基于全球价值链的多元城市网络与价值空间分异研究
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摘要
全球化时代,以全球网络为研究对象的世界城市网络与全球价值链成为地理学研究的热点问题。在价值链功能分工日益成为城市间经济联系的主要形式以及塑造城市网络体系的主要力量的背景下,本论文从全球价值链视角切入世界城市网络研究,寻求全球价值链与世界城市网络联系的理论基础,并建立全球价值链分工体系下的世界城市网络分析框架。
论文共分为八个章节。在理论研究方面主要讨论全球价值链体系下的世界城市网络组织模式,在实证研究方面则从全球价值链及跨国公司价值链的空间布局入手,通过跨国公司价值链体系构建多元世界城市网络,继而分析价值链——生产者服务业融合视角下的中国城市网络,最后对长三角城市网络的价值空间分异进行研究。
第1章是绪论。首先介绍论文研究背景、选题依据,指出在全球价值链功能分工日益成为城市间经济联系主要形式的背景下,运用全球价值链分析世界城市网络的构成与内在联系具有重要意义。在此基础上提出本论文的研究思路、框架和方法。
第2章是城市网络理论的研究综述。主要对世界城市网络和区域城市网络的研究进展及缺陷进行总结。认为世界城市网络理论研究仍未摆脱世界城市单一中心模式的研究视角,将具有全球化职能的低等级城市排除在研究范畴之外。区域城市网络探索了世界城市与其腹地城市的网络联系,拓展了世界城市网络研究的地理范畴,但与世界城市网络的衔接讨论甚少。最后梳理了基于全球价值链视角的城市网络研究进展,指出全球价值链为世界城市网络研究提供了一种可靠的分析工具。
第3章是世界城市网络价值链模型构建。在城市网络中,价值链功能专业化是城市节点价值生产的主要形式,城市间的价值链内部贸易是城市价值实现的主要途径。城市价值功能专业化的基础由城市所具有的绝对优势、相对优势、竞争优势所决定,不同城市所有具有的价值生产专业化优势是城市区位优势、交易成本变化、集聚经济、新经济增长动力等共同作用的结果。城市网络中各个城市所具有的价值链功能专业化优势并非一成不变,其随世界体系、产品生命周期、经济长波的变化而变化。跨国公司作为全球价值链的主要塑造者,其价值区段的空间组织方式决定了城市网络的组织结构。生产者服务业作为外部化于全球价值链的一个重要价值生产环节,是连接城市网络内部不同价值环节的“粘合剂”。
第4章是全球价值链的价值生产与空间组织。在国家尺度对智能手机价值链的研究发现,位于价值高端环节的标准制定和品牌营销主要由美国和韩国控制,中国台湾及欧洲国家在核心部件制造和品牌营销环节也占据一定地位；代工与组装环节主要由台湾地区公司控制；以中国为代表的发展中国家在智能手机全球价值链中主要承担价值链各环节的制造功能。在城市尺度对ICT产业跨国公司的案例分析发现,研发环节主要分布于发达国家的高科技城市,在发展中国家也形成了北京、上海、班加罗尔等研发功能集聚城市；生产环节主要集聚于发展中国家的制造业中心城市;营销与服务环节主要分布于世界各国的首都或经济中心城市。
第5章是基于跨国公司价值链的多元世界城市网络研究。本章基于52家ICT跨国公司价值链的空间布局,分析多元城市网络的构成与联系。多元世界城市网络的组成要素不仅包括高等级的世界城市,同时也包含一定数量的专业化生产型城市和专业化研发型城市。发达国家世界城市主要承担价值链中总部控制及销售功能,发展中国家的世界城市不仅承接跨国公司在当地的区域管理及销售功能,还承担价值链中价值产出较低的生产功能,少数发展中国家的世界城市如上海、北京等也承担价值链中的研发功能。专业化研发型城市主要位于西方发达国家的科技中心城市,如美国的波士顿、欧文以及英国剑桥、布里斯托尔等,专业化生产型城市主要位于发展中国家,如中国的苏州、墨西哥的蒂华纳、巴西的玛瑙斯等。多元世界城市网络具有典型的“核心-边缘”结构,其中世界城市处于网络的核心,具有较高的联系强度；专业化研发型城市与生产型城市处于网络的外围,联系强度较小。
第6章是价值链——生产者服务业联系下的中国城市网络研究。本章基于价值链与生产者服务业的融合视角,以中国上市ICT公司与金融、法律、会计等生产者服务公司的联系结构分析中国城市网络,研究结果表明中国城市网络形成了以北京、深圳、上海为核心服务型城市的城市网络结构。其中,北京是具有全国影响力的服务型城市,以北京为核心的城市网络具有最为广泛的网络空间联系；上海主要向长三角地区城市提供生产者服务,而与区域外城市联系较少；深圳是珠三角城市网络的服务核心并具有一定的区域外服务能力。
第7章是城市网络价值生产的空间分异研究。本章从价值生产与分配的表现形式入手,建立企业利润、工人工资、政府税收三位一体的价值生产模式。在长三角城市网络的整体价值分配中,工人工资是价值的主要分配形式,其次为企业利润,政府税收占总价值的比例最小。在长三角城市网络内部,苏州ICT制造业创造的价值最高；上海居于次位,其他依次为杭州、南京、常州、宁波、南通、嘉兴、扬州等城市。各种价值形式的空间分异规律主要受到技术租金、人力资源租金、组织机构租金、关系租金、自然资源租金、政策租金等价值链租金的影响。从长三角城市网络ICT产业在全球价值链的所处的地位来看,其整体主要承接ICT制造业全球价值链的低端生产与装配环节,而长三角城市网络内部基本形成了以价值链分工为主导的城市间经济联系。
第8章是结论。通过以上的理论与实证分析,能够发现世界城市网络与全球价值链两种全球化背景下的地理模型具有内在的联系,世界城市网络是全球价值链的空间载体,全球价值链是世界城市网络的主要联系方式。基于全球价值链税角的多元世界城市网络可以从更广泛的地理范畴刻画城市网络的内在联系。
In the era of globalization, world city network and global value chain which take global network as the object of study has become a hot research issue of geography. In the context of the function division has become the major form of urban economic ties as well as a major force shaping the urban network system, the dissertation studies world city network from perspective of global value chain, seeks theoretical foundation of global value chains and the world city network links, and builds analytical framework of world city network under the division system of global value chain.
The dissertation is divided into eight chapters. In terms of theory research, organizational model of world city network is discussed under global value chain system. In terms of empirical study, starting from the spatial distribution of global value chain and multinational value chain, the dissertation builds multi-world city network by means of value chain system of multinationals, analyzes the Chinese city network that merged between the value chain and producer services, and studies the value production differentiation of city network in Yangtze River Delta.
Chapter1is an introduction. The dissertation introduces the research background and topics foundation, points out that the function division of the value chain has become the major form of urban spatial economic contact in the context of globalization. It is great importance to understand the constitution and the intrinsic link of city network by global value chain.Based on this, research ideas, frameworks and methods are put forward accordingly.
Chapter2is about the literature review of world city network theory. The dissertation summarizes the study Progress and defects of world city network and regional city network which based on the classification of spatial scale. The theory of world city network is not yet out of single-center study modes of world city, and the cities that have global functions are excluded from the study scope. The regional city network includes city agglomerations, giant city areas and global city areas; And it explores the network contact between global city and its hinterland city, which expands the geographic scope of the World City Network. However, there is little discussion about the convergence of global city network. At last, the research progress of world city network is discussed based on the global value chain, and it is considered that global value chain provides a reliable analytical tool for the research of world city network.
Chapter3is about the value chain model of world city network. The functional specialization of value chain is the main form of production value of urban node in city networks, and trade within the value chain between cities is the main way to realize the value of the city. The basis of functional specialization of value chain is determined by the absolute advantage, comparative advantage and competitive advantage which owned by Cities in the value chain. The advantage of functional specialization of value chain that different cities owned is the result of joint action of urban location advantage, changes in transaction costs, agglomeration economies. The advantage of functional specialization of value chain that different cities owned in city networks is not static, and it changes with World system, the core-periphery structure, product life cycle, economic long wave. Multinational corporations are the main shapers of global value chain, and spatial organization of their value segments determines the organizational structure of various cities in city network. Producer service, an important outside part of the global value chain, is the glue that connects different value sectors within city network.
Chapter4is about the value production and spatial organization of global value chain. After the study of value chain of smart phones in national scale, it is found that standards formulating and brand marketing which located in high value sector are mainly controlled by the United States and South Korea, and China Taiwan and European countries also occupy a certain position in the core component manufacturing and brand marketing sectors. OEM and assembly areas are controlled by the major companies from Taiwan. China, as the representative of the developing countries, is mainly responsible for the manufacturing capabilities of value chain in the global value chain of smart phones. Through case analysis of ICT MNCs in the city-scale, it is found that the main part of R&D mainly distributes in the high-tech city of developed countries, so it also formed R&D function gathering cities such as Beijing, Shanghai and Bangalore. And the main production processes of manufacturing gather in the city center in emerging economies.Marketing and service sectors mainly locate in the capitals or economic centers.
Chapter5is based on the multi-world city network of MNCs value chain. Based on the spatial distribution of value chain of52ICT MNCs, the chapter analyzes the structure and networking of city network. Composition structure of multi-world city network includes not only world cities, but also includes a number of cities specialized in production and R&D. World cities in developed countries undertake the functions of headquarters control and marketing of the value chain. World cities in developing countries undertake not only local management and marketing functions, but also undertake the function of manufacture that lies in the lower production output of the value chain. And world cities in few developing countries such as Shanghai, Beijing and Bangalore undertake the function of R&D of value chain. Cities specialized R&D mainly locate in technological central city of western developed countries, such as Boston,Cambridge and Bristol. Cities specialized in manufacture mainly locate in developing countries, for instance, Suzhou, Tijuana and Manaus. The multi-world city network has spatial structure of core-periphery in which world cities are the core and specialized cities of R&D and production locate in the periphery.
Chapter6is about the research of Chinese city networks from the perspective of integration between value chain and producer service. The result shows that China has formed city network of Beijing, Shenzhen, Shanghai that acting as the core of service-oriented city.In addition, Beijing is a national influence service-oriented city, and city network centered on Beijing has the most extensive cyberspace contact of network. Shanghai provides the main producer services for the cities in Yangtze River Delta, and has less contact with the outside urban areas. Shenzhen is service-oriented city that provide services for Pearl River Delta.
Chapter7is about the research of spatial differentiation of value production in urban city network. This chapter starts from the manifestations of value production and distribution, building the value production model of the Trinity between corporate profits, wages and government taxation. In the overall value distribution of city network in the Yangtze River Delta, Wages are the main forms of distribution value, Followed by corporate profits, government revenue occupy the smallest ratio of the total value. In internal city network of Yangtze River Delta, the spatial distribution pattern of various value forms are affected by technical rentals, human resource rents, rents organization, the relationship between rent, natural resource rents and rent policy. ICT industry in Suzhou can create the highest value, and Shanghai came next, followed by Hangzhou, Nanjing, Changzhou, Ningbo, Nantong, Jiaxing and Yangzhou. From the position of ICT industry of city network of Yangtze River Delta in global value chain, ICT industry as a whole is to undertake the low end production and distribution transfer of global value chain in terms of manufacture in ICT sector. It formed economic ties dominated by the division of value chain between cities in Yangtze River Delta.
Chapter8is the conclusion. Based on theoretical and empirical analysis mentioned above, it can be found that geographic models of world city network and global value chains are linked intrinsically under the background of the globalization. World city network is the space vector of global value chains, and global value chain is a major contact of world city network. Multi-world city network based on Global Value Chain can characterize the intrinsic link of city network from a wider geographical scope.
论文共分为八个章节。在理论研究方面主要讨论全球价值链体系下的世界城市网络组织模式,在实证研究方面则从全球价值链及跨国公司价值链的空间布局入手,通过跨国公司价值链体系构建多元世界城市网络,继而分析价值链——生产者服务业融合视角下的中国城市网络,最后对长三角城市网络的价值空间分异进行研究。
第1章是绪论。首先介绍论文研究背景、选题依据,指出在全球价值链功能分工日益成为城市间经济联系主要形式的背景下,运用全球价值链分析世界城市网络的构成与内在联系具有重要意义。在此基础上提出本论文的研究思路、框架和方法。
第2章是城市网络理论的研究综述。主要对世界城市网络和区域城市网络的研究进展及缺陷进行总结。认为世界城市网络理论研究仍未摆脱世界城市单一中心模式的研究视角,将具有全球化职能的低等级城市排除在研究范畴之外。区域城市网络探索了世界城市与其腹地城市的网络联系,拓展了世界城市网络研究的地理范畴,但与世界城市网络的衔接讨论甚少。最后梳理了基于全球价值链视角的城市网络研究进展,指出全球价值链为世界城市网络研究提供了一种可靠的分析工具。
第3章是世界城市网络价值链模型构建。在城市网络中,价值链功能专业化是城市节点价值生产的主要形式,城市间的价值链内部贸易是城市价值实现的主要途径。城市价值功能专业化的基础由城市所具有的绝对优势、相对优势、竞争优势所决定,不同城市所有具有的价值生产专业化优势是城市区位优势、交易成本变化、集聚经济、新经济增长动力等共同作用的结果。城市网络中各个城市所具有的价值链功能专业化优势并非一成不变,其随世界体系、产品生命周期、经济长波的变化而变化。跨国公司作为全球价值链的主要塑造者,其价值区段的空间组织方式决定了城市网络的组织结构。生产者服务业作为外部化于全球价值链的一个重要价值生产环节,是连接城市网络内部不同价值环节的“粘合剂”。
第4章是全球价值链的价值生产与空间组织。在国家尺度对智能手机价值链的研究发现,位于价值高端环节的标准制定和品牌营销主要由美国和韩国控制,中国台湾及欧洲国家在核心部件制造和品牌营销环节也占据一定地位；代工与组装环节主要由台湾地区公司控制；以中国为代表的发展中国家在智能手机全球价值链中主要承担价值链各环节的制造功能。在城市尺度对ICT产业跨国公司的案例分析发现,研发环节主要分布于发达国家的高科技城市,在发展中国家也形成了北京、上海、班加罗尔等研发功能集聚城市；生产环节主要集聚于发展中国家的制造业中心城市;营销与服务环节主要分布于世界各国的首都或经济中心城市。
第5章是基于跨国公司价值链的多元世界城市网络研究。本章基于52家ICT跨国公司价值链的空间布局,分析多元城市网络的构成与联系。多元世界城市网络的组成要素不仅包括高等级的世界城市,同时也包含一定数量的专业化生产型城市和专业化研发型城市。发达国家世界城市主要承担价值链中总部控制及销售功能,发展中国家的世界城市不仅承接跨国公司在当地的区域管理及销售功能,还承担价值链中价值产出较低的生产功能,少数发展中国家的世界城市如上海、北京等也承担价值链中的研发功能。专业化研发型城市主要位于西方发达国家的科技中心城市,如美国的波士顿、欧文以及英国剑桥、布里斯托尔等,专业化生产型城市主要位于发展中国家,如中国的苏州、墨西哥的蒂华纳、巴西的玛瑙斯等。多元世界城市网络具有典型的“核心-边缘”结构,其中世界城市处于网络的核心,具有较高的联系强度；专业化研发型城市与生产型城市处于网络的外围,联系强度较小。
第6章是价值链——生产者服务业联系下的中国城市网络研究。本章基于价值链与生产者服务业的融合视角,以中国上市ICT公司与金融、法律、会计等生产者服务公司的联系结构分析中国城市网络,研究结果表明中国城市网络形成了以北京、深圳、上海为核心服务型城市的城市网络结构。其中,北京是具有全国影响力的服务型城市,以北京为核心的城市网络具有最为广泛的网络空间联系；上海主要向长三角地区城市提供生产者服务,而与区域外城市联系较少；深圳是珠三角城市网络的服务核心并具有一定的区域外服务能力。
第7章是城市网络价值生产的空间分异研究。本章从价值生产与分配的表现形式入手,建立企业利润、工人工资、政府税收三位一体的价值生产模式。在长三角城市网络的整体价值分配中,工人工资是价值的主要分配形式,其次为企业利润,政府税收占总价值的比例最小。在长三角城市网络内部,苏州ICT制造业创造的价值最高；上海居于次位,其他依次为杭州、南京、常州、宁波、南通、嘉兴、扬州等城市。各种价值形式的空间分异规律主要受到技术租金、人力资源租金、组织机构租金、关系租金、自然资源租金、政策租金等价值链租金的影响。从长三角城市网络ICT产业在全球价值链的所处的地位来看,其整体主要承接ICT制造业全球价值链的低端生产与装配环节,而长三角城市网络内部基本形成了以价值链分工为主导的城市间经济联系。
第8章是结论。通过以上的理论与实证分析,能够发现世界城市网络与全球价值链两种全球化背景下的地理模型具有内在的联系,世界城市网络是全球价值链的空间载体,全球价值链是世界城市网络的主要联系方式。基于全球价值链税角的多元世界城市网络可以从更广泛的地理范畴刻画城市网络的内在联系。
In the era of globalization, world city network and global value chain which take global network as the object of study has become a hot research issue of geography. In the context of the function division has become the major form of urban economic ties as well as a major force shaping the urban network system, the dissertation studies world city network from perspective of global value chain, seeks theoretical foundation of global value chains and the world city network links, and builds analytical framework of world city network under the division system of global value chain.
The dissertation is divided into eight chapters. In terms of theory research, organizational model of world city network is discussed under global value chain system. In terms of empirical study, starting from the spatial distribution of global value chain and multinational value chain, the dissertation builds multi-world city network by means of value chain system of multinationals, analyzes the Chinese city network that merged between the value chain and producer services, and studies the value production differentiation of city network in Yangtze River Delta.
Chapter1is an introduction. The dissertation introduces the research background and topics foundation, points out that the function division of the value chain has become the major form of urban spatial economic contact in the context of globalization. It is great importance to understand the constitution and the intrinsic link of city network by global value chain.Based on this, research ideas, frameworks and methods are put forward accordingly.
Chapter2is about the literature review of world city network theory. The dissertation summarizes the study Progress and defects of world city network and regional city network which based on the classification of spatial scale. The theory of world city network is not yet out of single-center study modes of world city, and the cities that have global functions are excluded from the study scope. The regional city network includes city agglomerations, giant city areas and global city areas; And it explores the network contact between global city and its hinterland city, which expands the geographic scope of the World City Network. However, there is little discussion about the convergence of global city network. At last, the research progress of world city network is discussed based on the global value chain, and it is considered that global value chain provides a reliable analytical tool for the research of world city network.
Chapter3is about the value chain model of world city network. The functional specialization of value chain is the main form of production value of urban node in city networks, and trade within the value chain between cities is the main way to realize the value of the city. The basis of functional specialization of value chain is determined by the absolute advantage, comparative advantage and competitive advantage which owned by Cities in the value chain. The advantage of functional specialization of value chain that different cities owned is the result of joint action of urban location advantage, changes in transaction costs, agglomeration economies. The advantage of functional specialization of value chain that different cities owned in city networks is not static, and it changes with World system, the core-periphery structure, product life cycle, economic long wave. Multinational corporations are the main shapers of global value chain, and spatial organization of their value segments determines the organizational structure of various cities in city network. Producer service, an important outside part of the global value chain, is the glue that connects different value sectors within city network.
Chapter4is about the value production and spatial organization of global value chain. After the study of value chain of smart phones in national scale, it is found that standards formulating and brand marketing which located in high value sector are mainly controlled by the United States and South Korea, and China Taiwan and European countries also occupy a certain position in the core component manufacturing and brand marketing sectors. OEM and assembly areas are controlled by the major companies from Taiwan. China, as the representative of the developing countries, is mainly responsible for the manufacturing capabilities of value chain in the global value chain of smart phones. Through case analysis of ICT MNCs in the city-scale, it is found that the main part of R&D mainly distributes in the high-tech city of developed countries, so it also formed R&D function gathering cities such as Beijing, Shanghai and Bangalore. And the main production processes of manufacturing gather in the city center in emerging economies.Marketing and service sectors mainly locate in the capitals or economic centers.
Chapter5is based on the multi-world city network of MNCs value chain. Based on the spatial distribution of value chain of52ICT MNCs, the chapter analyzes the structure and networking of city network. Composition structure of multi-world city network includes not only world cities, but also includes a number of cities specialized in production and R&D. World cities in developed countries undertake the functions of headquarters control and marketing of the value chain. World cities in developing countries undertake not only local management and marketing functions, but also undertake the function of manufacture that lies in the lower production output of the value chain. And world cities in few developing countries such as Shanghai, Beijing and Bangalore undertake the function of R&D of value chain. Cities specialized R&D mainly locate in technological central city of western developed countries, such as Boston,Cambridge and Bristol. Cities specialized in manufacture mainly locate in developing countries, for instance, Suzhou, Tijuana and Manaus. The multi-world city network has spatial structure of core-periphery in which world cities are the core and specialized cities of R&D and production locate in the periphery.
Chapter6is about the research of Chinese city networks from the perspective of integration between value chain and producer service. The result shows that China has formed city network of Beijing, Shenzhen, Shanghai that acting as the core of service-oriented city.In addition, Beijing is a national influence service-oriented city, and city network centered on Beijing has the most extensive cyberspace contact of network. Shanghai provides the main producer services for the cities in Yangtze River Delta, and has less contact with the outside urban areas. Shenzhen is service-oriented city that provide services for Pearl River Delta.
Chapter7is about the research of spatial differentiation of value production in urban city network. This chapter starts from the manifestations of value production and distribution, building the value production model of the Trinity between corporate profits, wages and government taxation. In the overall value distribution of city network in the Yangtze River Delta, Wages are the main forms of distribution value, Followed by corporate profits, government revenue occupy the smallest ratio of the total value. In internal city network of Yangtze River Delta, the spatial distribution pattern of various value forms are affected by technical rentals, human resource rents, rents organization, the relationship between rent, natural resource rents and rent policy. ICT industry in Suzhou can create the highest value, and Shanghai came next, followed by Hangzhou, Nanjing, Changzhou, Ningbo, Nantong, Jiaxing and Yangzhou. From the position of ICT industry of city network of Yangtze River Delta in global value chain, ICT industry as a whole is to undertake the low end production and distribution transfer of global value chain in terms of manufacture in ICT sector. It formed economic ties dominated by the division of value chain between cities in Yangtze River Delta.
Chapter8is the conclusion. Based on theoretical and empirical analysis mentioned above, it can be found that geographic models of world city network and global value chains are linked intrinsically under the background of the globalization. World city network is the space vector of global value chains, and global value chain is a major contact of world city network. Multi-world city network based on Global Value Chain can characterize the intrinsic link of city network from a wider geographical scope.
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