抑郁症状大学生指向遗忘特点及ERP研究
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摘要
抑郁症状是抑郁的一种类型,是影响大学生心理健康的主要问题之一。因而,研究大学生抑郁的发生机制对于预防抑郁,提高大学生心理健康水平,具有重要的社会意义和价值。
学者们从生理、心理和社会等方面对抑郁的发生、发展、诊断、治疗进行了研究,为有效预防和干预抑郁提供了一些理论解释和方法指导。其中抑郁认知方面的研究最为深入,主要从认知加工的易化角度出发来研究抑郁的发生,但从认知抑制的角度来对抑郁机制的探讨则较少。
对于认知抑制,常用的是指向遗忘范式。因此,本研究采用指向遗忘实验范式,结合问卷调查、事件相关电位技术,探讨抑郁发生的机制。研究分为三部分来进行:第一部分,大学生抑郁症状的现状调查,主要筛选实验对象及对相关影响因素进行分析;第二部分,对E-prime采集的行为数据进行分析,探寻抑郁症状组的指向遗忘特点;第三部分,采用BrainAmp型ERP系统记录分析相应的事件相关电位,并分析其特征。综合本研究结果,得出了以下结论:
1.本研究发现有抑郁症状的大学生占11.62%,并且大学生抑郁症状受到人格特征和负性自动思维的影响。
2.抑郁症状组在自由回忆阶段出现了显著的指向遗忘效应,但在再认阶段出现了相反的情况,即TBF条件下词组的再认成绩好于TBR条件下的词组。
3.抑郁症状组主要存在着对TBR正性情绪材料的加工力度不够,不能很好地使积极信息保留于工作记忆之中;对于TBF负性材料,不能象正常组那样进行快速、有效的抑制,使得个体长时间郁积于负性情绪之中,反而起到了强化负性信息的作用。提示抑郁的产生可能是个体对负性信息产生的优势反应抑制失败的结果。
4.抑郁症状组在顶枕、枕颞部诱发出了几种ERP波形,按潜伏期及成分序号命名方式分别为P100、N170、P200、N400。显示指向遗忘范式下的情绪词信息加工具有独特的ERPs特征。
5.抑郁症状组有意义的ERPs变化主要发生在情绪词信息加工的早期阶段。提示在早期的情绪信息加工存在着选择、注意水平上的差异。
本研究的理论意义在于对大学生抑郁症状的研究,从认知抑制的角度出发,更多地探寻研究对象在学习阶段对情绪信息的加工处理过程,动态地研究了对正性、负性词组的记住或忘记指令的处理,并结合事件相关电位技术,进一步探明了抑郁症状在信息加工早期存在的选择和注意水平上的差异。使对抑郁症状的研究更深入到脑电生理水平的研究,为大学生抑郁的早期预防和干预提供了方法学上的依据。
As one kind of the depression, Depressive symptoms influences the mental health of the yong students. Most psychologists have studied the occurance, development, diagonosis, treatement and counseling of the depressive symptoms from the physiology, psychology and society. And the all studies have not only formed the related theories but also afford the methods to inslove the depression.
However, the traditional studies to the depression are mainly focused on an investigation by questionnaires, analysis to the influenenced factors, seldom to explore the differences between depressive symptoms and norm people from the behaviors experiment and physiology, such as ERPs.
The aim of our study is to explore the rate of prevalence of the depressive symptoms, the influenced factors, the behavior data and ERPs by questionnaires, the Directed Forgetting Task and ERP. The whole study includes three parts. First of all, to investigate the status of the depressive symptoms of the yong students, and to choose the subjects, meanwhile to anlayze the influencing factors. Secondly, to analyze the behavior data with SPSS 11.0, to explore the character of the Directed Forgetting Task; Thirdly, to collecte and analyze the ERPs of the depreesive symptoms. From the results of our study, It comes to the following conclusions:
1. The Prevalence of the depressive symptoms of the undergraduate students was 11.62%.The depressive symptoms were influenced by personality and negative thought.
2. There was the obvious effect of directed forgetting in the free recall stage in the depressed undergraduate students, but the reverse effect of it was found in the recognition stage, that was the recognition of TBF was better than that of TBR.
3. The depressed group did not effectively deal with the positive words which are to be remembered, so as to not keep the positive information in memory; can not inhibit effectively and rapidly the negative words with are to be forgotten, then enhance the depression. The depression could be the result which persons can not inhibit the predominant negative feelings effectively.
4. The event-related potentials (ERPs) have P100、N170、P200、N400 which were induced by the Directd Forgetting Paradigm, maily existed in parietal-occipital and parietotemperal cortex .
5. ERPs of the directed forgetting paradigm mainly occurred in the early stage of the information procession. And compared with the healthy group, the depressed group could have differences in selection and attention.
The theoretical value of the experiment is to study the depressive symptoms of the undergraduate students with the directed forgetting paradigm, to analyze the information procession of the positive, negative, neural words dynamicly .And combined with ERPs, further to explore the differece of selection and attention between the depressed and the normal, to expand the field to the ERPs of brain, may help to the early prevention and counseling for the depressive symptoms.
学者们从生理、心理和社会等方面对抑郁的发生、发展、诊断、治疗进行了研究,为有效预防和干预抑郁提供了一些理论解释和方法指导。其中抑郁认知方面的研究最为深入,主要从认知加工的易化角度出发来研究抑郁的发生,但从认知抑制的角度来对抑郁机制的探讨则较少。
对于认知抑制,常用的是指向遗忘范式。因此,本研究采用指向遗忘实验范式,结合问卷调查、事件相关电位技术,探讨抑郁发生的机制。研究分为三部分来进行:第一部分,大学生抑郁症状的现状调查,主要筛选实验对象及对相关影响因素进行分析;第二部分,对E-prime采集的行为数据进行分析,探寻抑郁症状组的指向遗忘特点;第三部分,采用BrainAmp型ERP系统记录分析相应的事件相关电位,并分析其特征。综合本研究结果,得出了以下结论:
1.本研究发现有抑郁症状的大学生占11.62%,并且大学生抑郁症状受到人格特征和负性自动思维的影响。
2.抑郁症状组在自由回忆阶段出现了显著的指向遗忘效应,但在再认阶段出现了相反的情况,即TBF条件下词组的再认成绩好于TBR条件下的词组。
3.抑郁症状组主要存在着对TBR正性情绪材料的加工力度不够,不能很好地使积极信息保留于工作记忆之中;对于TBF负性材料,不能象正常组那样进行快速、有效的抑制,使得个体长时间郁积于负性情绪之中,反而起到了强化负性信息的作用。提示抑郁的产生可能是个体对负性信息产生的优势反应抑制失败的结果。
4.抑郁症状组在顶枕、枕颞部诱发出了几种ERP波形,按潜伏期及成分序号命名方式分别为P100、N170、P200、N400。显示指向遗忘范式下的情绪词信息加工具有独特的ERPs特征。
5.抑郁症状组有意义的ERPs变化主要发生在情绪词信息加工的早期阶段。提示在早期的情绪信息加工存在着选择、注意水平上的差异。
本研究的理论意义在于对大学生抑郁症状的研究,从认知抑制的角度出发,更多地探寻研究对象在学习阶段对情绪信息的加工处理过程,动态地研究了对正性、负性词组的记住或忘记指令的处理,并结合事件相关电位技术,进一步探明了抑郁症状在信息加工早期存在的选择和注意水平上的差异。使对抑郁症状的研究更深入到脑电生理水平的研究,为大学生抑郁的早期预防和干预提供了方法学上的依据。
As one kind of the depression, Depressive symptoms influences the mental health of the yong students. Most psychologists have studied the occurance, development, diagonosis, treatement and counseling of the depressive symptoms from the physiology, psychology and society. And the all studies have not only formed the related theories but also afford the methods to inslove the depression.
However, the traditional studies to the depression are mainly focused on an investigation by questionnaires, analysis to the influenenced factors, seldom to explore the differences between depressive symptoms and norm people from the behaviors experiment and physiology, such as ERPs.
The aim of our study is to explore the rate of prevalence of the depressive symptoms, the influenced factors, the behavior data and ERPs by questionnaires, the Directed Forgetting Task and ERP. The whole study includes three parts. First of all, to investigate the status of the depressive symptoms of the yong students, and to choose the subjects, meanwhile to anlayze the influencing factors. Secondly, to analyze the behavior data with SPSS 11.0, to explore the character of the Directed Forgetting Task; Thirdly, to collecte and analyze the ERPs of the depreesive symptoms. From the results of our study, It comes to the following conclusions:
1. The Prevalence of the depressive symptoms of the undergraduate students was 11.62%.The depressive symptoms were influenced by personality and negative thought.
2. There was the obvious effect of directed forgetting in the free recall stage in the depressed undergraduate students, but the reverse effect of it was found in the recognition stage, that was the recognition of TBF was better than that of TBR.
3. The depressed group did not effectively deal with the positive words which are to be remembered, so as to not keep the positive information in memory; can not inhibit effectively and rapidly the negative words with are to be forgotten, then enhance the depression. The depression could be the result which persons can not inhibit the predominant negative feelings effectively.
4. The event-related potentials (ERPs) have P100、N170、P200、N400 which were induced by the Directd Forgetting Paradigm, maily existed in parietal-occipital and parietotemperal cortex .
5. ERPs of the directed forgetting paradigm mainly occurred in the early stage of the information procession. And compared with the healthy group, the depressed group could have differences in selection and attention.
The theoretical value of the experiment is to study the depressive symptoms of the undergraduate students with the directed forgetting paradigm, to analyze the information procession of the positive, negative, neural words dynamicly .And combined with ERPs, further to explore the differece of selection and attention between the depressed and the normal, to expand the field to the ERPs of brain, may help to the early prevention and counseling for the depressive symptoms.
引文
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1. 武力勇,魏镜,李舜伟,抑郁症患者伴发认知功能损害的研究进展,中华精神科杂志,2004,37(3):188-189
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4. 姚树桥,吴大兴,郭文斌等,抑郁症患者识别情绪词的事件相关电位实验研究,中华物理医学与康复杂志,2004,26(4):218-221
5. 李敏,李向东,黄智玉等,抑郁症患者执行控制功能的事件相关电位研究,中国行为医学科学,2003,12(1):28-29
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7. 苏晖,江开达,楼翡璎等,首发抑郁症患者治疗前后认知电位P300和失匹性负波的变化,上海交通大学学报( 医学版),2006,26(4):356-358
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1. 武力勇,魏镜,李舜伟,抑郁症患者伴发认知功能损害的研究进展,中华精神科杂志,2004,37(3):188-189
2. Pierson A ,etal ,Biological psychiatry, 1996;40(2):98～115
3. 陈兴时等,中华精神科杂志,1997,30(4):253
4. 姚树桥,吴大兴,郭文斌等,抑郁症患者识别情绪词的事件相关电位实验研究,中华物理医学与康复杂志,2004,26(4):218-221
5. 李敏,李向东,黄智玉等,抑郁症患者执行控制功能的事件相关电位研究,中国行为医学科学,2003,12(1):28-29
6. 郑能慆，周曙，吴卫平，抑郁症患者面孔加工事件相关电位时空腏教卣鳎泄?临床康复,2006,10(2):9-11
7. 苏晖,江开达,楼翡璎等,首发抑郁症患者治疗前后认知电位P300和失匹性负波的变化,上海交通大学学报( 医学版),2006,26(4):356-358
8. Kaiser S,Unger J,Kefer M, etal .Executive control deficit in derpression :evet-related potentials in a Go/Nogo task.Psychiatry Res, 2003,122(3):169-184
9. Baccneff SA, Englesmann F: Contigent negative variation, postimperative negative variation, and psychopathology.Biol Psychiatry, 1980, 15(2):323-328
10. Pieson A, Ragot R, Van Hooff, et al. Heterogeneity of information-processing alterations according to dimensions of depression: an event-related potentials study. Biol Psychiatry, 1996, 40(2):98-115
11. 刘光亚,谢光荣,抑郁症患者的事件相关电位研究进展,国际精神病学杂志,2006,33(1):56-59
12. Souza VB, Muir WJ, Walker MT, et al. Auditory P300 event-related potentials and neuropsychological performance in schizophrenia and bipolar affective disorder. Biol Psychiatry. 1995, 37(5):300-310
13. Brudier GE, Tenke CE, Towey JP, etal. Brain ERPs of depressed patients to complex tones in an oddball task: relation of reduced P3 asymmetry to physical anhedonia. Psychophysiology, 1998, 35(1):54-63
14. Kimur AD, Right temporal-lobe damage.Perception of unfamiliar stimuli after damage .Arch Neurol, 1993, 8:264-271
15. 杜静,汪凯,董毅. 抑郁症的注意功能研究进展,国际精神病学杂志,2006,33(3):141-145