旋转多圆柱测量仪冰风洞试验研究
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摘要
随着我国大型冰风洞即将建立,建立统一的有关防冰/除冰的冰风洞试验技术标准变得非常迫切和需要。气象参数指标是冰风洞试验的关键技术所在,因此云层的特性参数:液态水含量(LWC)和水滴直径(MVD)的准确测量变得很重要。
水含量及水滴尺寸的测量方法有很多,本文在总结国外文献的基础上,结合我国目前的冰风洞试验研究现状,进行了旋转多圆柱冰风洞试验研究,给出了一套旋转多圆柱测量水滴参数方案。前两章介绍了水滴参数测量的重要性以及国外目前分别测量LWC和MVD的各种仪器;着重阐述了旋转多圆柱测量水滴参数的原理以及数据分析程序;并针对本次设计的仪器编制了相应的数据分析软件。第三章着重讨论了旋转多圆柱的设计,并对其在冰风洞的使用进行了研究,提出了在相同结冰条件下使用旋转单圆柱校准LWC,编制了相应的单圆柱分析软件。第四章着重阐述了试验台的搭建、测量步骤、测量方法以及测试结果分析,并对试验过程中发现的问题提出了解决方案。最后在第五章对论文进行了总结,并对旋转多圆柱测量水滴参数进一步试验研究提出了展望。
Along with the establishment of large-scale icing wind tunnel in our country, unified standard of icing wind tunnel test technique is very important. Meteorological parameters indexes are the key to test of icing wind tunnel, so accurate measurement of liquid water content & water droplets diameter become very important.
There are many methods to measure liquid water content & water droplets. Based upon the analysis of foreign relevant literature, combined with the state-of-art of research on icing wind tunnel in China, research on icing wind tunnel of rotating multi-cylinder was carried on. The two preceding chapters introduce the importance of water droplets parameters measurement, and instruments measuring LWC & MVD respectively; the principle of RMC and data analysis procedure is expounded; compiled the responding analysis software aiming at the RMC designed. The third chapters discuss the design of RMC, which involves with the considerable factors, and how to use it. The calibration of LWC with rotating single cylinder has been proposed, and the analysis software of which is compiled. Next, the forth chapter focuses on laboratory construction, measuring steps, measurement methods and test results analysis, meanwhile lists experimental course problems, and has put forward the solution. Finally, the fifth chapter sums up the paper and gives some considerations for further experimental study on RMC.
水含量及水滴尺寸的测量方法有很多,本文在总结国外文献的基础上,结合我国目前的冰风洞试验研究现状,进行了旋转多圆柱冰风洞试验研究,给出了一套旋转多圆柱测量水滴参数方案。前两章介绍了水滴参数测量的重要性以及国外目前分别测量LWC和MVD的各种仪器;着重阐述了旋转多圆柱测量水滴参数的原理以及数据分析程序;并针对本次设计的仪器编制了相应的数据分析软件。第三章着重讨论了旋转多圆柱的设计,并对其在冰风洞的使用进行了研究,提出了在相同结冰条件下使用旋转单圆柱校准LWC,编制了相应的单圆柱分析软件。第四章着重阐述了试验台的搭建、测量步骤、测量方法以及测试结果分析,并对试验过程中发现的问题提出了解决方案。最后在第五章对论文进行了总结,并对旋转多圆柱测量水滴参数进一步试验研究提出了展望。
Along with the establishment of large-scale icing wind tunnel in our country, unified standard of icing wind tunnel test technique is very important. Meteorological parameters indexes are the key to test of icing wind tunnel, so accurate measurement of liquid water content & water droplets diameter become very important.
There are many methods to measure liquid water content & water droplets. Based upon the analysis of foreign relevant literature, combined with the state-of-art of research on icing wind tunnel in China, research on icing wind tunnel of rotating multi-cylinder was carried on. The two preceding chapters introduce the importance of water droplets parameters measurement, and instruments measuring LWC & MVD respectively; the principle of RMC and data analysis procedure is expounded; compiled the responding analysis software aiming at the RMC designed. The third chapters discuss the design of RMC, which involves with the considerable factors, and how to use it. The calibration of LWC with rotating single cylinder has been proposed, and the analysis software of which is compiled. Next, the forth chapter focuses on laboratory construction, measuring steps, measurement methods and test results analysis, meanwhile lists experimental course problems, and has put forward the solution. Finally, the fifth chapter sums up the paper and gives some considerations for further experimental study on RMC.
引文
[1]裘燮纲,韩凤华合编,飞机防冰系统[M],航空专业教材编审组出版,1985
[2]贺国启,何广勤,郑华冰,结冰气象环境与结冰风洞试验,装备技术,2003年第10期
[3]中国民用航空规章,第25部,运输类飞机适航标准,CCAR-25,中国民用航空总章,1985
[4]王宗衍,美国冰风洞概况,航空科学与技术,1997.3:45-47
[5]Jackie Dwayne bell, Icing at the McKinley Climatic Laboratory, 43rd AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit,10-13 January 2005,Reno,Nevada,AIAA 2005-695
[6]SAE Subcommittee AC-9C(Aircraft Icing Technology),Facility Standardization Panel,Icing Wind Tunnel Interfacility Comparison Study,1997-2004
[7]Dye , J.E. and D. Baumgardner , 1984 : Evaluation of the forward scattering spectrometer probe. Part I:Electronic and Optical studies.
[8]Anonymous,Calibration and Acceptance of Icing Wind Tunnels,SAE Aerospace Recommended Practices (ARP)-5905,Society of Automotive Engineers,Warrendale,PA,draft,July 2002
[9]S.C.Tan, M.Papadakis, S.Muthuswamy, Development of a Total Liquid Water Content Probe,AIAA2004-730,2004/1
[10]Robert F.Idle , G. Paul Richter , Comparison of Icing Cloud Instruments for 1982~1983 Icing Season Flight Program,NASA-TM-83569,1984/1
[11]Lewis.w etc.,Procedure for Measuring Liquid-water—Water Content and Droplet Sides In Supercooled Clouds by Rotating Multicylinder Method,NASA RM E53D23,1953
[12]D.G. Jackson,D.J. Cronin,J.A. Severson,etal. Ludlam Limit Considerations on cylinder ice accretion,AlAA-2001-0679
[13]Brun R.J.etc.,Impingement of Water Droplets on a Cylinder in an Incompressible Flow Field and Evaluation of Rotating Multicylinder Method For Measurement of Droplet-Size Distribution,Volume Median Droplet Size,and Liquid-Water Content inClouds,NACA TN 2904 1953
[14]Howe,J.B.,1960:Handbook for the rotating multicylinder method. Aeronautical Icing Research Laboratories,Tech. Note No.568,39,pp
[15]Lasse Makkonen , Analysis of Rotating Multicylinder Data in Measuring Cloud-Droplet Size and Liquid Water Content,Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology,1992.6:258-263
[16]李宇钦,冰风洞水滴参数测量方法研究,[硕士学位论文],南京,南京航空航天大学,2006
[17]孙志忠,袁慰平,闻震初,数值分析,东南大学出版社,2002
[18]F. Durst,D. Milojevic,B. Sch?nung,Elulerian and Lagrangian Predictions of Particulate Two-phase Flows: a Numerical Study,Journal of Applied Mathematic Modelling,1984.4,101-115
[19]Finstad,R.J.,Lozowski,E.P.,Makkonen.L,On the Median Volume Diameter Approximation for Droplet Collision Efficiency,Journal of Atmospheric Sciences,Vol.45,No.24,1988
[20]J.R. Stallbrass. An Appraisal of the Single Rotating Cylinder Method of Liquid Water Content Measurement ,National Research Council of Canada Low Temperature Laboratory,Report L TR-LT-92,November,1978
[21]Schaefer,Vinncent J.:Demountable Rotating Multicylinders for Measuring Liquid Water Content and Particle Size of Clouds in Above and Below Freezing Temperatures. Tech. Rep. No. 5539,Air Materiel Command,Army Air Forces,Jan. 24,1947,pp.59-67
[22]I. P. mazin,A. V. Korolev,A.Heymfield,etal. Thermodynamics of Icing Cylinder for Measurements of Liquid Water Content in Supercooled Clouds , Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology,2001.4:543-558
[23]Downie,C.S.,The Rotating Cylinder Method for Obtaining Icing Intensity Data,Eng. Rep. No. AIRL,Aero,Ice Res. Lab,(Minneapolis),Sept. 1947
[24]Wallace E.Howell,Comparison of Three Multicylinder Icing Meters and Critique of Multicylinder Method,NASA-TN-2708,1952
[25]Jones,K.F.,The Density of Natural Ice Accretions Related to Non-Dimensional Icing Parameters,Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society,Vol. 116,pp 477-496,1990
[26]Jones,Alun R.,and Lewis,William:A Review of Instruments Developed for theMeasurement of the Meteorological Factors Conductive to Aircraft Icing. NASA RM A9C09,1949
[27]韩占忠、王敬、兰小平编,FLUENT:流体工程仿真计算机实例与应用,2004
[28]周谟仁,流体力学泵与风机,中国建筑工业出版社.
[29]D.Knezevicil, R.J.Kind, M.M.Oleskiw, Determination of Median Volume Diameter (MVD) and Liquid Water Content (LWC) by Multiple Rotating Cylinders, AIAA2005-861,2005/1
[30]E. Achenbach,The Effect of Surface Roughness on the Heat Transfer from a Circular Cylinder to the Cross Flow of Air,International Journal of Heat Mass Transfer,1977
[31]E.P. Lozowski,J.R. Stallabrass,P.F. Hearty,The Icing of an Unheated, Nonrotating cylinder: Part I, II, Journal of Climate and Applied Meteorology,1983.11,2053-2074
[2]贺国启,何广勤,郑华冰,结冰气象环境与结冰风洞试验,装备技术,2003年第10期
[3]中国民用航空规章,第25部,运输类飞机适航标准,CCAR-25,中国民用航空总章,1985
[4]王宗衍,美国冰风洞概况,航空科学与技术,1997.3:45-47
[5]Jackie Dwayne bell, Icing at the McKinley Climatic Laboratory, 43rd AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit,10-13 January 2005,Reno,Nevada,AIAA 2005-695
[6]SAE Subcommittee AC-9C(Aircraft Icing Technology),Facility Standardization Panel,Icing Wind Tunnel Interfacility Comparison Study,1997-2004
[7]Dye , J.E. and D. Baumgardner , 1984 : Evaluation of the forward scattering spectrometer probe. Part I:Electronic and Optical studies.
[8]Anonymous,Calibration and Acceptance of Icing Wind Tunnels,SAE Aerospace Recommended Practices (ARP)-5905,Society of Automotive Engineers,Warrendale,PA,draft,July 2002
[9]S.C.Tan, M.Papadakis, S.Muthuswamy, Development of a Total Liquid Water Content Probe,AIAA2004-730,2004/1
[10]Robert F.Idle , G. Paul Richter , Comparison of Icing Cloud Instruments for 1982~1983 Icing Season Flight Program,NASA-TM-83569,1984/1
[11]Lewis.w etc.,Procedure for Measuring Liquid-water—Water Content and Droplet Sides In Supercooled Clouds by Rotating Multicylinder Method,NASA RM E53D23,1953
[12]D.G. Jackson,D.J. Cronin,J.A. Severson,etal. Ludlam Limit Considerations on cylinder ice accretion,AlAA-2001-0679
[13]Brun R.J.etc.,Impingement of Water Droplets on a Cylinder in an Incompressible Flow Field and Evaluation of Rotating Multicylinder Method For Measurement of Droplet-Size Distribution,Volume Median Droplet Size,and Liquid-Water Content inClouds,NACA TN 2904 1953
[14]Howe,J.B.,1960:Handbook for the rotating multicylinder method. Aeronautical Icing Research Laboratories,Tech. Note No.568,39,pp
[15]Lasse Makkonen , Analysis of Rotating Multicylinder Data in Measuring Cloud-Droplet Size and Liquid Water Content,Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology,1992.6:258-263
[16]李宇钦,冰风洞水滴参数测量方法研究,[硕士学位论文],南京,南京航空航天大学,2006
[17]孙志忠,袁慰平,闻震初,数值分析,东南大学出版社,2002
[18]F. Durst,D. Milojevic,B. Sch?nung,Elulerian and Lagrangian Predictions of Particulate Two-phase Flows: a Numerical Study,Journal of Applied Mathematic Modelling,1984.4,101-115
[19]Finstad,R.J.,Lozowski,E.P.,Makkonen.L,On the Median Volume Diameter Approximation for Droplet Collision Efficiency,Journal of Atmospheric Sciences,Vol.45,No.24,1988
[20]J.R. Stallbrass. An Appraisal of the Single Rotating Cylinder Method of Liquid Water Content Measurement ,National Research Council of Canada Low Temperature Laboratory,Report L TR-LT-92,November,1978
[21]Schaefer,Vinncent J.:Demountable Rotating Multicylinders for Measuring Liquid Water Content and Particle Size of Clouds in Above and Below Freezing Temperatures. Tech. Rep. No. 5539,Air Materiel Command,Army Air Forces,Jan. 24,1947,pp.59-67
[22]I. P. mazin,A. V. Korolev,A.Heymfield,etal. Thermodynamics of Icing Cylinder for Measurements of Liquid Water Content in Supercooled Clouds , Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology,2001.4:543-558
[23]Downie,C.S.,The Rotating Cylinder Method for Obtaining Icing Intensity Data,Eng. Rep. No. AIRL,Aero,Ice Res. Lab,(Minneapolis),Sept. 1947
[24]Wallace E.Howell,Comparison of Three Multicylinder Icing Meters and Critique of Multicylinder Method,NASA-TN-2708,1952
[25]Jones,K.F.,The Density of Natural Ice Accretions Related to Non-Dimensional Icing Parameters,Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society,Vol. 116,pp 477-496,1990
[26]Jones,Alun R.,and Lewis,William:A Review of Instruments Developed for theMeasurement of the Meteorological Factors Conductive to Aircraft Icing. NASA RM A9C09,1949
[27]韩占忠、王敬、兰小平编,FLUENT:流体工程仿真计算机实例与应用,2004
[28]周谟仁,流体力学泵与风机,中国建筑工业出版社.
[29]D.Knezevicil, R.J.Kind, M.M.Oleskiw, Determination of Median Volume Diameter (MVD) and Liquid Water Content (LWC) by Multiple Rotating Cylinders, AIAA2005-861,2005/1
[30]E. Achenbach,The Effect of Surface Roughness on the Heat Transfer from a Circular Cylinder to the Cross Flow of Air,International Journal of Heat Mass Transfer,1977
[31]E.P. Lozowski,J.R. Stallabrass,P.F. Hearty,The Icing of an Unheated, Nonrotating cylinder: Part I, II, Journal of Climate and Applied Meteorology,1983.11,2053-2074