海底透水通道发育带隧道施工注浆技术研究
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摘要
海底隧道设计施工与陆域隧道相比其难点主要是：水的控制。高压涌水问题的处理是海底隧道设计及施工当中的难点和重点。地下工程的地质环境非常复杂,尤其是海底隧道,岩石经历了漫长的成岩和改造历史,其内部富含各种缺陷,包括微裂纹,孔隙以及节理等宏观非连续面,它们为地下水提供了存储和运移的场所。由于海底隧道建设中所遇到的水多为高承压水,如果不对其进行有效的封堵,特别是在海底透水通道发育带,势必造成流路扩大,引起大的突水和坍塌。本文在前人的研究成果的基础上,深入研究了海底隧道透水通道发育带的注浆机理、不同因素对注浆效果的影响。最后将海底透水通道注浆技术应用于胶州湾海底隧道工程的实践中。主要内容如下：
(1)在广泛研究中外文献的基础上,借鉴前人研究成果,全面分析了海底透水通道发育带的特征,对海底透水通道发育带注浆原理进行详细的分析。
(2)进行现场注浆试验,确定出适合胶州湾海底隧道透水通道注浆的浆材,确定合适的注浆参数,结合青岛胶州湾海底隧道的工程地质和水文地质情况研究并总结了海底透水通道发育带注浆技术。
(3)对f2-3断层破碎带进行注浆堵水设计。通过理论分析和现场实验设计注浆方案、确定注浆参数,运用综合评价手段对注浆效果进行评价。
(4)运用数值计算的方法对海底透水通道发育带注浆前后的渗流和涌水量情况进行计算分析,确定海底透水通道的渗流特点,研究注浆参数及涌水量之间的关系。
The mainly difference of design and construction between land tunnel and subsea tunnel is water control. How to deal with the high-pressure blow is a important but difficult problem. The geological Environment of underground construction is very complicated, especially subsea tunnel. After a long time of diagenesis and transformation, we can found lots of faults in rock interior, including microcracks, pores and macroscopic discontinuity surface such as joints. They provide the place for the storage and translation of groundwater. Usually, there is confined water in subsea tunnel construction, without efficient plugging, it will lead to enlargement of flow path even serious water bursting and collapse, especially in development zone of permeable channels. In this paper, the author made a further study on the grouting mechanism of permeable channels developed zone and different influencing factors to grouting effect. In the end of the article, the author applied grouting technique of permeable channels developed zone to KiaoChow Bay subsea tunnel. Main research contents as follows:
(1) On the foundation of widely research on worldwide literatures, the author uses others' research results for reference and comprehensively analyzing the characteristics and grouting mechanism of permeable channels developed zone.
(2) Conduct field grouting test so as to determine proper grouting material and parameters of permeable channels developed zone. The result was combined with the engineering geology and hydrogeology of Kiaochow Bay subsea tunnel to make a study on grouting technique of permeable channels developed zone.
(3) To f2-3 fault fracture zone, the author made a grouting and blocking water design through theoretical analysis and field test, and then determine proper grouting parameters. Finally, grouting effect is evaluated by comprehensive means.
(4) Using numerical calculation method to analysis the pre—and post grouting seepage and water inflow changes of permeable channels developed zone, study the seepage characteristics of permeable channels developed zone and the relation between grouting parameters and water inflow.
(1)在广泛研究中外文献的基础上,借鉴前人研究成果,全面分析了海底透水通道发育带的特征,对海底透水通道发育带注浆原理进行详细的分析。
(2)进行现场注浆试验,确定出适合胶州湾海底隧道透水通道注浆的浆材,确定合适的注浆参数,结合青岛胶州湾海底隧道的工程地质和水文地质情况研究并总结了海底透水通道发育带注浆技术。
(3)对f2-3断层破碎带进行注浆堵水设计。通过理论分析和现场实验设计注浆方案、确定注浆参数,运用综合评价手段对注浆效果进行评价。
(4)运用数值计算的方法对海底透水通道发育带注浆前后的渗流和涌水量情况进行计算分析,确定海底透水通道的渗流特点,研究注浆参数及涌水量之间的关系。
The mainly difference of design and construction between land tunnel and subsea tunnel is water control. How to deal with the high-pressure blow is a important but difficult problem. The geological Environment of underground construction is very complicated, especially subsea tunnel. After a long time of diagenesis and transformation, we can found lots of faults in rock interior, including microcracks, pores and macroscopic discontinuity surface such as joints. They provide the place for the storage and translation of groundwater. Usually, there is confined water in subsea tunnel construction, without efficient plugging, it will lead to enlargement of flow path even serious water bursting and collapse, especially in development zone of permeable channels. In this paper, the author made a further study on the grouting mechanism of permeable channels developed zone and different influencing factors to grouting effect. In the end of the article, the author applied grouting technique of permeable channels developed zone to KiaoChow Bay subsea tunnel. Main research contents as follows:
(1) On the foundation of widely research on worldwide literatures, the author uses others' research results for reference and comprehensively analyzing the characteristics and grouting mechanism of permeable channels developed zone.
(2) Conduct field grouting test so as to determine proper grouting material and parameters of permeable channels developed zone. The result was combined with the engineering geology and hydrogeology of Kiaochow Bay subsea tunnel to make a study on grouting technique of permeable channels developed zone.
(3) To f2-3 fault fracture zone, the author made a grouting and blocking water design through theoretical analysis and field test, and then determine proper grouting parameters. Finally, grouting effect is evaluated by comprehensive means.
(4) Using numerical calculation method to analysis the pre—and post grouting seepage and water inflow changes of permeable channels developed zone, study the seepage characteristics of permeable channels developed zone and the relation between grouting parameters and water inflow.
引文
[1]徐继源译.日本海下隧道[M].隧道译丛.1990,(5)：545
[2]李炎 牟焕森.工程研究[J]：跨学科视野中的工程-2009(1).-90-96
[3]挪威海底隧道的设计与施工.世界隧道[M]。1996,(3)：25-33
[4]王梦恕,皇甫明.海底隧道修建中的关键问题[J].建筑科学与工程学报,2005,22(4)：1-4
[5]大型海底隧道与隧道工程技术的发展[J].世界隧道,1995(3),50-62
[6]《地基处理手册》编辑委员会,《地基处理手册》[M],北京：中国建筑工业出版社,1988,283～287,331～371。
[7]彭振斌.注浆工程设计计算与施工[M].武汉：中国地质大学出版社,1997
[8]Glossop.R. The invention and development of injection processes[J], Geotechnique(London), 5(1950):91-101,6(1961):255-279
[9]国外注浆技术概况[J],《煤炭科研参考资料》,1972年,第一期
[10]Houlsby, A.C., Construction and design of cement grouting—A guide to grouting in rockformation[J], John Wiley&Sons, Inc., NY,1990
[11]Kutzner, C., Grouting of Rock and Soil [M], Balkema, Rotterdam,1996
[12]Nonveiller,E.,顾柏林译,灌浆的理论与实践[M],沈阳：东北工学院出版社,1991.
[13]杜嘉鸿等.地下建筑注浆工程手册[M].北京：科学出版社,1992
[14]何修仁等,注浆加固与堵水[M],沈阳：东北工学院出版社,1990
[15]彭振斌.注浆工程设计计算与施工[M].武汉：中国地质大学出版社,1997.8
[16]杨加米等.注浆理论的研究现状及发展方向[J].岩石力学与工程学报.2001.11,20(6),839～841
[17]杜嘉鸿,张崇瑞,何修仁,熊厚金.地下注浆注浆工程简明手册[M].北京：科技出版社,1992.
[18]GrafaEdward D.CompaetionGrouting Technique and Observations, Journal of the Soil Mechanics and Foundations Division[J],ASCE,1969:1151-1158
[19]Brown,Douglas R.and Warner,James.Compacetion Grouting,Journal of the Soil Mechanics and Foundations Division[J],ASCE,1973:589
[20]Baker, W.H,E.J.Cording, and H.H.Maepherson,Compaction GroutingControl Ground Movements During Tunneling [J]Undergroud Spaee,1982,7(3):205-213
[21]Scott Harrington,Gregory R Niehaus.Risk Managcment and Insurance. [J] Inc: Mc-Graw-Hill,1999
[22]熊厚金,中国化学灌浆的过去、现在与未来[J],1991年全国灌浆技术学术讨论会论文集[C],1991
[23]李向红.CCG注浆技术的理论研究和应用研究[D].上海：同济大学.2002
[24]黄树勋.我院注浆技术研究的26年[J].长沙矿山研究院季刊,1987
[25]王新杰,王元湘.注浆技术在我国地铁土程中的应用[J].国际岩土锚同与灌浆新进展,北京： 中国建筑工业出版社,1996
[26]张川,苏坚深,高岗荣.煤矿工作面注浆技术的发展[J].注浆堵水加固技术及应用-中国注浆技术43年论文集[M],北京：煤炭工业出版社,1998
[27]韩冰,叶自桐,周创兵.岩体裂隙饱和／非饱和渗流机理初步研究[J].水科学进展,1999,10(4)：375-381
[28]郭东屏.地下水动力学[M].陕西：陕西科学技术出版社,1994
[29]李定方,郡俊,陶同康.裂隙岩体渗流新模型[J].水利水运科学研究,1996,(4)：283-293
[30]Oda M. An equivalent continuum model for coupled stress and fluid flow analysis in jointedrock masses[J].Water Resources Research,1986,22(13):1845-1856
[31]Jony Rutqvist,Ove Stephansson.The role of hydromechanical coupling in fractured rock engineering[J].Hydrogeology Journal,2003,11(1):7-40
[32]Gennady Margolin,Brian Berkowitz, Harvey Scher. Structure,flow,and generalized conductivity scaling in fracture net [33]Noorishad J,Ayatollahi M S,Witherspoon P A.A finite element method for coupled stress and fluid flow analysis in fractured rock masses[J].International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences,1982,19(1):185-193
[34]Long J C S, Remer J S, Wnson C R, et al. Porous media equivalents for networks of discontinousfractures[J].Water Resources Research,1982,18(3):645-658
[35]Jincai Zhang, Mao Bai, Roegiers J C. Dual-porosity poroelastic analyses of wellbore stability[J].International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences,2003 (40):473-483
[36]李廷春等,厦门海底隧道的流固祸合分析[J]岩土工程学报.2004,26(3)-397-401
[37]应隆安.无限元法[M].北京大学出版社：199.2
[38]卓家寿,赵宁,离散单元法的基本原理方法[J].应用河海科技进步展。1993年第2期
[39]石根华著,裴觉民译.数值流形方法与非连续变形分析[M]北京：清华大学出版社.1987
[40]金峰等.离散元边界元动力祸合模型[J],水利学报。2001(1)：23-26
[41]朱伯芳。有限单元法原理与应用[M]水利电力出版社1979：373-393
[42]邓百洪,方建勤.隧道涌水预测方法的研究[J].公路交通技术,2005,(3)：161-163.
[43]Park, K.-H. et al., Analytical solution for steady-state groundwater inflow into a drained circular tunnel in a semi-infinite aquifer:A revisit. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology [J].
[44]Kolymbas D, Wagner P. Groundwater ingress to tunnels-The exact analytical solution. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology [J].2007,22:23-27
[45]孙广忠.论地质灾害防治[J].中国地质灾害与防治学报,1996,(71)：1-5
[46]葛家良,软岩巷道注浆加固机理及注浆技术若干问题的研究[D],中国矿业大学博士学位论文,1995年
[47]陈必河,岩体裂隙鉴别特征及其在石材开采中的应用[J],石材,2000(11)：15～16
[48]王媛,速宝玉,单裂隙渗流特性及等效水力隙宽[J],水科学进展,2002(1)：61～68
[49]张有天,裂隙岩体中水的运动与水工建筑物相互作用[J],水利水科学研究院,1992
[50]谢和平,Willian G.节理粗糙度系数的分形估算[J],地质科学译丛,1992,9(1)：85～90
[51]LeeY H, et al.Fractural dimension as a measure of the roughness of rock discontinuityprofiles[J], Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 1990,27(6):453-464
[52]Louis.C, Maini.Y.N.T.Determination of in-situ hydraulic parameters in jointed rock, proc.Znd Congr.ISRM,1970,1
[53]I wai K.Fundamental studiex If fluid flow through a singlefracture [D] Berkeley:Univ.of California,1976
[54]曾祥熹,陈志超,钻孔护壁堵漏原理[M],北京：地质出版社,1984
[55]沈洪俊,张奇,夏颂佑,裂隙水流规律试验研究进展[J],河海科技进展,1994(3)：34～39
[56]赵阳升,矿山岩石流体力学[M],北京：煤炭工业出版社,1994
[57]Houlsby, A.C., Construction and design of cement grouting—A guide to grouting in rock formation, John Wiley&Sons, Inc., NY,1990
[58]Kutzner, C., Grouting of Rock and Soil, Balkema, Rotterdam,1996
[2]李炎 牟焕森.工程研究[J]：跨学科视野中的工程-2009(1).-90-96
[3]挪威海底隧道的设计与施工.世界隧道[M]。1996,(3)：25-33
[4]王梦恕,皇甫明.海底隧道修建中的关键问题[J].建筑科学与工程学报,2005,22(4)：1-4
[5]大型海底隧道与隧道工程技术的发展[J].世界隧道,1995(3),50-62
[6]《地基处理手册》编辑委员会,《地基处理手册》[M],北京：中国建筑工业出版社,1988,283～287,331～371。
[7]彭振斌.注浆工程设计计算与施工[M].武汉：中国地质大学出版社,1997
[8]Glossop.R. The invention and development of injection processes[J], Geotechnique(London), 5(1950):91-101,6(1961):255-279
[9]国外注浆技术概况[J],《煤炭科研参考资料》,1972年,第一期
[10]Houlsby, A.C., Construction and design of cement grouting—A guide to grouting in rockformation[J], John Wiley&Sons, Inc., NY,1990
[11]Kutzner, C., Grouting of Rock and Soil [M], Balkema, Rotterdam,1996
[12]Nonveiller,E.,顾柏林译,灌浆的理论与实践[M],沈阳：东北工学院出版社,1991.
[13]杜嘉鸿等.地下建筑注浆工程手册[M].北京：科学出版社,1992
[14]何修仁等,注浆加固与堵水[M],沈阳：东北工学院出版社,1990
[15]彭振斌.注浆工程设计计算与施工[M].武汉：中国地质大学出版社,1997.8
[16]杨加米等.注浆理论的研究现状及发展方向[J].岩石力学与工程学报.2001.11,20(6),839～841
[17]杜嘉鸿,张崇瑞,何修仁,熊厚金.地下注浆注浆工程简明手册[M].北京：科技出版社,1992.
[18]GrafaEdward D.CompaetionGrouting Technique and Observations, Journal of the Soil Mechanics and Foundations Division[J],ASCE,1969:1151-1158
[19]Brown,Douglas R.and Warner,James.Compacetion Grouting,Journal of the Soil Mechanics and Foundations Division[J],ASCE,1973:589
[20]Baker, W.H,E.J.Cording, and H.H.Maepherson,Compaction GroutingControl Ground Movements During Tunneling [J]Undergroud Spaee,1982,7(3):205-213
[21]Scott Harrington,Gregory R Niehaus.Risk Managcment and Insurance. [J] Inc: Mc-Graw-Hill,1999
[22]熊厚金,中国化学灌浆的过去、现在与未来[J],1991年全国灌浆技术学术讨论会论文集[C],1991
[23]李向红.CCG注浆技术的理论研究和应用研究[D].上海：同济大学.2002
[24]黄树勋.我院注浆技术研究的26年[J].长沙矿山研究院季刊,1987
[25]王新杰,王元湘.注浆技术在我国地铁土程中的应用[J].国际岩土锚同与灌浆新进展,北京： 中国建筑工业出版社,1996
[26]张川,苏坚深,高岗荣.煤矿工作面注浆技术的发展[J].注浆堵水加固技术及应用-中国注浆技术43年论文集[M],北京：煤炭工业出版社,1998
[27]韩冰,叶自桐,周创兵.岩体裂隙饱和／非饱和渗流机理初步研究[J].水科学进展,1999,10(4)：375-381
[28]郭东屏.地下水动力学[M].陕西：陕西科学技术出版社,1994
[29]李定方,郡俊,陶同康.裂隙岩体渗流新模型[J].水利水运科学研究,1996,(4)：283-293
[30]Oda M. An equivalent continuum model for coupled stress and fluid flow analysis in jointedrock masses[J].Water Resources Research,1986,22(13):1845-1856
[31]Jony Rutqvist,Ove Stephansson.The role of hydromechanical coupling in fractured rock engineering[J].Hydrogeology Journal,2003,11(1):7-40
[32]Gennady Margolin,Brian Berkowitz, Harvey Scher. Structure,flow,and generalized conductivity scaling in fracture net
[34]Long J C S, Remer J S, Wnson C R, et al. Porous media equivalents for networks of discontinousfractures[J].Water Resources Research,1982,18(3):645-658
[35]Jincai Zhang, Mao Bai, Roegiers J C. Dual-porosity poroelastic analyses of wellbore stability[J].International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences,2003 (40):473-483
[36]李廷春等,厦门海底隧道的流固祸合分析[J]岩土工程学报.2004,26(3)-397-401
[37]应隆安.无限元法[M].北京大学出版社：199.2
[38]卓家寿,赵宁,离散单元法的基本原理方法[J].应用河海科技进步展。1993年第2期
[39]石根华著,裴觉民译.数值流形方法与非连续变形分析[M]北京：清华大学出版社.1987
[40]金峰等.离散元边界元动力祸合模型[J],水利学报。2001(1)：23-26
[41]朱伯芳。有限单元法原理与应用[M]水利电力出版社1979：373-393
[42]邓百洪,方建勤.隧道涌水预测方法的研究[J].公路交通技术,2005,(3)：161-163.
[43]Park, K.-H. et al., Analytical solution for steady-state groundwater inflow into a drained circular tunnel in a semi-infinite aquifer:A revisit. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology [J].
[44]Kolymbas D, Wagner P. Groundwater ingress to tunnels-The exact analytical solution. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology [J].2007,22:23-27
[45]孙广忠.论地质灾害防治[J].中国地质灾害与防治学报,1996,(71)：1-5
[46]葛家良,软岩巷道注浆加固机理及注浆技术若干问题的研究[D],中国矿业大学博士学位论文,1995年
[47]陈必河,岩体裂隙鉴别特征及其在石材开采中的应用[J],石材,2000(11)：15～16
[48]王媛,速宝玉,单裂隙渗流特性及等效水力隙宽[J],水科学进展,2002(1)：61～68
[49]张有天,裂隙岩体中水的运动与水工建筑物相互作用[J],水利水科学研究院,1992
[50]谢和平,Willian G.节理粗糙度系数的分形估算[J],地质科学译丛,1992,9(1)：85～90
[51]LeeY H, et al.Fractural dimension as a measure of the roughness of rock discontinuityprofiles[J], Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 1990,27(6):453-464
[52]Louis.C, Maini.Y.N.T.Determination of in-situ hydraulic parameters in jointed rock, proc.Znd Congr.ISRM,1970,1
[53]I wai K.Fundamental studiex If fluid flow through a singlefracture [D] Berkeley:Univ.of California,1976
[54]曾祥熹,陈志超,钻孔护壁堵漏原理[M],北京：地质出版社,1984
[55]沈洪俊,张奇,夏颂佑,裂隙水流规律试验研究进展[J],河海科技进展,1994(3)：34～39
[56]赵阳升,矿山岩石流体力学[M],北京：煤炭工业出版社,1994
[57]Houlsby, A.C., Construction and design of cement grouting—A guide to grouting in rock formation, John Wiley&Sons, Inc., NY,1990
[58]Kutzner, C., Grouting of Rock and Soil, Balkema, Rotterdam,1996