飞机起落架转向系统参数分析与优化
|
摘要
飞机起落架前轮转向系统是现代飞机实现地面操纵的关键,直接关系到飞机的起降安全。目前在飞机起落架的研究中,主要集中在起落架的缓冲减震、安全可靠性、刹车和防滑控制系统等方面,对前轮转向系统的研究还不多。本文主要针对前轮转向系统在飞机起降阶段的转弯精度低、转向角度跟随性不好等问题进行了探索分析。
首先,介绍了前轮转向系统中的机械、液压和控制子系统,分析了飞机地面运动特性和液压传动。基于多领域建模语言Modelica和软件Dymola完成了转向系统的模型,并进一步分析转向系统的动态特性。
其次,针对飞机操纵前轮转向系统中所需要研究的问题对该系统进行稳健性优化设计,介绍了稳健性优化设计中常见的基于Taguchi方法的设计、基于响应面模型的设计和基于容差模型的设计的原理和方法。通过对前轮转向系统问题分析确定了设计优化目标。利用Taguchi试验设计的方法,采用软件Matlab进行数据处理,筛选出对转向系统影响较大的参数,并通过参数扰动分析,确定这些参数的最佳水平值。在Taguchi设计的基础上,对参数进行回归设计,建立二阶响应面模型,优化得到设计解。之后在回归模型的基础上进行容差设计。
最后,利用Monte Carlo法,对优化设计的结果进行分析,得到在稳健设计后,飞机前轮在转弯过程中的具有了较好的跟随性,达到了设计的要求。
本文通过对飞机前轮转向系统的研究,为进一步对飞机起落架的研究提供了理论依据和研究方法,具有一定的实际价值。
Aircraft landing gear steering system is the key role in modern aircraft’s ground control,which is directly relateded to the safety of aircraft taking off and landing. Now, the main research about landing gear of aircraft has been foused on landing buffering, vibration attenuating ,safety and reliability,and anti-skid braking system,but has a little about aircraft’s nose wheel steering system.In this paper, The problem has been explored, that the turning angle of this system has bad tracking during aircraft taking off and landing.
First, the principles of the aircraft nose wheel steering system,which includes mechanical subsystem, control subsystem and hydraulic subsystem are introduced,and the characteristic of aircraft’s ground manavers and the principles of hydraulic drive system are studied. and then,the physical model of nose wheel steering system based on multi-domain physical modeling language Modelica is made by software Dymola.which can analyze the dynamic performance exactly.
Second, the principles of robust design including Taguchi method,Response Surface Mothodology,Tolerance Design are introduced for the problem of aircraft nose wheel steering system, then the objective of the robust design is defined. The parameters which has a greater impact for steering system can be selected by the method of Taguchi and the software of Matlab, the certain optimist level of this factors can be made. Then, the Response Surface Mothodology based on the result of Taguchi method is carried out, The tolerance design is used to get the robust result lastly.
Finally, the result of optimization can be analyzed and verified by Monte Carlo analysis in this paper. The turning angle has good tracking after the robust design, which meets the requirement.
The research result of aircraft nose wheel steering system provide the principles and method for the research of aircraft landing gear,which have some practical value.
首先,介绍了前轮转向系统中的机械、液压和控制子系统,分析了飞机地面运动特性和液压传动。基于多领域建模语言Modelica和软件Dymola完成了转向系统的模型,并进一步分析转向系统的动态特性。
其次,针对飞机操纵前轮转向系统中所需要研究的问题对该系统进行稳健性优化设计,介绍了稳健性优化设计中常见的基于Taguchi方法的设计、基于响应面模型的设计和基于容差模型的设计的原理和方法。通过对前轮转向系统问题分析确定了设计优化目标。利用Taguchi试验设计的方法,采用软件Matlab进行数据处理,筛选出对转向系统影响较大的参数,并通过参数扰动分析,确定这些参数的最佳水平值。在Taguchi设计的基础上,对参数进行回归设计,建立二阶响应面模型,优化得到设计解。之后在回归模型的基础上进行容差设计。
最后,利用Monte Carlo法,对优化设计的结果进行分析,得到在稳健设计后,飞机前轮在转弯过程中的具有了较好的跟随性,达到了设计的要求。
本文通过对飞机前轮转向系统的研究,为进一步对飞机起落架的研究提供了理论依据和研究方法,具有一定的实际价值。
Aircraft landing gear steering system is the key role in modern aircraft’s ground control,which is directly relateded to the safety of aircraft taking off and landing. Now, the main research about landing gear of aircraft has been foused on landing buffering, vibration attenuating ,safety and reliability,and anti-skid braking system,but has a little about aircraft’s nose wheel steering system.In this paper, The problem has been explored, that the turning angle of this system has bad tracking during aircraft taking off and landing.
First, the principles of the aircraft nose wheel steering system,which includes mechanical subsystem, control subsystem and hydraulic subsystem are introduced,and the characteristic of aircraft’s ground manavers and the principles of hydraulic drive system are studied. and then,the physical model of nose wheel steering system based on multi-domain physical modeling language Modelica is made by software Dymola.which can analyze the dynamic performance exactly.
Second, the principles of robust design including Taguchi method,Response Surface Mothodology,Tolerance Design are introduced for the problem of aircraft nose wheel steering system, then the objective of the robust design is defined. The parameters which has a greater impact for steering system can be selected by the method of Taguchi and the software of Matlab, the certain optimist level of this factors can be made. Then, the Response Surface Mothodology based on the result of Taguchi method is carried out, The tolerance design is used to get the robust result lastly.
Finally, the result of optimization can be analyzed and verified by Monte Carlo analysis in this paper. The turning angle has good tracking after the robust design, which meets the requirement.
The research result of aircraft nose wheel steering system provide the principles and method for the research of aircraft landing gear,which have some practical value.
引文
[1]姜澄宇.从国外民机重大研究计划看大型民机发展的重大关键技术[J].中国航空学会2007年学术年会.2007.
[2]李航航.我国大飞机发展途径构想及关键技术研究[J].中国航空学会2007年学术年会.2007.
[3]王志瑾,姚卫星.飞机结构设计[M].北京,国防工业出版社,2009
[4]高泽迥,黄振威,于俊虎等.飞机设计手册第14分册:起飞着陆系统设计[M].北京.航空工业出版社,2002.
[5]王孝英,诸德陪.飞机操纵前轮转弯的数学模型及数值仿真[J].应用力学学报,1997, 14(4):46-50.
[6] Patrick Monclar, Messier-Dowty. Landing Gear Technology Programmes. AIAA International Air and Space Symposium and Exposition: The Next 100 Years, Dayton, Ohio, July 14-17, 2003
[7]袁朝晖,张娟.飞机操纵前轮转向模糊控制仿真研究[J].系统仿真学报.2008,20 (17):4509-4513.
[8]石文君,郑煌,陈瑞涛.自适应滑模控制在飞机前轮转向中的应用[J].航空精密制造技术.2010,46(4):31-37.
[9] Bessa.W.M, Dutra.M.S, Kreuzer. E: Adaptive fuzzy slidingmode control of uncertain nonlinear systems with non-symmetricdead-zone[C]. CBA 2008-Proceedings of the XVII BrazilianConference onAutomatica. Juiz de Fora, Brazil (2008)
[10]随予行.光传飞行控制系统余度技术的研究[硕士学位论文].南京航空航天大学. 2003
[11]苏均和.试验设计[M].上海.上海财经大学出版社.2005
[12]赵婧.试验设计在质量管理中的应用研究[硕士学位论文].南京信息工程大学.2007
[13]任露泉.试验设计及其优化[M].北京.科学出版社.2009
[14]陈立周.稳健设计[M].北京.机械工业出版社.2000
[15] Alfredo L, Salvatore M. Performance Parameters optimizationof a pneumaticprogra -mmable palletizer using Taghchi method. Roboticsof a pneumaticand Computer -Intrgrated Manufact19(2003).147-155
[16] Sanjay K.Mahajan,Matthew M.Surella and Thomas C.Single Designing Six Sigma Quality into a RWD IRS Driveline System for Improved Vehicle-Level NVHPerform -ance,SAE 2003-01-1494
[17] W.Chen.Raman Garimella and Nestor Michelena Robust Design For ImprovedVehicle Handing Under a Range of Mannever Condition ASME Design EngineeringTechnical Conferences September 12-15,1999
[18] WangHT, LuZJ, Chen S Xet al.APPlicatoin of Taguehi Method to Robust Design of BLDC motor Peroformance.Magnetcis,IEEE Transactions on ,1999,35(5):3700-3702
[19] LinCW .ConiorllnigtherocketenginePerformalncevariabilityviaProbabilistic Parameter analysis.Conefrence Proeeedings,IEEE Internatoinal Conference on,1999(3):1197- 1198
[20] Fernando P, Bernardo et al. Quality costs and robustness criteria in chemicalprocess design. Computers and Chemical Engineering 2001,25:27-40
[21] H.L.Lee,S.J.Chang,S.J.Hwang et.al.Computer-Aided Design of LOCPackage Using Taguchi's Parameter Design Method to Optimize Mold-Flow Balance,ASME,Vol.125, JUNE 2003
[22] B Bras, F Mistree. A compromise decision support problem for axiomatic and robust design [J].Transaction of the AS ME, Journal of Mechanical Design, 1995,117:100- 119.
[23]张义民,贺向东,刘巧伶,闻邦椿.汽车零部件(弹簧)的可靠性稳健优化设计[J].中国工程科学.2004. 6 (5):61-64
[24]张义民,刘仁云,于繁华.车辆前轴的多目标可靠性稳健优化设计[J].机械设计与研究.2006.22(4).82-84
[25]孙鹏.稳健设计方法及其在火箭发动机结构设计中的应用[硕士学位论文].西北工业大学.2006
[26]谭彬.基于神经网络的摆动活齿减速器的多目标模糊稳健优化设计[硕士学位论文].中南大学.2008
[27]李泳鲜,孟庆国,姬振豫.三次设计中望目特性信噪比的讨论与改进[J].机械设计.2001,01:10-12
[28]林慕义.工程车辆全动力制动系统.第一版.冶金工业出版社,2007.
[29]陈宏.基于试验设计的麦克弗逊悬架参数灵敏度分析及调校[硕士学位论文].华中科技大学.2005
[30]石文君.飞机前轮操纵技术研究[硕士学位论文].中南大学.2010
[31]钱小妹.飞机操纵前轮转弯特性仿真研究[硕士学位论文].南京.南京航空航天大学.2008.
[32]陈瑞涛.飞机前轮操纵数字式控制器研究[硕士学位论文].中南大学.2010
[33]陈舒平.基于Modelica的液压助力转向系统的建模与仿真[硕士学位论文].吉林大学.2009
[34] WANG Peng,LI Bohu, CHAI Xudong. Multidiscipline virtual prototype top-level modeling language for complex product [J].Computer Integrated Manufacturing Systems 2006, 12(10):1605-1611
[35]朱玉明,刘继红等.支持复杂物理系统设计的多领域统一建模平台.计算机集成制造系统.2010,16(11):2428-2434
[36]于涛、曾庆良.基于仿真建模语言Modelica的多领域仿真实现[J].山东科技大学学报(自然科学版),2005
[37]丁建完.陈述式仿真模型相容性分析与约简方法研究[博士学位论文].华中科技大学.2006
[38] Xiong Guangleng,FAN Wenhui CHEN Xiaobo. Simulation technology of complex product development [J]. Journal of System Simulation,2004, 16(2):194-201
[39] Otto M. Advanced concepts in Modelica and their implementation in VehProLib : [Master thesis]. Sweden: Link?ping University, 2004
[40] Alexander H. Timo H. Thomas T, et al. A combined thermo-hydraulic approach to simulation of active building components applying Modelica. In Proceedings of 4th International Modelica Conference, Hamburg, Germany, 2005
[41] Beater P, Clauss C. Multi-domain systems: pneumatic, electronic and mechanical subsystems of a pneumatic drive modeled with Modelica. In Proceedings of the 3rd International Modelica Conference, Link?ping, Sweden, 2003
[42] Johanna W. Modelling of components for conventional car and hybrid electric vehicle in Modelica: [Master thesis]. Sweden: Link?ping University, 2004
[43] Thomas Braig, J?rg Ungethüm. System-Level Modeling of an ICE-powered Vehicle withThermoelectric Waste-Heat-Utilization. In Proceedings of the 7th International Modelica Conference,2009
[44] Tomas S. Simulation of liquid food process in Modelica. In Proceedings of the 3rd International Modelica Conference, Link?ping, Sweden, 2003
[45]莫雨峰.基于Modelica的航空发动机电气系统仿真分析研究[硕士学位论文].上海交通大学.2004
[46]李防战,孟光,王廷兴等.基于特性方程的燃气涡轮的建模与性能仿真[J].中国动力工程学报, 2005, 25(1): 18~22
[47]何义,姚锡凡.基于Modelica/Dymola的二相混合式步进电动机建模与仿真[J].机械设计与制造.2010,6:74-76
[48]贺剑辉.基于Modelica面向对象语言的汽轮机系统建模与仿真[硕士学位论文].华北电力大学(北京).2007
[49] Zhao Jianjun, Li Ziqiang, Ding Jianwan. HIL Simulation of Aircraft Thrust Reverser Hydraulic System in Modelica. In Proceedings of the 7th International Modelica Conference,2009
[50]赵建军,丁建完,周凡利,陈立平.Modelica语言及其多领域统一建模与仿真机理[J].系统仿真学报.2006.18(2).570-573
[51]吴景铼.气压制动系统建模及其稳健性分析[硕士学位论文].华中科技大学.2009
[52]陈洪燕.基于Modelica的车辆动力性和燃油经济性稳健性分析[硕士学位论文].华中科技大学.2009
[2]李航航.我国大飞机发展途径构想及关键技术研究[J].中国航空学会2007年学术年会.2007.
[3]王志瑾,姚卫星.飞机结构设计[M].北京,国防工业出版社,2009
[4]高泽迥,黄振威,于俊虎等.飞机设计手册第14分册:起飞着陆系统设计[M].北京.航空工业出版社,2002.
[5]王孝英,诸德陪.飞机操纵前轮转弯的数学模型及数值仿真[J].应用力学学报,1997, 14(4):46-50.
[6] Patrick Monclar, Messier-Dowty. Landing Gear Technology Programmes. AIAA International Air and Space Symposium and Exposition: The Next 100 Years, Dayton, Ohio, July 14-17, 2003
[7]袁朝晖,张娟.飞机操纵前轮转向模糊控制仿真研究[J].系统仿真学报.2008,20 (17):4509-4513.
[8]石文君,郑煌,陈瑞涛.自适应滑模控制在飞机前轮转向中的应用[J].航空精密制造技术.2010,46(4):31-37.
[9] Bessa.W.M, Dutra.M.S, Kreuzer. E: Adaptive fuzzy slidingmode control of uncertain nonlinear systems with non-symmetricdead-zone[C]. CBA 2008-Proceedings of the XVII BrazilianConference onAutomatica. Juiz de Fora, Brazil (2008)
[10]随予行.光传飞行控制系统余度技术的研究[硕士学位论文].南京航空航天大学. 2003
[11]苏均和.试验设计[M].上海.上海财经大学出版社.2005
[12]赵婧.试验设计在质量管理中的应用研究[硕士学位论文].南京信息工程大学.2007
[13]任露泉.试验设计及其优化[M].北京.科学出版社.2009
[14]陈立周.稳健设计[M].北京.机械工业出版社.2000
[15] Alfredo L, Salvatore M. Performance Parameters optimizationof a pneumaticprogra -mmable palletizer using Taghchi method. Roboticsof a pneumaticand Computer -Intrgrated Manufact19(2003).147-155
[16] Sanjay K.Mahajan,Matthew M.Surella and Thomas C.Single Designing Six Sigma Quality into a RWD IRS Driveline System for Improved Vehicle-Level NVHPerform -ance,SAE 2003-01-1494
[17] W.Chen.Raman Garimella and Nestor Michelena Robust Design For ImprovedVehicle Handing Under a Range of Mannever Condition ASME Design EngineeringTechnical Conferences September 12-15,1999
[18] WangHT, LuZJ, Chen S Xet al.APPlicatoin of Taguehi Method to Robust Design of BLDC motor Peroformance.Magnetcis,IEEE Transactions on ,1999,35(5):3700-3702
[19] LinCW .ConiorllnigtherocketenginePerformalncevariabilityviaProbabilistic Parameter analysis.Conefrence Proeeedings,IEEE Internatoinal Conference on,1999(3):1197- 1198
[20] Fernando P, Bernardo et al. Quality costs and robustness criteria in chemicalprocess design. Computers and Chemical Engineering 2001,25:27-40
[21] H.L.Lee,S.J.Chang,S.J.Hwang et.al.Computer-Aided Design of LOCPackage Using Taguchi's Parameter Design Method to Optimize Mold-Flow Balance,ASME,Vol.125, JUNE 2003
[22] B Bras, F Mistree. A compromise decision support problem for axiomatic and robust design [J].Transaction of the AS ME, Journal of Mechanical Design, 1995,117:100- 119.
[23]张义民,贺向东,刘巧伶,闻邦椿.汽车零部件(弹簧)的可靠性稳健优化设计[J].中国工程科学.2004. 6 (5):61-64
[24]张义民,刘仁云,于繁华.车辆前轴的多目标可靠性稳健优化设计[J].机械设计与研究.2006.22(4).82-84
[25]孙鹏.稳健设计方法及其在火箭发动机结构设计中的应用[硕士学位论文].西北工业大学.2006
[26]谭彬.基于神经网络的摆动活齿减速器的多目标模糊稳健优化设计[硕士学位论文].中南大学.2008
[27]李泳鲜,孟庆国,姬振豫.三次设计中望目特性信噪比的讨论与改进[J].机械设计.2001,01:10-12
[28]林慕义.工程车辆全动力制动系统.第一版.冶金工业出版社,2007.
[29]陈宏.基于试验设计的麦克弗逊悬架参数灵敏度分析及调校[硕士学位论文].华中科技大学.2005
[30]石文君.飞机前轮操纵技术研究[硕士学位论文].中南大学.2010
[31]钱小妹.飞机操纵前轮转弯特性仿真研究[硕士学位论文].南京.南京航空航天大学.2008.
[32]陈瑞涛.飞机前轮操纵数字式控制器研究[硕士学位论文].中南大学.2010
[33]陈舒平.基于Modelica的液压助力转向系统的建模与仿真[硕士学位论文].吉林大学.2009
[34] WANG Peng,LI Bohu, CHAI Xudong. Multidiscipline virtual prototype top-level modeling language for complex product [J].Computer Integrated Manufacturing Systems 2006, 12(10):1605-1611
[35]朱玉明,刘继红等.支持复杂物理系统设计的多领域统一建模平台.计算机集成制造系统.2010,16(11):2428-2434
[36]于涛、曾庆良.基于仿真建模语言Modelica的多领域仿真实现[J].山东科技大学学报(自然科学版),2005
[37]丁建完.陈述式仿真模型相容性分析与约简方法研究[博士学位论文].华中科技大学.2006
[38] Xiong Guangleng,FAN Wenhui CHEN Xiaobo. Simulation technology of complex product development [J]. Journal of System Simulation,2004, 16(2):194-201
[39] Otto M. Advanced concepts in Modelica and their implementation in VehProLib : [Master thesis]. Sweden: Link?ping University, 2004
[40] Alexander H. Timo H. Thomas T, et al. A combined thermo-hydraulic approach to simulation of active building components applying Modelica. In Proceedings of 4th International Modelica Conference, Hamburg, Germany, 2005
[41] Beater P, Clauss C. Multi-domain systems: pneumatic, electronic and mechanical subsystems of a pneumatic drive modeled with Modelica. In Proceedings of the 3rd International Modelica Conference, Link?ping, Sweden, 2003
[42] Johanna W. Modelling of components for conventional car and hybrid electric vehicle in Modelica: [Master thesis]. Sweden: Link?ping University, 2004
[43] Thomas Braig, J?rg Ungethüm. System-Level Modeling of an ICE-powered Vehicle withThermoelectric Waste-Heat-Utilization. In Proceedings of the 7th International Modelica Conference,2009
[44] Tomas S. Simulation of liquid food process in Modelica. In Proceedings of the 3rd International Modelica Conference, Link?ping, Sweden, 2003
[45]莫雨峰.基于Modelica的航空发动机电气系统仿真分析研究[硕士学位论文].上海交通大学.2004
[46]李防战,孟光,王廷兴等.基于特性方程的燃气涡轮的建模与性能仿真[J].中国动力工程学报, 2005, 25(1): 18~22
[47]何义,姚锡凡.基于Modelica/Dymola的二相混合式步进电动机建模与仿真[J].机械设计与制造.2010,6:74-76
[48]贺剑辉.基于Modelica面向对象语言的汽轮机系统建模与仿真[硕士学位论文].华北电力大学(北京).2007
[49] Zhao Jianjun, Li Ziqiang, Ding Jianwan. HIL Simulation of Aircraft Thrust Reverser Hydraulic System in Modelica. In Proceedings of the 7th International Modelica Conference,2009
[50]赵建军,丁建完,周凡利,陈立平.Modelica语言及其多领域统一建模与仿真机理[J].系统仿真学报.2006.18(2).570-573
[51]吴景铼.气压制动系统建模及其稳健性分析[硕士学位论文].华中科技大学.2009
[52]陈洪燕.基于Modelica的车辆动力性和燃油经济性稳健性分析[硕士学位论文].华中科技大学.2009