地表水厂石英砂滤料黑化成因及控制技术研究
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摘要
本文对地表水厂的石英砂滤料黑化成因、控制技术及石英砂黑化滤料和清洗再生滤料对过滤的影响进行了研究。研究表明：石英砂滤料表面的黑化物质主要是锰、铁、铝等金属元素富集的结果。黑化物质可以被清洗掉。用1.5～3％的HCl清洗液、浸泡30min左右、试验搅拌机确定在100～150rpm，可以达到很好的清洗效果。黑化石英砂与其酸、碱清洗再生砂对待滤水水中浊度，铁、锰去除效果良好，运行8个月后检测的15项水质指标都达到《生活饮用水卫生标准GB5749-85》要求，且与新砂滤料的处理效果相差无几。这表明黑化砂与清洗再生砂对过滤的出水水质无明显的不良影响，可以在生产中使用，但对黑化砂必须严格监控水质，适当延长初滤水的排放时间，以保证出水水质。如果延长黑化滤料的使用年限，能降低运行成本。在混凝前投加高锰酸钾可以使原水中锰的去除率达60％以上，能有效减少锰元素在滤料上的富集，延缓滤料的黑化。
Factors causing sandy filter-media darken, darken-controliing technology, and influence of darkened and regenerated sandy media on filtration in surface water plants are studied in this thesis. Results indicated that Mn, Fe, Al were the main elements consisting in the darkened coating of the sand media. The adhesive coating could effectively cleaned by soaking in 1. 5-3% HCl solution for 30 minutes with 100-150rpm stirring. The darkened sand, the sands regenerated from the darkened sand with acid-wash cr base-wash, and the new sand, have not much difference in filtrate quality according to removal of Mn, Fe and turbidity, as well as in hydraulic loss. After 8 months of operation, 15 inspected quality indexes of the filtrate from filtration with the media met the Standards for Drinking Water (GB5749-85), indicating that either darkened sand or its regenerated sands could be used as filter media as the new sand. Further, economic analysis showed that using the darkened sand could reduce operation cost. However, it is suggested that strict inspecting of water quality should be applied for the blacked sand, and preliminary filtrating time should be prolonged in order to ensure water quality. In addition, adding potassium permanganate before coagulating can remove manganese at efficiency of more than 60%, which will reduce enrichment of manganese on the sand so that sand darkening can be retarded.
Factors causing sandy filter-media darken, darken-controliing technology, and influence of darkened and regenerated sandy media on filtration in surface water plants are studied in this thesis. Results indicated that Mn, Fe, Al were the main elements consisting in the darkened coating of the sand media. The adhesive coating could effectively cleaned by soaking in 1. 5-3% HCl solution for 30 minutes with 100-150rpm stirring. The darkened sand, the sands regenerated from the darkened sand with acid-wash cr base-wash, and the new sand, have not much difference in filtrate quality according to removal of Mn, Fe and turbidity, as well as in hydraulic loss. After 8 months of operation, 15 inspected quality indexes of the filtrate from filtration with the media met the Standards for Drinking Water (GB5749-85), indicating that either darkened sand or its regenerated sands could be used as filter media as the new sand. Further, economic analysis showed that using the darkened sand could reduce operation cost. However, it is suggested that strict inspecting of water quality should be applied for the blacked sand, and preliminary filtrating time should be prolonged in order to ensure water quality. In addition, adding potassium permanganate before coagulating can remove manganese at efficiency of more than 60%, which will reduce enrichment of manganese on the sand so that sand darkening can be retarded.
引文
[1] 刘灿生．对地下水除铁的认识．给水排水，1978，4(1)：1～6
[2] 田德勇，姜海涛，张立志．受污染滤料的清洗再生与利用．给水排水，1999，25(2)：9～10
[3] 王占生，刘文君．微污染水源饮用水处理．北京：中国建筑工业出版社，1999
[4] 许保玖．给水处理理论．北京：中国建筑工业出版社，2000
[5] Charles R. O'Melia, Werner stumm. Theory of water filtration. Journal AWWA, 1967, 59(12): 1393～1412
[6] Pierre Mouchet. From conventional to biological removal of iron and manganese in france. Journal AWWA, 1992,84(4): 158～167
[7] A. Gouzinis, N. Kosmidis, D.V. Vayenas, G. Lyberatos. Removal of NH_3,Fe and Mn form potable water using a trickling filter. Water Research, 1998, 32(8): 2442～2450
[8] Naeem Qureshi, Al Barnes. Pilot study points way to iron/manganese removal. Water Engineering & Management, 1994, 45(2): 18～20
[9] Catherine V. Tremblay, Andre Beaubien. Control of biological iron removal from drinking water using oxidation-reduction potential Water. Sci. Tec, 1998, 38(6): 121～128
[10] Seppanen HT. Experience of biological iron and manganese removal in finland. Journal IWEM, 1992, 6(3): 333～341
[11] Vandenabeele J., D. de Beer, et al, Manganeseo oxidation by microbial consortia form sand filters. Microb. Ecol, 1992, 24(5): 91～108
[12] 张杰，杨宏，徐爱军等．生物固锰除锰技术的确立．给水排水，1996，22(11)：5～10
[13] 李圭白，刘超．地下水除铁除锰(第二版)．北京：中国建筑工业出版社，1989
[14] Marc Edwards, Mark M. Benjamin. Adsorptive filtration using coated sand: a new approach for treatment of metal-bearing wastes. Joumal WPCF, 1989, 61(9): 1523～1533
[15] Susie Stenkamp, et al. Effect of iron oxide coating on sand
filtration. Journal AWWA, 1994, 88(8): 37～50
[16] Chang Yujung, et al. Iron oxide-coated media for NOM sorption and particulate filtration. Journal AWWA, 1997, 89(5): 100～113
[17] Benjamin Mark M, et al. Sorption and filtration of metals using iron-oxide-coated sand. Water Research, 1996, 30(11): 2609～2620
[18] 马军，盛力．涂铁砂的直接过滤效果及其再生方法研究．中国给水排水，1992，18(4)：13～17
[19] 高乃云，徐迪民，范瑾初等．涂铝砂除锌吸附等温线研究及理论分析．中国给水排水，2001，17(6)：16～18
[20] Truesdail S E, et al. Analysis of bacterial deposition on metal (hydr)oxide-coated sand filter media. J. Colloid interface sci,1998, 203(3): 369～378
[21] Truesdail S E, et al. Apparatus for streaming potential measurements on granular filter media. J. Environmental Engineering, 1998, 124(10): 1228～1232
[22] 张建锋，杨长生，王晓昌等．滤料表面ξ电位的测定．西安建筑科技大学学报，2001，33(3)：218～224
[23] 罗岳平，邱振华，李宁等．高锰酸钾在给水处理中的应用分析．中国给水排水，2001，17(11)：58～59
[24] Shala Lalezary, Massoud Pirbazari, Michael J Meguire. Oxidation of five earthy-musty taste and odor compoundsJ. Journal AWWA, 1986,18(3): 62～65
[25] 张锦，李圭白，陈忠林．高锰酸钾复合药剂去除放线菌嗅味研究．中国给水排水，2002，18(3)：10～13
[26] 马军，李圭白，范萃苓等．高铁酸钾的氧化助凝效能研究．中国给水排水，1992，8(4)：4～7
[27] Ma j., Graham NJD, Li GB. Effect of permanganate preoxidation in the enhancing the coagulation of surface waters laboratory case studies.J. Water SRT-Aqua, 1997, 46(1): 1～10
[28] 李思敏，王龙，李清雪等．高锰酸钾预氧化的除藻效果．中国给水排水，2002，18(3)：48～50
[29] K. J. Ives. The scientific of filtration, noordhoff: A. W. Sijthoff
international publishing CO. 1975
[30] 严煦世，范瑾初．给水工程(第三版)．北京：中国建筑工业出版社，1995
[31] 张自杰，林荣忱，金儒霖等．排水工程(第三版)．北京：中国建筑工业出版社，1996
[32] 黄儒钦．水力学教程．成都：西南交通大学出版社，1993
[33] 陈宗淇，王光信，许桂英。胶体与界面化学，北京：高等教育出版社，2001
[34] 浙江大学普通化学教研组．普通化学．上海：高等教育出版社，1981
[35] Paul C．Hiemenz．胶体与表面化学原理．周祖康，马季铭译．北京：北京大学出版社，1986
[36] 许保玖，龙腾锐．当代给水与废水处理原理．北京：高等教育出版社，2000
[37] Andrew D. Eaton, Lenore S. Clesceri, Arnold E. Greenberg. Standdard methods for the examination of water and wastewater, 19th Ed. Washington: American public health association, 1995
[38] Susumu Kawamura. Design and operation of high-rate filters. Jouenal AWWA, 1975, 67(10): 535～544
[39] Don E. Richard, Daryl F. Dwyer. Aerated biofiltration for simultaneous removal of iron and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from groundwater. Water Environment Research, 2001, 73(6): 673～683
[40] 刘灿生，黄毅轩，陈牧民．关于地下水除铁、除锰机理的讨论．给水排水，1996，22(10)：17～20
[2] 田德勇，姜海涛，张立志．受污染滤料的清洗再生与利用．给水排水，1999，25(2)：9～10
[3] 王占生，刘文君．微污染水源饮用水处理．北京：中国建筑工业出版社，1999
[4] 许保玖．给水处理理论．北京：中国建筑工业出版社，2000
[5] Charles R. O'Melia, Werner stumm. Theory of water filtration. Journal AWWA, 1967, 59(12): 1393～1412
[6] Pierre Mouchet. From conventional to biological removal of iron and manganese in france. Journal AWWA, 1992,84(4): 158～167
[7] A. Gouzinis, N. Kosmidis, D.V. Vayenas, G. Lyberatos. Removal of NH_3,Fe and Mn form potable water using a trickling filter. Water Research, 1998, 32(8): 2442～2450
[8] Naeem Qureshi, Al Barnes. Pilot study points way to iron/manganese removal. Water Engineering & Management, 1994, 45(2): 18～20
[9] Catherine V. Tremblay, Andre Beaubien. Control of biological iron removal from drinking water using oxidation-reduction potential Water. Sci. Tec, 1998, 38(6): 121～128
[10] Seppanen HT. Experience of biological iron and manganese removal in finland. Journal IWEM, 1992, 6(3): 333～341
[11] Vandenabeele J., D. de Beer, et al, Manganeseo oxidation by microbial consortia form sand filters. Microb. Ecol, 1992, 24(5): 91～108
[12] 张杰，杨宏，徐爱军等．生物固锰除锰技术的确立．给水排水，1996，22(11)：5～10
[13] 李圭白，刘超．地下水除铁除锰(第二版)．北京：中国建筑工业出版社，1989
[14] Marc Edwards, Mark M. Benjamin. Adsorptive filtration using coated sand: a new approach for treatment of metal-bearing wastes. Joumal WPCF, 1989, 61(9): 1523～1533
[15] Susie Stenkamp, et al. Effect of iron oxide coating on sand
filtration. Journal AWWA, 1994, 88(8): 37～50
[16] Chang Yujung, et al. Iron oxide-coated media for NOM sorption and particulate filtration. Journal AWWA, 1997, 89(5): 100～113
[17] Benjamin Mark M, et al. Sorption and filtration of metals using iron-oxide-coated sand. Water Research, 1996, 30(11): 2609～2620
[18] 马军，盛力．涂铁砂的直接过滤效果及其再生方法研究．中国给水排水，1992，18(4)：13～17
[19] 高乃云，徐迪民，范瑾初等．涂铝砂除锌吸附等温线研究及理论分析．中国给水排水，2001，17(6)：16～18
[20] Truesdail S E, et al. Analysis of bacterial deposition on metal (hydr)oxide-coated sand filter media. J. Colloid interface sci,1998, 203(3): 369～378
[21] Truesdail S E, et al. Apparatus for streaming potential measurements on granular filter media. J. Environmental Engineering, 1998, 124(10): 1228～1232
[22] 张建锋，杨长生，王晓昌等．滤料表面ξ电位的测定．西安建筑科技大学学报，2001，33(3)：218～224
[23] 罗岳平，邱振华，李宁等．高锰酸钾在给水处理中的应用分析．中国给水排水，2001，17(11)：58～59
[24] Shala Lalezary, Massoud Pirbazari, Michael J Meguire. Oxidation of five earthy-musty taste and odor compoundsJ. Journal AWWA, 1986,18(3): 62～65
[25] 张锦，李圭白，陈忠林．高锰酸钾复合药剂去除放线菌嗅味研究．中国给水排水，2002，18(3)：10～13
[26] 马军，李圭白，范萃苓等．高铁酸钾的氧化助凝效能研究．中国给水排水，1992，8(4)：4～7
[27] Ma j., Graham NJD, Li GB. Effect of permanganate preoxidation in the enhancing the coagulation of surface waters laboratory case studies.J. Water SRT-Aqua, 1997, 46(1): 1～10
[28] 李思敏，王龙，李清雪等．高锰酸钾预氧化的除藻效果．中国给水排水，2002，18(3)：48～50
[29] K. J. Ives. The scientific of filtration, noordhoff: A. W. Sijthoff
international publishing CO. 1975
[30] 严煦世，范瑾初．给水工程(第三版)．北京：中国建筑工业出版社，1995
[31] 张自杰，林荣忱，金儒霖等．排水工程(第三版)．北京：中国建筑工业出版社，1996
[32] 黄儒钦．水力学教程．成都：西南交通大学出版社，1993
[33] 陈宗淇，王光信，许桂英。胶体与界面化学，北京：高等教育出版社，2001
[34] 浙江大学普通化学教研组．普通化学．上海：高等教育出版社，1981
[35] Paul C．Hiemenz．胶体与表面化学原理．周祖康，马季铭译．北京：北京大学出版社，1986
[36] 许保玖，龙腾锐．当代给水与废水处理原理．北京：高等教育出版社，2000
[37] Andrew D. Eaton, Lenore S. Clesceri, Arnold E. Greenberg. Standdard methods for the examination of water and wastewater, 19th Ed. Washington: American public health association, 1995
[38] Susumu Kawamura. Design and operation of high-rate filters. Jouenal AWWA, 1975, 67(10): 535～544
[39] Don E. Richard, Daryl F. Dwyer. Aerated biofiltration for simultaneous removal of iron and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from groundwater. Water Environment Research, 2001, 73(6): 673～683
[40] 刘灿生，黄毅轩，陈牧民．关于地下水除铁、除锰机理的讨论．给水排水，1996，22(10)：17～20