若干供暖空调方式的（火用）分析
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摘要
对供暖空调系统进行能量分析的方法一般有两种:能分析和火用分析。能分析的特点是不同质的能量在数量上的平衡,它只考虑能量“量”的利用程度,反映的是“量”的外部损失。而火用分析的特点是同质的能量在数量上的平衡,它同时考虑能量“质”的贬值和“量”的损失,反映的是系统内部与外部的火用损失。传统的能分析为节约能量指明了一定的方向,比如余热回收、减少泄露、加强保温等措施以减少能量的外部损失。但是能分析无法揭示系统内部存在的能量的“质”的贬值和损耗,不能深刻揭示能量损耗的本质,因此进行一定的能分析是有必要的,但随着节能工作的深入开展,为了正确地指明节能的方向和途径,就需要在能分析的基础上进一步做好火用分析的工作。
本文通过能分析方法与火用分析方法的对比,明确火用分析方法比能分析方法科学全面的原因,并通过介绍低火用理论,展示在空调采暖系统中运用低火用能源所能产生的巨大节能效益,同时就几项常见的低火用技术,提出其各自的优越性和限制条件。
文中针对以电为能源的供暖方式,以武汉为例进行了能分析和火用分析,计算了一次能源效率和火用效率。结果表明,无论是一次能源效率还是火用效率,电取暖器和电锅炉方式只是热泵方式的1/3左右。虽然热泵方式的一次能源效率较高,且火用效率是电取暖器和电锅炉方式的3倍左右,但是其火用效率仍然很低,大体上都在20%左右。
文中以某一空调工程为例,分析增大温差对系统各部分能耗的影响.提出空调系统火用平衡的分析方法,并计算常规空调系统(冷冻水供回水温7/12℃,冷却水供回水温37/32℃)和大温差空调系统(①冷冻水供回水温5/13℃,冷却水供回水温37/32℃;②冷冻水供回水温7/15℃,冷却水供回水温37/32℃;③冷冻水供回水温5/13℃,冷却水供回水温40/32℃)的火用效率和火用损失,结果表明相对于常规空调系统①方案的大温差空调系统火用损失增加了5%,火用效率降低了4.2%;②方案的大温差空调系统火用损失减少了7.4%,火用效率提高了7.0%;③方案的大温差空调系统火用损失减少了3.5%,火用效率提高了3.2%。
Energy analysis methods on the heating and cooling systems commonly there are two ways: energy analysis and exergy analysis. The characteristics of the energy analysis is the balance of different qualitative energy in the amount,it only considers the utilization degree of energy“amount”,reflects the external loss of“amount”.But the characteristics of the exergy analysis is the balance of same qualitative energy in the amount,it considers both the energy“quality”devaluation and the energy“amount”losses,reflects the exergy consumption of the system inside and outside.The traditional energy analysis specify a direction on energy saving, such as through recycling waste heat, reduce leak, strengthen preservation etc. measures to reduce the energy external losses. But the energy analysis can’t reveal energy“quality”devaluation and losses,it can’t reveal the nature of energy consumption.So it’s necessary for a certain energy analysis,but as the developing of energy conservation in depth,in order to indicate the accurate direction and way on energy saving,we need for the exergy analysis based on the energy analysis.
This paper reveals reasons on the exergy analysis is scientific than the energy analysis through the comparison between them.And the paper shows the huge energy-saving benefits by using the low-exergy energy in the heating and cooling systems.And for several common low-exergy technology,puts forward the respective superiority and constraints.
For the electrical energy heating forms in Wuhan,the energy-efficiency was calculated and analyzed in this paper.The results show that, both the PER and the exergy-efficiency of the electric heater and the electrode boiler are just 1/3 by the heat pump unit ,although the PER of the heat pump unit is higher,and the exergy-efficiency is 3 times than the electric heater and the electrode boiler,but its exergy-efficiency is still very low,almost at 20%.This is due to consuming the high quality electrical energy,but obtain the low quality thermal energy ,there is huge energy qualitative gap between them.
Taking an air conditioning project as an example, this paper analyzes the influence on energy consumption of each part of the system by increasing the temperature difference.And puts forward the method of exergy balance,calculates the exergy efficiency and exergy consumption of the standard temperature difference (outlet and inlet chilled water temperature are 7/12℃,outlet and inlet cooling water temperature are 37/32℃) and the large temperature difference (①outlet and inlet chilled water temperature are 5/13℃,outlet and inlet cooling water temperature are 37/32℃;②outlet and inlet chilled water temperature are 7/15℃,outlet and inlet cooling water temperature are 37/32℃;③outlet and inlet chilled water temperature are 5/13℃,outlet and inlet cooling water temperature are 40/32℃), The results show that,compared with the standard temperature difference,the large temperature difference program①:the exergy consumption increased by 5%,the exergy efficiency reduced by 4.2%; the large temperature difference program②:the exergy consumption reduced by 7.4%,the exergy efficiency increased by 7.0%; the large temperature difference program③:the exergy consumption reduced by 3.5%,the exergy efficiency increased by 3.2%;
本文通过能分析方法与火用分析方法的对比,明确火用分析方法比能分析方法科学全面的原因,并通过介绍低火用理论,展示在空调采暖系统中运用低火用能源所能产生的巨大节能效益,同时就几项常见的低火用技术,提出其各自的优越性和限制条件。
文中针对以电为能源的供暖方式,以武汉为例进行了能分析和火用分析,计算了一次能源效率和火用效率。结果表明,无论是一次能源效率还是火用效率,电取暖器和电锅炉方式只是热泵方式的1/3左右。虽然热泵方式的一次能源效率较高,且火用效率是电取暖器和电锅炉方式的3倍左右,但是其火用效率仍然很低,大体上都在20%左右。
文中以某一空调工程为例,分析增大温差对系统各部分能耗的影响.提出空调系统火用平衡的分析方法,并计算常规空调系统(冷冻水供回水温7/12℃,冷却水供回水温37/32℃)和大温差空调系统(①冷冻水供回水温5/13℃,冷却水供回水温37/32℃;②冷冻水供回水温7/15℃,冷却水供回水温37/32℃;③冷冻水供回水温5/13℃,冷却水供回水温40/32℃)的火用效率和火用损失,结果表明相对于常规空调系统①方案的大温差空调系统火用损失增加了5%,火用效率降低了4.2%;②方案的大温差空调系统火用损失减少了7.4%,火用效率提高了7.0%;③方案的大温差空调系统火用损失减少了3.5%,火用效率提高了3.2%。
Energy analysis methods on the heating and cooling systems commonly there are two ways: energy analysis and exergy analysis. The characteristics of the energy analysis is the balance of different qualitative energy in the amount,it only considers the utilization degree of energy“amount”,reflects the external loss of“amount”.But the characteristics of the exergy analysis is the balance of same qualitative energy in the amount,it considers both the energy“quality”devaluation and the energy“amount”losses,reflects the exergy consumption of the system inside and outside.The traditional energy analysis specify a direction on energy saving, such as through recycling waste heat, reduce leak, strengthen preservation etc. measures to reduce the energy external losses. But the energy analysis can’t reveal energy“quality”devaluation and losses,it can’t reveal the nature of energy consumption.So it’s necessary for a certain energy analysis,but as the developing of energy conservation in depth,in order to indicate the accurate direction and way on energy saving,we need for the exergy analysis based on the energy analysis.
This paper reveals reasons on the exergy analysis is scientific than the energy analysis through the comparison between them.And the paper shows the huge energy-saving benefits by using the low-exergy energy in the heating and cooling systems.And for several common low-exergy technology,puts forward the respective superiority and constraints.
For the electrical energy heating forms in Wuhan,the energy-efficiency was calculated and analyzed in this paper.The results show that, both the PER and the exergy-efficiency of the electric heater and the electrode boiler are just 1/3 by the heat pump unit ,although the PER of the heat pump unit is higher,and the exergy-efficiency is 3 times than the electric heater and the electrode boiler,but its exergy-efficiency is still very low,almost at 20%.This is due to consuming the high quality electrical energy,but obtain the low quality thermal energy ,there is huge energy qualitative gap between them.
Taking an air conditioning project as an example, this paper analyzes the influence on energy consumption of each part of the system by increasing the temperature difference.And puts forward the method of exergy balance,calculates the exergy efficiency and exergy consumption of the standard temperature difference (outlet and inlet chilled water temperature are 7/12℃,outlet and inlet cooling water temperature are 37/32℃) and the large temperature difference (①outlet and inlet chilled water temperature are 5/13℃,outlet and inlet cooling water temperature are 37/32℃;②outlet and inlet chilled water temperature are 7/15℃,outlet and inlet cooling water temperature are 37/32℃;③outlet and inlet chilled water temperature are 5/13℃,outlet and inlet cooling water temperature are 40/32℃), The results show that,compared with the standard temperature difference,the large temperature difference program①:the exergy consumption increased by 5%,the exergy efficiency reduced by 4.2%; the large temperature difference program②:the exergy consumption reduced by 7.4%,the exergy efficiency increased by 7.0%; the large temperature difference program③:the exergy consumption reduced by 3.5%,the exergy efficiency increased by 3.2%;
引文
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[2]龙恩深.冷热源工程[M].重庆:重庆大学出版社.2002,第一版
[3]龙惟定.试论建筑节能的新观念[J].暖通空调,1999,29(1):31-35
[4]王小鹏,李乾波,李芳.大温差低温节能型溴化锂机组的探讨[J].机电信息,2010,28:41-43
[5]邹建忠.空调系统能耗分析与节能设计讨论[J].中外建筑,2007,(11):95-97
[6]陶永生,张建林,汪虎明,等.冷水大温差组合式空调机组的研究[A].全国暖通空调制冷2002年学术文集.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2002,252-257
[7]杨东华.火用分析和能级分析[M].北京:科学出版社.1986:130-150
[8]韩伟国,江亿,郭非.多种供热供暖方式的能耗分析[J].暖通空调,2005,35(11):106-110
[9]于春龙.几种集中供热方式的分析与比较[J].节能技术,2010,28(1):40-42
[10]丛颖,张冰瑶.供热工程能耗分析[J].区域供热,(4):55-58
[11]张敏,姚杨,张斌.某住宅建筑采用不同采暖系统的能耗分析[J].低温建筑技术,2008,(2):136-137
[12] Mia Ala-Juusela.Low exergy systerms for heating and cooling of building guidebook[G],VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland,ISSN 1455-0865(URL:http://www.inf.vtt.fi/pdf/),2003
[13]孙静,鲍英萍.关于空调冷热源方案的选择[J].哈尔滨铁道科技,2000,(4):28-29
[14]吴乃诚.再谈空调冷热源的选择[J].制冷与空调,2000,(2):60-64
[15]王长庆.各种冷源的一次能耗及对环境影响的比较[J].节能技术,2000,18(102):8-10
[16]刘传乾.几种空调形式的一次能源利用率分析[C].2008铁路暖通空调学术年会论文集.苏州:2008.65-67.
[17]戊卫国,李永安,张建明.空调系统热力学分析与节能[J].暖通空调,2006,36(11):14-17
[18] Dietrich Schmidtand Mia Ala-Juusela. Low Exergy Systems for Heating and Cooling of Buildings. The 21st Conference on Passive and Low Energy Architecture. September 2004
[19]赵金秀.热泵在暖通空调工程领域中应用的节能分析[J].山西建筑,2008,34(5):257-258
[20]马一太,王志国,查世彤.压缩式热泵系统效率定义方法初探[J].热能动力工程,2003,,18(6 ):56-561
[21]殷平.空调大温差研究(1):经济分析方法[J].暖通空调,2000,30(4):62-66
[22]殷平.空调大温差研究(2):空调大温差送风系统设计方法[J].暖通空调,2000,30(5):63-66
[23]殷平.空调大温差研究(3):空调送风大温差经济分析[J].暖通空调,2000,30(6):75-76
[24]于丹,陆亚俊,曹勇.冷冻水大温差对风机盘管性能影响的研究[J].制冷空调,2004,25(97):16-17
[25]李莉.低温大温差空调与常规空调冷冻水管路设计计算比较[J].流体机械,2008,36(5):79-83
[26]殷平.空调大温差研究(4):空调冷水大温差系统经济分析[J].暖通空调,2001,31(1):68-72
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