松梢象嗅觉定位及其防治
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摘要
松梢象(Pissodes nitidus)是红松的重要枝梢害虫,幼虫和成虫都危害红松主梢,造成树干分叉,严重影响其生长,降低材质与出材率。目前对松梢象的科学防治,在理论上和实践中都缺乏充足的研究积累和技术储备。林业生产中对松梢象仍以化学农药防治为主,为探索生态安全型防治技术,本文重点研究了红松挥发物质的成分及含量、松梢象对红松挥发物的EAG反应及行为反应、松梢象触角超微感器及部分无公害农药对松梢象的防治效果,获得如下研究结果。
1、利用动态顶空收集法提取了红松挥发物,气象色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)分析结果表明:在红松的挥发物中,共有30种组分,有15种萜类、5种烷烃、4种烯烃、3种酮、2种醇和1种呋喃类物质。其中共有组分22种,不同部位挥发物组分及含量存在较大差异。健康主梢中α-蒎烯的含量比其它部位少,β-蒎烯、坎烯、4(10)-崖柏烯和3-蒈烯的含量比其它部位多,罗勒烯的含量多于被害主梢而少于侧梢及球果,β-月桂烯的含量少于球果而多于被害主梢及侧梢。与健康主梢相比,被害主梢多α-法呢烯和α-荜澄茄烯这两种物质;侧梢多反-柠檬烯一种物质;球果多萜品烯、β-醋酸萜品酯、α-香柠檬烯、α-石竹烯和β-倍半水芹烯这5种物质。
2、利用触角电位技术(EAG)测定了松梢象对寄主红松中的S型和R型α-蒎烯、β-蒎烯、莰烯、β-月桂稀、3-蒈烯、反-柠檬烯、罗勒烯8种挥发物在0.0004μmol/μL、0.004μmol/μL、0.04μmol/μL、0.4μmol/μL及0.8 1μmol/μL浓度下的触角电位反应。电生理测试结果表明:松梢象成虫触角对挥发性化合物反应较为敏感,电生理反应无性别差异。成虫对不同浓度挥发物的EAG反应值呈规律性变化,即与挥发物浓度变化趋势基本一致,浓度越高,EAG反应值越高。
3、利用“Y”型嗅觉仪测定了松梢象对寄主红松中的S型和R型α-蒎烯、β-蒎烯、莰烯、β-月桂稀、3-蒈烯、反-柠檬烯、罗勒烯8种挥发物在0.0004μmol/μL、0.004μmol/μL、0.04μmol/μL、0.4μmol/μL及0.8μmol/μL浓度下的行为反应。结果表明:S型α-蒎烯和R型α-蒎烯在浓度为0.04μmol/μL和0.0004μmol/μL时具有很强的引诱作用;β-蒎烯在浓度为0.4μmol/μL和0.8μmol/μL有较强的引诱作用;罗勒烯在0.4μmol/μL和0.04μmol/μL具有引诱作用;在浓度为0.4μmol/μL和0.8μmol/μL时反-柠檬烯具有趋避作用。
4、详细描述了松梢象触角的形态结构及各类型感器分布情况,运用扫描电镜和透射电镜对触角上的感器进行了观察,共发现有6种类型:掌形感器、刺形感器、毛形感器、锥形感器、棒形感器及镰刀形感器。掌形感器、刺形感器和毛形感器全部分布于第七鞭亚节,锥形感器分布于梗节和柄节,棒形感器分布于梗节和鞭节,镰刀形感器分布于柄节。其中掌形感器为松梢象特有感器。刺形感器端部具有顶孔,感器壁具有微孔,推测其为嗅觉感器。
5、为有效防治松梢象对红松的危害,利用无公害药剂对当年新生松梢象进行室内及林间防治。结果表明:在室内防治中,高渗苯氧威、猎擒及灭蚜风暴的死亡率大于50%防治效果大于70%,且与其它药剂的防治效果相比差异显著(P<0.05)。在林间防治中,为比较药剂高、低浓度及药剂的连续防治效果,在室内防治试验的基础上,选用高渗苯氧威、猎擒、灭蚜风暴三种药剂和高效氯氰菊酯、阿维菌素、啶虫咪的5X、10X、15X液对红松进行林间防治。各药剂防治效果与对照相比差异极显著(P<0.01),相同药剂不同浓度防治效果差异不显著(P>0.05)。高渗苯氧威防治效果达到81.5%-98.7%,阿维菌素第一年防治效果达到79.7%-90.7%,第二年达到98.7%。第二年连续防治可明显降低红松受害率,株被害率小于4.0%。建议选择高渗苯氧威及阿维菌素15X进行林间连年防治。
Nowadays,chemical control is the main ways to control pine weevil(Pissodes nitidus). In order to promote trap effects,it is important to study the chemical communication mechanism between P.nitidus and host plant based on chemical ecology and insect ecology. In this paper,the chemical compounds of volatile from different parts of pines and EAG responses of adults to host plant volatiles were tested.Eight kinds of components which have high efficiency to attract P.nitidus were selected.The morphology and ultramicro sensor of antennal sensilla was observed by SEM and TEM.We also protected the pine with environment friendly chemical agents.The results were summarized as follows:
1.The volatile were obtained from four parts of pine,their components were analyzed and by GC-MS and then identified.The results showed that 30 kinds of volatiles are identified in the samples of Pinus koraiensis volatiles,which includ terpene,alkyl hydrocarbon,alkene, ketone,alcoholic and furan.22 kind compounds are the same.The components and relative content changed among different parts.Compared to other parts tested,the concentrations of healthy main tip of a-Pinene were the least,while P-Pinene,Camphene,4(10)-Thujene and 3-Carene were the most,Ocimene was more than damaged main tip,less than subordinate tip and cone.P-Myrcene was less than cone,more than damaged and subordinate tip.α-Farnesene andα-Cubebene were detected on feeded tip.D-Limonene was the peculiar species on subordinate tip,Terpilene,β-Terpinyl acetate,α-Bergamotene,α-Caryophyllene andβ-Sesquiphellandrene were detected only in cone.
2.We used EAG technology determine the EAG response of pine weevils to 8 volatiles of the host Korean pine,such as S-α-Pinene,R-α-Pinene,β-Pinene,Ocimene,D-Limonene,3-Camphene,3-Carene,β-Myrcene.The concentration were respectively 0.0004、0.004、0.04、0.4 and 0.8μmol/μL.The result of electrophysiological assay showed that the receptor organs sensitive to volatile compounds,there were no differences of EAG responses between males and females.EAG responses of adults to eight compounds were tested.The result showed that EAG response increaseed with the concentration increaseed.
3.We used "Y" tube technology determine the behavior response of pine weevils to 8 volatiles of the host Korean pine.The concentration were respectively 0.0004μmol/μL、0.004μmol/μL、0.04μmol/μL、0.4μmol/μL and 0.8μmol/μL.The result showed:P. nitidus could be attractd by S-α-Pinene and R-α-Pinene when the concentration was 0.0004μmol/μL and 0.04μmol/μL;β-Pinene could be attracted at the concentration 0.4μmol/μL and 0.8μmol/μL.Ocimene could be attracted at the concentration of 0.4μmol/μL and 0.04μmol/μL.However,D-Limonene could not be attracted at 0.4 and 0.8μmol/μL.
4.The external morphology of antennal sensilla was observed by SEM and TEM,six types of sensilla were found,such as sensilla Palmate,sensilla Chaetica,sensilla Trichoid, sensilla Basiconic,sensilla Rod-like,sensilla Falcatas.Sensilla Palmate was the particular type of senilla.And the ultrastructure was tested by TEM.Sensilla Palmate,sensilla Chaetica and sensilla Trichoid were all located on the seventh flagemllum,sensilla Basiconic were on scape and pedicel,sensilla Rod-like were on pedicel and flagemllum,sensilla Falcatas located on scape and the beak.There are many tiny pores on the circumjacent wells of sensilla chaetica and its olfactrory sensilla.
5.For the effective prevention and treatment of red pine as Dioryctria hazards,the use of pollution-free pharmaceutical indoor and in forest machine control.The results showed that:in doors,the hypertonic Fenoxycarb,hunting and capture and eliminate aphid mortality crisis more than 50%control more than 70%,and with other control agents compared to a significant difference.Prevention and control in the forest,in order to compare the pharmaceutical high-and low-concentration effects and continuous effect of pharmaceutical.We used Beta-cypermethrin ,Abamectin,Acetamiprid microphone and Acetamiprid microphone,Fenoxycarb hypertonic,Benzoate benzoate streptozotocin Microemulsion at the concentration of 5X,10X and 15X for the prevention of pine weevil.The effect of pharmaceutical compared with the control were significant difference(P<0.01),the concentration of the pharmaceutical were no significant difference(P>0.05).The effects of Abamectin were reach 79.7%-90.7%in the first year,the second year were 98.7%.The second year of continuous control could significantly reduce the rate of Korean pine victims,which was less than 4.0%of the victims. Recommend Avermectin Fenoxycarb and 15X for prevention and treatment to the forest
1、利用动态顶空收集法提取了红松挥发物,气象色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)分析结果表明:在红松的挥发物中,共有30种组分,有15种萜类、5种烷烃、4种烯烃、3种酮、2种醇和1种呋喃类物质。其中共有组分22种,不同部位挥发物组分及含量存在较大差异。健康主梢中α-蒎烯的含量比其它部位少,β-蒎烯、坎烯、4(10)-崖柏烯和3-蒈烯的含量比其它部位多,罗勒烯的含量多于被害主梢而少于侧梢及球果,β-月桂烯的含量少于球果而多于被害主梢及侧梢。与健康主梢相比,被害主梢多α-法呢烯和α-荜澄茄烯这两种物质;侧梢多反-柠檬烯一种物质;球果多萜品烯、β-醋酸萜品酯、α-香柠檬烯、α-石竹烯和β-倍半水芹烯这5种物质。
2、利用触角电位技术(EAG)测定了松梢象对寄主红松中的S型和R型α-蒎烯、β-蒎烯、莰烯、β-月桂稀、3-蒈烯、反-柠檬烯、罗勒烯8种挥发物在0.0004μmol/μL、0.004μmol/μL、0.04μmol/μL、0.4μmol/μL及0.8 1μmol/μL浓度下的触角电位反应。电生理测试结果表明:松梢象成虫触角对挥发性化合物反应较为敏感,电生理反应无性别差异。成虫对不同浓度挥发物的EAG反应值呈规律性变化,即与挥发物浓度变化趋势基本一致,浓度越高,EAG反应值越高。
3、利用“Y”型嗅觉仪测定了松梢象对寄主红松中的S型和R型α-蒎烯、β-蒎烯、莰烯、β-月桂稀、3-蒈烯、反-柠檬烯、罗勒烯8种挥发物在0.0004μmol/μL、0.004μmol/μL、0.04μmol/μL、0.4μmol/μL及0.8μmol/μL浓度下的行为反应。结果表明:S型α-蒎烯和R型α-蒎烯在浓度为0.04μmol/μL和0.0004μmol/μL时具有很强的引诱作用;β-蒎烯在浓度为0.4μmol/μL和0.8μmol/μL有较强的引诱作用;罗勒烯在0.4μmol/μL和0.04μmol/μL具有引诱作用;在浓度为0.4μmol/μL和0.8μmol/μL时反-柠檬烯具有趋避作用。
4、详细描述了松梢象触角的形态结构及各类型感器分布情况,运用扫描电镜和透射电镜对触角上的感器进行了观察,共发现有6种类型:掌形感器、刺形感器、毛形感器、锥形感器、棒形感器及镰刀形感器。掌形感器、刺形感器和毛形感器全部分布于第七鞭亚节,锥形感器分布于梗节和柄节,棒形感器分布于梗节和鞭节,镰刀形感器分布于柄节。其中掌形感器为松梢象特有感器。刺形感器端部具有顶孔,感器壁具有微孔,推测其为嗅觉感器。
5、为有效防治松梢象对红松的危害,利用无公害药剂对当年新生松梢象进行室内及林间防治。结果表明:在室内防治中,高渗苯氧威、猎擒及灭蚜风暴的死亡率大于50%防治效果大于70%,且与其它药剂的防治效果相比差异显著(P<0.05)。在林间防治中,为比较药剂高、低浓度及药剂的连续防治效果,在室内防治试验的基础上,选用高渗苯氧威、猎擒、灭蚜风暴三种药剂和高效氯氰菊酯、阿维菌素、啶虫咪的5X、10X、15X液对红松进行林间防治。各药剂防治效果与对照相比差异极显著(P<0.01),相同药剂不同浓度防治效果差异不显著(P>0.05)。高渗苯氧威防治效果达到81.5%-98.7%,阿维菌素第一年防治效果达到79.7%-90.7%,第二年达到98.7%。第二年连续防治可明显降低红松受害率,株被害率小于4.0%。建议选择高渗苯氧威及阿维菌素15X进行林间连年防治。
Nowadays,chemical control is the main ways to control pine weevil(Pissodes nitidus). In order to promote trap effects,it is important to study the chemical communication mechanism between P.nitidus and host plant based on chemical ecology and insect ecology. In this paper,the chemical compounds of volatile from different parts of pines and EAG responses of adults to host plant volatiles were tested.Eight kinds of components which have high efficiency to attract P.nitidus were selected.The morphology and ultramicro sensor of antennal sensilla was observed by SEM and TEM.We also protected the pine with environment friendly chemical agents.The results were summarized as follows:
1.The volatile were obtained from four parts of pine,their components were analyzed and by GC-MS and then identified.The results showed that 30 kinds of volatiles are identified in the samples of Pinus koraiensis volatiles,which includ terpene,alkyl hydrocarbon,alkene, ketone,alcoholic and furan.22 kind compounds are the same.The components and relative content changed among different parts.Compared to other parts tested,the concentrations of healthy main tip of a-Pinene were the least,while P-Pinene,Camphene,4(10)-Thujene and 3-Carene were the most,Ocimene was more than damaged main tip,less than subordinate tip and cone.P-Myrcene was less than cone,more than damaged and subordinate tip.α-Farnesene andα-Cubebene were detected on feeded tip.D-Limonene was the peculiar species on subordinate tip,Terpilene,β-Terpinyl acetate,α-Bergamotene,α-Caryophyllene andβ-Sesquiphellandrene were detected only in cone.
2.We used EAG technology determine the EAG response of pine weevils to 8 volatiles of the host Korean pine,such as S-α-Pinene,R-α-Pinene,β-Pinene,Ocimene,D-Limonene,3-Camphene,3-Carene,β-Myrcene.The concentration were respectively 0.0004、0.004、0.04、0.4 and 0.8μmol/μL.The result of electrophysiological assay showed that the receptor organs sensitive to volatile compounds,there were no differences of EAG responses between males and females.EAG responses of adults to eight compounds were tested.The result showed that EAG response increaseed with the concentration increaseed.
3.We used "Y" tube technology determine the behavior response of pine weevils to 8 volatiles of the host Korean pine.The concentration were respectively 0.0004μmol/μL、0.004μmol/μL、0.04μmol/μL、0.4μmol/μL and 0.8μmol/μL.The result showed:P. nitidus could be attractd by S-α-Pinene and R-α-Pinene when the concentration was 0.0004μmol/μL and 0.04μmol/μL;β-Pinene could be attracted at the concentration 0.4μmol/μL and 0.8μmol/μL.Ocimene could be attracted at the concentration of 0.4μmol/μL and 0.04μmol/μL.However,D-Limonene could not be attracted at 0.4 and 0.8μmol/μL.
4.The external morphology of antennal sensilla was observed by SEM and TEM,six types of sensilla were found,such as sensilla Palmate,sensilla Chaetica,sensilla Trichoid, sensilla Basiconic,sensilla Rod-like,sensilla Falcatas.Sensilla Palmate was the particular type of senilla.And the ultrastructure was tested by TEM.Sensilla Palmate,sensilla Chaetica and sensilla Trichoid were all located on the seventh flagemllum,sensilla Basiconic were on scape and pedicel,sensilla Rod-like were on pedicel and flagemllum,sensilla Falcatas located on scape and the beak.There are many tiny pores on the circumjacent wells of sensilla chaetica and its olfactrory sensilla.
5.For the effective prevention and treatment of red pine as Dioryctria hazards,the use of pollution-free pharmaceutical indoor and in forest machine control.The results showed that:in doors,the hypertonic Fenoxycarb,hunting and capture and eliminate aphid mortality crisis more than 50%control more than 70%,and with other control agents compared to a significant difference.Prevention and control in the forest,in order to compare the pharmaceutical high-and low-concentration effects and continuous effect of pharmaceutical.We used Beta-cypermethrin ,Abamectin,Acetamiprid microphone and Acetamiprid microphone,Fenoxycarb hypertonic,Benzoate benzoate streptozotocin Microemulsion at the concentration of 5X,10X and 15X for the prevention of pine weevil.The effect of pharmaceutical compared with the control were significant difference(P<0.01),the concentration of the pharmaceutical were no significant difference(P>0.05).The effects of Abamectin were reach 79.7%-90.7%in the first year,the second year were 98.7%.The second year of continuous control could significantly reduce the rate of Korean pine victims,which was less than 4.0%of the victims. Recommend Avermectin Fenoxycarb and 15X for prevention and treatment to the forest
引文
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