空气—空气板式全热交换器结霜与旁通除霜的研究
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摘要
本课题来源于“十一五”国家科技支撑计划课题“新型节能围护结构关键技术”的子课题——“新型建筑通风技术与装置开发”中的“单换热型高效低温差换热器的研制”,该装置将在严寒和寒冷地区应用。
随着社会经济的发展,空气-空气板式全热交换器以其节能和改善室内空气品质的双重功效,受到了越来越广泛的应用。但是当板式全热交换器在我国严寒和寒冷地区的冬季使用时,存在着结霜的问题,影响了它的使用效果。
为了解决这一问题,本文在分析比较各种除霜方法的基础上,设计并试制了具有旁通除霜功能的板式全热交换器,并进行了实验研究和理论计算。
本文在全热交换器热工性能实验台上进行了改进和完善,使之符合结霜实验的要求。分别使用叉流加逆流板式全热交换芯体和叉流板式全热交换芯体,测试了各种结霜工况下板式全热交换器的性能变化规律,对比研究了两种芯体结霜规律的异同,并通过实验检验了旁通除霜的效果。
冬季板式全热交换器在全天中的运行可分为结霜发生期、结霜稳定期和融霜期三个时期。在结霜发生期,温度效率、焓效率和排风侧的风量都持续下降,进入结霜稳定期后三者保持稳定,次日白天,随着室外气温的升高而进入融霜期,三者都有所回升。
本文提出了结霜临界新风温度的概念,并建立计算模型,求解了不同条件下的结霜临界新风温度。通过对结霜实验的数据进行线性回归,得到了两个关系式,其一为温度效率的下降速率与室内温度、室内相对湿度和室外温度的关系式,其二为结霜稳定期的温度效率与室内温度、室内相对湿度和室外温度的关系式。
本文就低湿度场合和高湿度场合两种情况,分别讨论了板式全热交换器在我国的寒冷地区、严寒地区A区和严寒地区B区的结霜情况,并提出了旁通除霜板式全热交换器的运行策略,使之可以进行自动除霜。
The subject comes from the national science and technology pillar program during the eleventh five-year plan period.It is from the subject“research and produce single high-efficiency low-temperature-difference heat exchanger”which is a sub-project of“new building ventilation technology and device development”in“key technologies of new energy Saving maintenance structure”.
With the social and economic development, air-air plate total heat exchanger has been more and more widely used because of its dual role of saving energy and improving indoor air quality.But when it is used in cold regions and bitter cold regions,the problem of frosting affectes its use.
In order to solve this problem, a plate total heat exchanger with bypass defrosting function has been designed and produced based on the analysis and comparison with various defrosting methods.Experimental research and theoretical calculation have been commenced with the exchanger.
In this paper, thermal performance test-bed of total heat exchanger is improved with the requirements of the frosting experiment. Using cross-counter-current plate total heat exchanger core and cross-current plate total heat exchanger core, performance changes is tested in a variety of frosting condition. Frost law of the two core is comparative studied. The effect of bypass defrost is tesed by experiment.
When the plate total heat exchanger run in a day, it can be divided into three periods:frost occurring period, frost stable period and frost melting period.In the frost occurring period, temperature efficiency, enthalpy efficiency and exhaust air volume continue declining. As it enter the frost stable period,the three remains stable.On the following day, with the outdoor temperature increasing,it enters the frost melting period and the three increase.
In this paper, the concept of frost critical temperature of fresh air is put forward.And computing model is set up. Frost critical temperature of fresh air in a variety of conditions is calculated.By Linear regression of frost experiment data, two relations are put forward.One is the relation among temperature efficiency drop rate , indoor temperature, indoor relative humidity and outdoor temperature.And the other is the relation among temperature efficiency during frost stable period, indoor temperature, indoor relative humidity and outdoor temperature.
This paper discusses applicability of plate total heat exchanger in cold regions , severe cold A regions and severe cold B regions at low humidity and high humidity places. And put forward operation strategy of plate total heat exchanger with bypass defrosting function to enable automatic defrosting.
随着社会经济的发展,空气-空气板式全热交换器以其节能和改善室内空气品质的双重功效,受到了越来越广泛的应用。但是当板式全热交换器在我国严寒和寒冷地区的冬季使用时,存在着结霜的问题,影响了它的使用效果。
为了解决这一问题,本文在分析比较各种除霜方法的基础上,设计并试制了具有旁通除霜功能的板式全热交换器,并进行了实验研究和理论计算。
本文在全热交换器热工性能实验台上进行了改进和完善,使之符合结霜实验的要求。分别使用叉流加逆流板式全热交换芯体和叉流板式全热交换芯体,测试了各种结霜工况下板式全热交换器的性能变化规律,对比研究了两种芯体结霜规律的异同,并通过实验检验了旁通除霜的效果。
冬季板式全热交换器在全天中的运行可分为结霜发生期、结霜稳定期和融霜期三个时期。在结霜发生期,温度效率、焓效率和排风侧的风量都持续下降,进入结霜稳定期后三者保持稳定,次日白天,随着室外气温的升高而进入融霜期,三者都有所回升。
本文提出了结霜临界新风温度的概念,并建立计算模型,求解了不同条件下的结霜临界新风温度。通过对结霜实验的数据进行线性回归,得到了两个关系式,其一为温度效率的下降速率与室内温度、室内相对湿度和室外温度的关系式,其二为结霜稳定期的温度效率与室内温度、室内相对湿度和室外温度的关系式。
本文就低湿度场合和高湿度场合两种情况,分别讨论了板式全热交换器在我国的寒冷地区、严寒地区A区和严寒地区B区的结霜情况,并提出了旁通除霜板式全热交换器的运行策略,使之可以进行自动除霜。
The subject comes from the national science and technology pillar program during the eleventh five-year plan period.It is from the subject“research and produce single high-efficiency low-temperature-difference heat exchanger”which is a sub-project of“new building ventilation technology and device development”in“key technologies of new energy Saving maintenance structure”.
With the social and economic development, air-air plate total heat exchanger has been more and more widely used because of its dual role of saving energy and improving indoor air quality.But when it is used in cold regions and bitter cold regions,the problem of frosting affectes its use.
In order to solve this problem, a plate total heat exchanger with bypass defrosting function has been designed and produced based on the analysis and comparison with various defrosting methods.Experimental research and theoretical calculation have been commenced with the exchanger.
In this paper, thermal performance test-bed of total heat exchanger is improved with the requirements of the frosting experiment. Using cross-counter-current plate total heat exchanger core and cross-current plate total heat exchanger core, performance changes is tested in a variety of frosting condition. Frost law of the two core is comparative studied. The effect of bypass defrost is tesed by experiment.
When the plate total heat exchanger run in a day, it can be divided into three periods:frost occurring period, frost stable period and frost melting period.In the frost occurring period, temperature efficiency, enthalpy efficiency and exhaust air volume continue declining. As it enter the frost stable period,the three remains stable.On the following day, with the outdoor temperature increasing,it enters the frost melting period and the three increase.
In this paper, the concept of frost critical temperature of fresh air is put forward.And computing model is set up. Frost critical temperature of fresh air in a variety of conditions is calculated.By Linear regression of frost experiment data, two relations are put forward.One is the relation among temperature efficiency drop rate , indoor temperature, indoor relative humidity and outdoor temperature.And the other is the relation among temperature efficiency during frost stable period, indoor temperature, indoor relative humidity and outdoor temperature.
This paper discusses applicability of plate total heat exchanger in cold regions , severe cold A regions and severe cold B regions at low humidity and high humidity places. And put forward operation strategy of plate total heat exchanger with bypass defrosting function to enable automatic defrosting.
引文
1李欣,马新宇.有能量回收的住宅换气机的研究.制冷与空调,2005(1):57~60.
2张莲洁,王逢瑚,王述洋.浅谈室内环境污染的构成和危害.林业劳动安全,2007(3):26~30.
3吴晓非.典型建筑使用静止型板翅式全热交换器的节能研究.硕士论文,2007.
4朱颖心.建筑环境学(第二版).北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2005.
5林申.空调系统新风节能与室内空气品质的改善.科技情报开发与经济,2006(15):263~265.
6李敏,林豹,田野,等.住宅用通风换气机应用中若干问题的探讨.制冷,2005(4):76~79.
7徐飞,程志刚,高波.新风换气机严寒地区运行结霜工况的现状研究及进展.建筑与环保,2004(1):40~42.
8龙雄燕.空气处理设备能量回收设计应用.制冷与空调,2004,4(6):89~91.
9李舒宏,张小松,杜凯,等.新型排风能量回收装置的分析与研究.建筑热能通风空调,2005,24(4):49~51.
10周玥.两室式新风换气机实验平台建设及换气机初步测试分析.硕士论文,2008.
11高波,董重成,刘伟.通道轮式新风换气机在严寒地区结霜情况的研究.第13届全国暖通空调技术信息网技术交流大会文集,2005.
12高波,董重成,程志刚.通道轮式换热器室外排风侧的结霜规律.低温建筑技术,2007(5):128～129.
13高波,程志刚,董重成,等.通道轮式换热器结霜工况下的换热研究.制冷学报,2007(6):1-6.
14董重成,高波,柳松,等.新风换气机在严寒地区运行的实验研究.制冷空调,2005(6):36～39.
15董重成,高波,刘伟,等.通道轮式新风换气机旁通除霜的试验研究.建筑热能通风空调,2006(6):30～32.
16李欣,林豹,田野等.有能量回收的住宅换气机冬季结霜的研究.制冷与空调,2006(1):38～40.
17李敏,林豹.住宅用全热回收换气机防结霜的研究.中国建设信息供热制冷,2006(11):26～28.
18 Fisk WJ , Chant,RE,Archer KM,Hekmat D,Offermann FJ,Rederson BS.Onset of freezing in residential air-to-air heat exchangers.ASHRAE Trans 1985, part 1B:145~157.
19 Fisk WJ , Chant,RE,Archer KM,Hekmat D,Offermann FJ,Rederson BS.Performance of residential air-to-air heat exchangers during operation with freezing and periodic defrosts. ASHRAE Trans 1985, part 1B:159~172.
20 Phillips EG, Chant RE,Bradley BC, Fisher DR.A model to compare freezing control strategies for residential air-to-air heat recovery ventilators. ASHRAE Trans 1989:475~483.
21 Phillips EG, Chant RE, Fisher DR, Bradley BC.Comparison of freezing control strategies for residential air-to-air heat recovery ventilators. ASHRAE Trans 1989:484-490.
22 J.Kragh, J.Rose, T.R.Nielsen, S.Svendsen. New counter flow heat exchanger designed for ventilation systems in cold climates.Energy and buildings, 39 (2007):1151-1158.
23 H.El Qarnia,M.Lacroix,Y.Mercadier.Use of a phase change material to prevent frosting in a compact crossflow air exchanger.Energy conversion and management,42(2001):1277-1296.
24杨俊华,吴伯谦.风冷热泵除霜方法及其控制.制冷与空调,2006(2):98～101.
25罗鸣,谢军龙,沈国民.风冷热泵中的热泵除霜方法.制冷与空调,2003(6):47～51.
26 Hoffenbaker N, Klein S A, RendlD T. Hot gas defrostmodel development and validation. International Journal of Refrigeration. 2005, 28(1): 605~615.
27方筝,臧润清,车晶.恒温恒湿系统最佳除霜时刻控制的研究.制冷与空调,2004(2):45～49.
28 Allard J,Heinzen R.Adaptive defrost.IEEE Transactions on Industry Appli-cation, 1988, 24(1): 39~42.
29葛住军,许文斌,付彬,等.最大平均制热量控制除霜方法的实验研究.制冷,2007(2):14～17.
30黄虎,虞维平,李志浩,等.风冷热泵冷热水机组自调整模糊除霜控制研究.暖通空调,2001(3):67～69.
31江乐新,张学文,黎恢山.空气源热泵热水机组模糊除霜控制算法的研究.制冷与空调,2007(6):11～16.
32刘启芬,黄虎.空气源热泵模糊除霜控制的实验研究.南京理工大学学报,2003(6):763～765.
33刘启芬,黄虎,陆宝春.自调整模糊控制除霜系统的研究与开发.工业控制计算机,2003(2):37～38.
34张兴娟,曹乃承,杨春信.换热器在新风换气机中的应用分析.制冷学报.2001(2):28～31.
35李欣.有能量回收的住宅换气机防止冬季结霜的研究.硕士论文,2005.
36姚晔,连之伟,侯志坚.湿空气相对湿度的一种计算方法.暖通空调.2004(10):53～54.
37廉乐明,李力能,吴家正,等.工程热力学(第四版),北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1999.
38空气-空气能量回收通风装置.GB/T21087-2007.
39查世彤,连添达,姚普明.换热器表面结霜机理分析.天津商学院学报,1997(4):20～25.
40杜建通,申江,邹同华,等.翅片管蒸发器换热表面的结霜特性与对其结构设计的影响.低温与超导,2000(4):58～60.
41 Hayashi, Y., Study of frost properties correlating with frost formation types. Journal of heat transfer,1977, 99:239-245.
42 Barron, R.F., Heat and mass transfer to a cryosur-face in free convection. Journal of heat trasfer,1965, (11):499-506.
43赵荣义,范存养,薛殿华,等.空气调节(第三版).中国建筑工业出版社,1994.
44中国气象局,清华大学.中国建筑热环境分析专用气象数据集.中国建筑工业出版社,2005.
45公共建筑节能设计标准.GB50189-2005.
46体育建筑设计规范.JGJ 31-2003.
2张莲洁,王逢瑚,王述洋.浅谈室内环境污染的构成和危害.林业劳动安全,2007(3):26~30.
3吴晓非.典型建筑使用静止型板翅式全热交换器的节能研究.硕士论文,2007.
4朱颖心.建筑环境学(第二版).北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2005.
5林申.空调系统新风节能与室内空气品质的改善.科技情报开发与经济,2006(15):263~265.
6李敏,林豹,田野,等.住宅用通风换气机应用中若干问题的探讨.制冷,2005(4):76~79.
7徐飞,程志刚,高波.新风换气机严寒地区运行结霜工况的现状研究及进展.建筑与环保,2004(1):40~42.
8龙雄燕.空气处理设备能量回收设计应用.制冷与空调,2004,4(6):89~91.
9李舒宏,张小松,杜凯,等.新型排风能量回收装置的分析与研究.建筑热能通风空调,2005,24(4):49~51.
10周玥.两室式新风换气机实验平台建设及换气机初步测试分析.硕士论文,2008.
11高波,董重成,刘伟.通道轮式新风换气机在严寒地区结霜情况的研究.第13届全国暖通空调技术信息网技术交流大会文集,2005.
12高波,董重成,程志刚.通道轮式换热器室外排风侧的结霜规律.低温建筑技术,2007(5):128～129.
13高波,程志刚,董重成,等.通道轮式换热器结霜工况下的换热研究.制冷学报,2007(6):1-6.
14董重成,高波,柳松,等.新风换气机在严寒地区运行的实验研究.制冷空调,2005(6):36～39.
15董重成,高波,刘伟,等.通道轮式新风换气机旁通除霜的试验研究.建筑热能通风空调,2006(6):30～32.
16李欣,林豹,田野等.有能量回收的住宅换气机冬季结霜的研究.制冷与空调,2006(1):38～40.
17李敏,林豹.住宅用全热回收换气机防结霜的研究.中国建设信息供热制冷,2006(11):26～28.
18 Fisk WJ , Chant,RE,Archer KM,Hekmat D,Offermann FJ,Rederson BS.Onset of freezing in residential air-to-air heat exchangers.ASHRAE Trans 1985, part 1B:145~157.
19 Fisk WJ , Chant,RE,Archer KM,Hekmat D,Offermann FJ,Rederson BS.Performance of residential air-to-air heat exchangers during operation with freezing and periodic defrosts. ASHRAE Trans 1985, part 1B:159~172.
20 Phillips EG, Chant RE,Bradley BC, Fisher DR.A model to compare freezing control strategies for residential air-to-air heat recovery ventilators. ASHRAE Trans 1989:475~483.
21 Phillips EG, Chant RE, Fisher DR, Bradley BC.Comparison of freezing control strategies for residential air-to-air heat recovery ventilators. ASHRAE Trans 1989:484-490.
22 J.Kragh, J.Rose, T.R.Nielsen, S.Svendsen. New counter flow heat exchanger designed for ventilation systems in cold climates.Energy and buildings, 39 (2007):1151-1158.
23 H.El Qarnia,M.Lacroix,Y.Mercadier.Use of a phase change material to prevent frosting in a compact crossflow air exchanger.Energy conversion and management,42(2001):1277-1296.
24杨俊华,吴伯谦.风冷热泵除霜方法及其控制.制冷与空调,2006(2):98～101.
25罗鸣,谢军龙,沈国民.风冷热泵中的热泵除霜方法.制冷与空调,2003(6):47～51.
26 Hoffenbaker N, Klein S A, RendlD T. Hot gas defrostmodel development and validation. International Journal of Refrigeration. 2005, 28(1): 605~615.
27方筝,臧润清,车晶.恒温恒湿系统最佳除霜时刻控制的研究.制冷与空调,2004(2):45～49.
28 Allard J,Heinzen R.Adaptive defrost.IEEE Transactions on Industry Appli-cation, 1988, 24(1): 39~42.
29葛住军,许文斌,付彬,等.最大平均制热量控制除霜方法的实验研究.制冷,2007(2):14～17.
30黄虎,虞维平,李志浩,等.风冷热泵冷热水机组自调整模糊除霜控制研究.暖通空调,2001(3):67～69.
31江乐新,张学文,黎恢山.空气源热泵热水机组模糊除霜控制算法的研究.制冷与空调,2007(6):11～16.
32刘启芬,黄虎.空气源热泵模糊除霜控制的实验研究.南京理工大学学报,2003(6):763～765.
33刘启芬,黄虎,陆宝春.自调整模糊控制除霜系统的研究与开发.工业控制计算机,2003(2):37～38.
34张兴娟,曹乃承,杨春信.换热器在新风换气机中的应用分析.制冷学报.2001(2):28～31.
35李欣.有能量回收的住宅换气机防止冬季结霜的研究.硕士论文,2005.
36姚晔,连之伟,侯志坚.湿空气相对湿度的一种计算方法.暖通空调.2004(10):53～54.
37廉乐明,李力能,吴家正,等.工程热力学(第四版),北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1999.
38空气-空气能量回收通风装置.GB/T21087-2007.
39查世彤,连添达,姚普明.换热器表面结霜机理分析.天津商学院学报,1997(4):20～25.
40杜建通,申江,邹同华,等.翅片管蒸发器换热表面的结霜特性与对其结构设计的影响.低温与超导,2000(4):58～60.
41 Hayashi, Y., Study of frost properties correlating with frost formation types. Journal of heat transfer,1977, 99:239-245.
42 Barron, R.F., Heat and mass transfer to a cryosur-face in free convection. Journal of heat trasfer,1965, (11):499-506.
43赵荣义,范存养,薛殿华,等.空气调节(第三版).中国建筑工业出版社,1994.
44中国气象局,清华大学.中国建筑热环境分析专用气象数据集.中国建筑工业出版社,2005.
45公共建筑节能设计标准.GB50189-2005.
46体育建筑设计规范.JGJ 31-2003.