: A Case Study in National Security Decision Making[R]. United States Department of State Foreign Service Institute, June, 1982:25
2 Bernard Weinraub Opposition Growing On Korean Pullout; Resistance In Congress Bolstered By Revised Army Estimate of North's Military Strength[N]. The New York Times. January 21, 1979:15
3 Senate Unit Urges Pullout Halt[N]. The New York Times, January 24, 1979: A9
1 Robert G. Rich. US Ground Force Withdrawal from Korea: A Case Study in National Security Decision Making[R]. United States Department of State Foreign Service Institute, June, 1982:26
2Kwang-Il Baek. Korea and the United States [M]. Research and Center for Peace and Unification of Korea, 1988:166
3Interview With the President Question-and-Answer Session With Members of the Japanese Press. June 20, 1979. The American Presidency Project(Carter). http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=32534&st=south+korea&st1=
1Korean and East Asian Issues Questions and Answers for Publication in the Orient Press. June 21, 1979 . The American Presidency Project(Carter). http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=32536&st=south+korea&st1=
2United States Troop Withdrawals From the Republic of Korea Statement by the President. July 20, 1979. The American Presidency Project(Carter). http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=32622&st=south+korea&st1=
1 Jong-Sup Lee and Uk Heo. The U.S.-South Korean Alliance (1961-1988) [M]. The Edwin Mellen Press. 2002:81
2 Chronology of Major U.S. Armed Forces Incidents in Korea Since 1959[Z]. Memo. Department of State. July 14, 1977. DDRS. Farmington Hills, Mich.: Gale Group, 2006.Document Number: CK3100093684
3 Intelligence Note From the Director of the Bureau of Intelligence and Research (Hughes) to Secretary of State Rusk No. 870 (Note 3) [Z]. FRUS 1964-1968, Vol. XXIX. Doc.207
1 US Strategy in Asia: Trends, Issues, and Choice, Briefing Memorandum[Z]. Department of State, October 16, 1975
1 Vladimir Socolovo. Sino-Korean Hydropower Project[J]. New Times, No.14, April 14, 1961:28
2 Don Oberdorfer. The Two Koreas——A Contemporary History [M]. Addison- Wesley, Reading Massachusetts, 1997:251
3 Young Sun Ha. Nuclearization of Small States and World Order: The Case of Korea [J]. Asian Survey, Vol. 18, No. 11, November 1978:1140
1 Ferenc Rátkai chargéd’affaires ad interim Report, Embassy of Hungary in North Korea to the Hungarian Foreign Ministry [Z]. CWIHP. Identifier: 756495F9-9001-5767-E48EB83F8F35EB89, Date: 4 August 1983.
2 Young Sun Ha. Nuclearization of Small States and World Order: The Case of Korea [J]. Asian Survey, Vol. 18, No. 11, November 1978:1139
3 Seoul Chief Terms US Troops Vital [N]. The New York Times, 24 June 1970:1
1 US Notifies Seoul of its Plan for Removal of Some Troops [N]. The New York Times, 9 July 1970:10
2 CINCPAC Command History (VolumeⅠ) [Z]. 1974:262
3驻韩美军曾在韩国部署数百枚核武器[EB/OL]. (2005-10-11)[2009-02-02].http://news.enorth.com.cn/system/2005/10/11/001137217.shtml
1 Rebecca K. C. Hersman and Robert Peters. Nuclear U-Turns-----Learning from South Korean and Taiwanese Rollback[J]. Nonproliferation Review, Vol. 13, No 3, November 2006:542
2 Bernard Gwertzman. 6000 Ground Troops In Korea Will Leave By End of Next Year[N]. New York Times, June
6, 1977:61
3 official Hints South Korea Might Build Atom Bomb [N]. The New York Times, 1 July 1977:4
4 Habib to Visit Seoul for Talks on Pullout [N]. The New York Times, 9 July 1977:5
5 Kim Hyung-A. Korea’s Development Under Park Chung Hee——Rapid Industrialization(1961-1979)[M]. Routledge Curzon Taylor And Fancies London and New York, 2004:198
1 Park Chung Hee. Self-Reliant Defense and Economic Construction (Press Conference, on January 10, 1969)[M]. Major Speech by Korea’s Park Chung Hee. Hollym Corporation: Publishers, Seoul, Korea, 1970:212
2 Kim Hyung-A. Korea’s Development Under Park Chung-hee——Rapid Industrialization, 1961-1979[M]. Routledge Curzon, Taylor & Francis Group, 2004:109
1 Andrew H. Malcolm. South Korea Builds a Defense Industry [N]. The New York Times, 10 October, 1977:7
2 Force Planning and Budgetary Implications of U.S. Withdrawal from Korea[R]. Congressional Budget office, Congress of the United States, May 1978:13
3 Implementation of the NPT Safeguards Agreement in the Republic of Korea[R]. IAEA.2004:6
1 Young Sun Ha. Nuclearization of Small States and World Order: The Case of Korea [J]. Asian Survey, Vol. 18, No. 11, November 1978:1139
2 Ferenc Szabó, Ambassador Report, Embassy of Hungary in North Korea to the Hungarian Foreign Ministry [Z]. CWIHP. Date: 22 May 1979, Identifier: 756495F9-9001-5767-E48EB83F8F35EB89
3美国驻韩核武器大部分是在1958年年初到1964年年底完成部署的,规格、型号以及调整时间等相关信息在下述档案材料中有详细记载:History of the Custody and Development of Nuclear Weapons (U), July 1945 through September 1977, Office of the Assistant to the Secretary of oOffence (Atomic Energy), February 1978
1 Don Oberdorfer. The Two Koreas——A Contemporary History[M]. Addison-Wesley, Reading Massachusetts, 1997:69
2 US Strategy in Asia: Trends, Issues, and Choice, Briefing Memorandum [Z]. Department of State, October 16, 1975(该文件正文第2页)
1 Don Oberdorfer. The Two Koreas——A Contemporary History[M]. Addison-Wesley, Reading Massachusetts, 1997:71
2 US Strategy in Asia, Briefing Memorandum[Z]. October 16, 1975(该文件正文第2页)
1 US Strategy in Asia: Trends, Issues, and Choice, Briefing Memorandum [Z]. Department of State, October 16, 1975(该文件附件第7页)
2 Kim Hyung-A. Korea’s Development Under Park Chung Hee——Rapid Industrialization(1961-1979)[M]. Routledge Curzon Taylor And Fancies. London and New York, 2004:195
3 Deployment of Nuclear Weapons [Z]. CINCPAC Command History (VolumeⅠ), 1976:159
4 Pyungwon Kong. Change in the Political System of Republic of Korea (ROK) and the United States (U.S.)– ROK Alliance [D]. Eberly College of Arts and Sciences, West Virginia University, 2005:84
5 Young Sun Ha. Nuclearization of Small States and World Order: The Case of Korea [J]. Asian Survey, Vol. 18, No. 11, November 1978:1142
1 Kim Hyung-A. Korea’s Development under Park Chung Hee——Rapid Industrialization (1961-1979) [M]. Routledge Curzon Taylor and Fancies. London and New York, 2004:193
1 Don Oberdorfer. The Two Koreas——A Contemporary History [M]. Addison-Wesley, Reading Massachusetts, 1997:70
1 Don Oberdorfer. The Two Koreas——A Contemporary History[M]. Addison-Wesley, Reading Massachusetts, 1997:73
2 Interview with the President Remarks and a Question-and-Answer Session With Editors and News Directors. May 11, 1979. The American Presidentcy Project (Carter). http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=32330&st=south+korea&st1=
1 Don Oberdorfer. The Two Koreas——A Contemporary History[M]. Addison-Wesley, Reading Massachusetts, 1997:70
1高奇琦.韩国的核选择:历史与现实比较[J].当代韩国, 2007(冬季号):64
2韩国议员讨论开发核武器以使朝鲜弃核[EB/OL]. [2009-05-30]. http://int.nfdaily.cn/content/2009-05/30/content_5198316.htm
3朝鲜军方表示有权对任何挑衅进行先发制人打击[EB/OL]. http://news.163.com/09/0616/00/5BSV5S9Q000120GU.html
4 Truth behind S. Korea's Development of Nukes Disclosed [EB/OL]. ( 2004-10-25)[2008-12-22] http://www.kcna.co.jp/item/2004/200410/news10/25.htm.
5 Nuclear Power in Korea[EB/OL]. (2009-02)[2009-04-01]. http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf81.html.
1 [美]斯蒂芬·沃尔特.联盟的起源[M].北京:北京大学出版社, 2007:序言
2 Myung Hyun Cho. Korea and Major Powers [M]. Research Center for Peace and Unification of Korea.1989:304
3语出基辛格。参见:Excerpts from Kissinger's Address at Dinner of the Japan Society[N]. The New York Times. June 19, 1975:8
1 Myung Hyun Cho. Korea and Major Powers[M]. Research Center for Peace and Unification of Korea.1989:305
1 Robert G. Rich. US Ground Force Withdrawal from Korea: A Case Study in National Security Decision Making[R]. United States Department of State Foreign Service Institute, June, 1982:16
2 William E. Berry, Jr. The Invitation to Struggle: Executive and Legislative Competition Over the U.S. Military Presence on the Korean Peninsula (Part 2) [R]. May 17, 1996, U.S. Air Force Academy
3Larry A. Niksch. US Troop Withdrawal from South Korea: Past Shortcomings and Future Prospects [J].Asian Survey, Vol.21, No.3, March 1981:334
1 Robert G. Rich. US Ground Force Withdrawal from Korea: A Case Study in National Security Decision Making[R]. United States Department of State Foreign Service Institute, June, 1982:16
2 William E. Berry, Jr. The Invitation to Struggle: Executive and Legislative Competition Over the U.S. Military Presence on the Korean Peninsula (Part 2) [R]. May 17, 1996, U.S. Air Force Academy
3Larry A. Niksch. US Troop Withdrawal from South Korea: Past Shortcomings and Future Prospects [J].Asian Survey, Vol.21, No.3, March 1981:334
1 U.S.Military Bases and Empire [EB/OL]. Monthly Review Volume 53, Number 10. http://www.monthlyreview.org/0302editr.htm
2 Richard Halloran. U.S. Reconsiders Ground Forces in Korea, Japan, Global Beat Issue Brief No. 62, October 8, 2000. http://www.bu.edu/globalbeat/pubs/ib62.html
1福特在谋求连任时的广播讲话。Radio Address on Peace. October 28, 1976. The American Presidency Project(Ford) http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=6559&st=south+korea&st1=
2肯尼迪说,到1961年,美国所认可的与之存在“亲密联盟关系”的国家达到40多个。Remarks at the President's Birthday Dinner in Boston. May 29, 1961. The American Presidency Project(Kennedy) http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=8159&st=south+korea&st1=他还指出,美国“现在有100多万人在国外服役,历史上没有哪个国家承担过如此重任,而有些国家在海外部署重兵但却是为了实现征服任务。我们在韩国有两个师——不是为了控制韩国而是为了保护它,在南越也有许多美国人,…..我们这100多万人正尽力保卫这些国家…….”。Television and Radio Interview: After Two Years - a Conversation with the President. December 17, 1962. The American Presidency Project(Kennedy) http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=9060&st=south+korea&st1=
3 Kim Hyung-A, Korea’s Development Under Park Chung Hee------- Rapid Industrialization(1961-1979)[M]. Routledge Curzon Taylor And Fancies London and new York, 2004:195
1约翰逊认为,当美国已经完全卷入越南地面战斗时应更加不遗余力地维护东亚战略网。他在关于1967年财政年度美国对老挝、韩国和泰国等国的援助问题作了上述讲话。见于:Department of State Bulletin, February
28, 1966, Vol.LIV, No.1392:325;福特也指出,韩国是美国“整个亚太战略中非常关键的一环,美韩之间有着很好的合作计划和良好的军事关系。就我而言,我们将继续保持这种稳固的关系,因为这是我们整个太平洋战略的一部分。见于:The President's News Conference of May 3, 1976 The American Presidency Project(Ford). http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=5931&st=south+korea&st1=
2语出卡特,见于:Presidential Scholars Remarks to High School Students Selected as Presidential Scholars of 1977.June 9, 1977. The American Presidency Project (Carter). http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=7648&st=human+rights&st1=
3语出卡特,见于:Withdrawal of U.S. Ground Combat Forces From the Republic of Korea Statement by the President. April 21, 1978 The American Presidency Project (Carter). http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=30694&st=south+korea&st1=
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2Telegram from the Embassy in Korea to the Department of State Seoul, July 15, 1963[Z]. FRUS. 1961-1963. Volume XXII. Doc.311
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4赵虎吉.揭开韩国神秘的面纱[M].北京:民族出版社, 2003:11
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