改善冶炼烟气制酸废气排放的研究
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摘要
本文对硫酸生产技术的发展进行了综述,介绍了烟气脱硫技术,同时,从热力学、动力学的角度阐述了烟气制酸基本原理,较详细地分析了其影响因素,提出了如何改善其效率的具体措施;并针对韶关冶炼厂硫酸生产现状与面临的问题,提出了为改善制酸废气排放、节能降耗并提高硫酸系统产能,除确保尾气处理系统高效运转外,还需在以下几个方面对硫酸系统工艺、设备等进行挖潜和更新改造:
(1)提高电收尘、净化系统的除尘、净化效率;
(2)转化、干吸改造,改善干吸效果,提高SO_2转化率和生产能力。
考虑到净化设备能力不足、转化设备陈旧以及铅锌烧结工艺特点,在尽可能利用原有设备装置以节省投资的前提下,对韶冶制酸系统进行如下技改:
(1)净化:电收尘全改用宽极距“C”形板,采用高压恒流源送电;在空塔和洗涤塔间增加一级动力波洗涤器,洗涤塔和一、二段电除雾器进行二合一改造,原一、二段石墨间冷器均改为铅间冷器,空塔系统设备保留,不作改动。
(2)转化:进行二转二吸改造,采用“3+1”二次转化流程,换热流程为ⅣⅠ—ⅢⅡ,干吸工序采用高温吸收工艺。
改造后,通过工艺参数的优化,制酸系统适应工艺波动能力及自热平衡能力较强,总转化率超过99.50%,120m烟囱排放SO_2和酸雾达标率提高,排放总量大幅下降,其它指标均有不同程度的改善。同时,通过攻关,实现了烧结与硫酸同步开机生产,进一步改善了低空污染和操作环境。
The development of the production technique of sulphuric acid is reviewed and desulfurization of the fume is introduced in this paper. In the mean time, the fundamental principle of acid making is elaborated on, its influencing factors are analyzed in detail and specific measures on how to improve its efficiency are put forward from the aspect of thermodynamics and dynamics.In view of the acid production status and the problems be faced with in Shaoguan Smelter, besides insuring the high-efficiency operation of tail gas treatment system and tapping the latent power, renovations and reformations should also be made toward the technology and equipments of the acid making system from the following aspects to improve the exhaust emission, save energy, reduce the consumption and improve productive capacity.(1) Improving the efficiency of electric precipitation and dust removal and purification of purification system.(2) Modifying the conversion, drying and absorption system and improving the effect of drying and absorption, the conversion rate of sulphur dioxide and production capacity.Considering the scarce capacity of purification equipments, the overage conversion equipments and technological characteristic of zinc and lead sintering process, we made the following modifications toward the acid making system in Shaoguan Smelter premised that the existing equipments could be utilized to reduce investment outlay.(1) Purification system: C-shaped plates with wide polar distance and constant current source with high voltage were adopted in electric precipitation. A stage of dynamic wave scrubber was added between the empty tower and washing tower. The washing tower was merged with the first and second stage of electrostatic demisters and the existing first and second stage graphite intermediate coolers were replaced by lead ones. The empty tower was reserved without any modification.(2) The conversion system: The double-conversion and double-absorption technology was adopted.After the modification, the acid making system has large adaptive capacity of technological fluctuation and self-heating balanced capacity with over 99.50 percent of overall conversion rate. The rate of the reach of the set standard of sulphur dioxide discharge of 120m chimney and acid mist was improved .The total amount of the discharge
was decreased considerably and the other indexes were improved to a greater or less extent. At the same time, after settling the technical problem, synchronization of starting up the sintering and the acid making process was realized, which improved the pollution at low-level atmosphere and the operation environment further.
(1)提高电收尘、净化系统的除尘、净化效率;
(2)转化、干吸改造,改善干吸效果,提高SO_2转化率和生产能力。
考虑到净化设备能力不足、转化设备陈旧以及铅锌烧结工艺特点,在尽可能利用原有设备装置以节省投资的前提下,对韶冶制酸系统进行如下技改:
(1)净化:电收尘全改用宽极距“C”形板,采用高压恒流源送电;在空塔和洗涤塔间增加一级动力波洗涤器,洗涤塔和一、二段电除雾器进行二合一改造,原一、二段石墨间冷器均改为铅间冷器,空塔系统设备保留,不作改动。
(2)转化:进行二转二吸改造,采用“3+1”二次转化流程,换热流程为ⅣⅠ—ⅢⅡ,干吸工序采用高温吸收工艺。
改造后,通过工艺参数的优化,制酸系统适应工艺波动能力及自热平衡能力较强,总转化率超过99.50%,120m烟囱排放SO_2和酸雾达标率提高,排放总量大幅下降,其它指标均有不同程度的改善。同时,通过攻关,实现了烧结与硫酸同步开机生产,进一步改善了低空污染和操作环境。
The development of the production technique of sulphuric acid is reviewed and desulfurization of the fume is introduced in this paper. In the mean time, the fundamental principle of acid making is elaborated on, its influencing factors are analyzed in detail and specific measures on how to improve its efficiency are put forward from the aspect of thermodynamics and dynamics.In view of the acid production status and the problems be faced with in Shaoguan Smelter, besides insuring the high-efficiency operation of tail gas treatment system and tapping the latent power, renovations and reformations should also be made toward the technology and equipments of the acid making system from the following aspects to improve the exhaust emission, save energy, reduce the consumption and improve productive capacity.(1) Improving the efficiency of electric precipitation and dust removal and purification of purification system.(2) Modifying the conversion, drying and absorption system and improving the effect of drying and absorption, the conversion rate of sulphur dioxide and production capacity.Considering the scarce capacity of purification equipments, the overage conversion equipments and technological characteristic of zinc and lead sintering process, we made the following modifications toward the acid making system in Shaoguan Smelter premised that the existing equipments could be utilized to reduce investment outlay.(1) Purification system: C-shaped plates with wide polar distance and constant current source with high voltage were adopted in electric precipitation. A stage of dynamic wave scrubber was added between the empty tower and washing tower. The washing tower was merged with the first and second stage of electrostatic demisters and the existing first and second stage graphite intermediate coolers were replaced by lead ones. The empty tower was reserved without any modification.(2) The conversion system: The double-conversion and double-absorption technology was adopted.After the modification, the acid making system has large adaptive capacity of technological fluctuation and self-heating balanced capacity with over 99.50 percent of overall conversion rate. The rate of the reach of the set standard of sulphur dioxide discharge of 120m chimney and acid mist was improved .The total amount of the discharge
was decreased considerably and the other indexes were improved to a greater or less extent. At the same time, after settling the technical problem, synchronization of starting up the sintering and the acid making process was realized, which improved the pollution at low-level atmosphere and the operation environment further.
引文
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[3] 沙水.用非稳态转化治理低浓度二氧化硫烟气.硫酸工业,2004,(3):40-44
[4] Bendixen, Ole Rud, Hansen, et al. Hans KiilerichTopsoe WSA technology provides efficient desulphurization of off-gases from non-ferrous roasters. Minerals, Metals & Materials Soc (TMS), Proceedings of the 1996 125th TMS Annual Meeting, 1996
[5] 堵盘兴.国外硫酸工业进展.硫酸工业,1997,(1):5-8
[6] 程凤玲,陈梅奎.沸腾床钒催化剂进展概况.硫磷设计与粉体工程,1994,(2):20-25
[7] 瑾.滑铁卢硫酸生产工艺.硫酸工业,2002,(1):35-40
[8] 夏定豪.中国硫酸工业五十年.硫酸工业,1999,(5):30-35
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[11] 谢方友,朱明乔.二氧化硫催化氧化新工艺.硫酸工业,2002,(5):34-38
[12] Connock Lisa. Upgrade options for single absorption plants.sulphur, 2001, (273):33-34
[13] Schulze Axel. SAPNE sulphur acid process with near to no emission. sulphur, 2000,(262):38-41.
[14] 应燮堂.富氧冶烁制酸用三转三吸工艺的优越性——高浓度二氧化硫气体三转三吸硫酸生产方法的技术经济论证.硫酸工业,1998(2):25-29
[15] 朱森.高浓度二氧化硫冶炼烟气的转化技术与实践.硫酸工业,1996(1):15-19
[16] 费望东.干吸工段改造的情况和体会.硫酸工业,1995,(5):42-45.
[17] 周青.贵冶三期硫酸一系列改造工艺设计介绍与分析.有色冶金设计与研究,2002,23(3):28-32
[18] 郭振兵.浅谈国内外钒催化剂的质量差异.硫酸工业,2004,(2):18-22
[19] 袁一,胡德生.化工过程热力学分析法.北京:化学工业出版社,1986,45-52
[20] 汪满清.动力波洗涤技术在硫酸装置尾气处理中的应用.硫酸工业,2004,(4):23-26
[21] 谢谦.冶炼烟气制酸装置的更新与发展,有色设备.1998,(1):23-27
[22] San Antonio. Design and construction of the Noranda Converter at the Home Smelter. Minerals, Metals & Materials Soc (TMS). Proceedings of the 1998 TMS Annual Meeting, 1998:15-19
[23] T.Hong, P.Ritschel,S.M.Purcelli,瑾.孟山都公司硫酸新技术.硫酸工业,2003,(1);17-21
[24] 王忻江,马宗昆.金隆铜业公司冶炼烟气制酸系统的引进技术与装备.硫酸工 业,1998,(1):27-30
[25] 胡小云.更换塔填料以降低压降增加产量.硫酸工业,2003,(6):36-40
[26] 孙师白.干吸塔简易设计和设计方向商榷.硫酸工业,2001,(2):31-34
[27] 高志正.全玻璃钢结构设备在制酸工业中的应用.腐蚀与防护,1995,(5):17-20
[28] 沙业汪.大型硫酸装置设计回顾.硫磷设计与粉体工程,1997,(4):18-22
[29] Hollis, Richard, Wemy, et al. Modification of the Mount Isa copper converters to feed a new sulphuric acid plant. 4th International Conference COPPER 99-COBRE 99,1999:173-187
[30] 胡小云,吴冰.稀酸洗净化移热方式的选择.硫酸工业,2004,(4):21-24
[31] 高瑞华.硫酸干吸塔除沫器结构改进意见.硫磷设计与粉体工程,1995,(3):12-15
[32] 赵秉寿.硫酸生产的节能途径.贵州化工.1994,(3):18-21
[33] Connock Lisa. Maximizing energy savings in sulphuric acid plants. Sulphur, 2001, (226): 39-42
[34] 李家亮.我国硫酸工业的现状及改革发展应采取的措施.山东环境,1997,(6):28-32
[35] Clark Peter. Sulphur storage and utilization for power generation. Sulphur, 2001, (226): 39-42
[36] Chen Z., Yell, LiuJ. Study on the mechanism for the low temperature SO_2 oxidation with Cs-Rb-V sulfuric acid catalyst. Huaxue Fanying Gongcheng Yu Gongyi Chemical Reaction Engineering and Technology, 2001, (2): 119-123
[37] Winger A, Anastasievic N, Hollnagel A, et al. Fe-MCM-41 as a calalyst for sulfur dioxide oxidation in highly concentrated gases Jorunal of calalysis, 2000, 193(2): 248-254
[38] 瑾.诺里尔斯克制定减少镍烟气二氧化硫排放规划.硫酸工业,2004,(4):19-23
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