云南山岭公路隧道修筑技术研究
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摘要
我国西部广大地区地形、地质条件复杂，山岭区公路建设中遇到大量的隧道工程。为了提升山岭公路隧道修筑技术水平，并丰富和发展我国公路隧道的设计与施工方法，本文采用调查分析、数值模拟和模型试验等方法从隧道围岩压力特征与取值、隧道结构选型、设计技术、施工工法、动态反馈设计与信息化施工等方面开展了山岭公路隧道设计与施工技术的系统研究。论文研究的主要结论如下：
(1)研究了单洞隧道、连拱隧道和小净距隧道围岩压力及深埋隧道围岩的形变压力。其中，对于单洞隧道，分别提出了深埋单洞隧道的围岩水平压力、地面接近水平时浅埋隧道的围岩压力、地形偏斜时浅埋隧道围岩压力的计算方法；对于连拱隧道，提出了深埋连拱隧道围岩压力、连拱隧道深浅埋分界值、浅埋连拱隧道围岩压力和偏压地形围岩压力计算方法；对于小净距隧道，提出了深埋小净距隧道的围岩压力、作用在深埋小净距隧道支护结构两侧的水平土压力荷载和隧道均布垂直压力及两侧水平围岩压力的计算方法；在深埋隧道围岩的形变压力方面，研究了单洞隧道形变压力计算、作用在隧道二次衬砌之上的形变压力和隧道支护结构之上的围岩的形变压力的计算问题。在对复杂地质条件下山岭公路隧道围岩分级研究的基础上，提出了其物理力学参数确定方法。
(2)通过山岭公路隧道结构选型分析认为，无论是分离式隧道、连拱隧道、小间距隧道都有其各自的优点，因此，不能一概而论那种形式最好，它们都有各自适用的条件，只有基于这些条件下，才可论证其优劣。当对该处进行各种隧道方案的对比时，考虑到工程造价制约，选用分离式隧道；以环境保护、占地宽度、接线难度为首选条件，则选用连拱隧道或小间距隧道。当对连拱隧道和小间距隧道举棋不定时：若考虑到占地面积极少、地形特别复杂、桥隧接线、景观设计、科技创新、地质预报、环境保护角度，连拱隧道优于小间距隧道。若考虑工程造价、施工难度，可以优选小间距隧道。同时，还讨论了特殊地质条件下公路隧道的结构选型问题。
(3)针对山岭公路隧道设计问题，分别研究了分离式隧道、连拱隧道和小净距隧道的设计技术。对于分离式隧道，研究了隧道的洞室结构、支护结构与类型、超前支护参数、初期支护措施、二次衬砌参数和预留变形量参数。在连拱隧道设计方面，研究了连拱隧道的结构型式、中墙的设计、防排水、衬砌支护参数、洞外接线型式，并进行了各种衬砌断面的比较。在小净距遂道设计方面，研究了隧道支护体系选取对策，并结合云南平年小净距隧道的实际工程情况，进行了有偏压和错台情况下的相似模型试验，采用二维和三维数值计算方法对小净距隧道在浅埋、偏压、有错台高度的情况下各个施工阶段的位移和应力进行了研究。
(4)对于连拱隧道的中墙型式设计，作者提出应综合分析连拱隧道所处位置的地形、地质条件，隧道洞口的接线条件，全面分析整体直中墙、中空直中墙、分层直中墙、整体曲中墙、中空曲中墙和三层曲中墙的适用条件，择优选择。同时，认为在条件允许的情况下，可较多地考虑三层曲中墙连拱隧道型式。
(5)研究了山岭公路隧道中分离式隧道、连拱隧道和小净距隧道的施工工法。针对分离式隧道，分别研究了洞口施工、洞身开挖、初期支护、二次衬砌的施工，并提出了不良地质段分离式隧道施工方法。针对连拱隧道，对比分析了连拱隧道典型施工方法，研究了其洞口与明洞施工、超前支护、中导洞的掘进与初期支护、中墙施工、主洞的掘进与初期支护、二次衬砌以及特殊与不良地质条件下的连拱隧道施工。对于小净距隧道施工，提出了小净距隧道施工措施选取的原则及对策、相邻隧道掌子面合理距离、支护体系的施作时机的确定方法、开挖、爆破控制等施工技术和中岩墙加固技术。
(6)在山岭公路隧道动态反馈设计与信息化施工方面，提出了信息化施工的执行程序、数据采集手段和数据处理与信息反馈手段、动态反馈设计与信息化施工的实施要点与流程。
Because of complicated terrain and geological conditions in western China, a great number of tunnel engineering may occur during the highway construction in mountainous areas. In order to improve the building technology of highway tunnels in mountainous areas, also, to enrich and to develop highway tunnel design and construction methods of China, this thesis systematically studied the design and construction technology of highway tunnels in mountainous areas of Yunnan Province from such aspects as the characteristics and values of wall rock pressure, tunnel structure-type selection, design technology, construction technology, dynamic feedback design and information construction etc by means of site investigation, numerical modeling and model test. The main research results are as follows:
(1)The wall rock pressure of single tunnel, multi-arch tunnel, and neighborhood tunnel, and deformation pressure of deep tunnel are studied. For single tunnel, the author offered horizontal pressure of the wall rock of the deep single tunnel, wall rock pressure of shallow tunnel when the ground is nearly horizontal and the calculation methods of wall rock pressure of shallow tunnel when ground is inclined. For multiple-arch tunnel, the author puts forward the calculation method of wall rock pressures of the deep multiple-arch tunnels, the dividing value between deep and shallow tunnels, the wall rock pressure of the shallow multiple-arch tunnels and the wall rock pressure of multiple-arch tunnels with bias pressure. For neighborhood tunnel, the author put forward the calculation methods of wall rock pressure of the deep neighborhood tunnels, horizontal loads at the both sides of retaining structures of deep neighborhood tunnels, the uniform vertical pressure and horizontal wall rock pressure on the both sides. As for the aspect of deformation pressure of deep tunnels, the author studied calculation problems including deformation pressure calculation of single tunnel, deformation pressure of tunnel secondary lining and wall rock deformation pressure above tunnel retaining structure. On the basis of studying the classification of wall rock of highway tunnels in mountainous areas with complicated geological conditions, the methods of determining physical and mechanical parameters are proposed.
(2)After analyzing the structure selection of highway tunnels in mountainous areas, the author thought that whether it is separated tunnel, multiple-arch tunnel or neighborhood tunnel, it has its own advantages. Therefore, which one is the best can not be lumped together. These tunnels all have their own applicable conditions, so, their advantages and disadvantages can be discussed only based on these conditions. For example, separated tunnel is used when considering engineering cost; multiple-arch tunnel or neighborhood tunnel is used with environmental protection, occupied area, connecting difficulty as first choice. When hesitating to choose multiple-arch tunnel or neighborhood tunnel, if considering less occupied area, very complex topography, bridge tunnel connection, landscape design, technology innovation, geological forecast, and environmental protection, multiple-arch tunnel is superior to neighborhood tunnel; if considering engineering cost, construction difficulty, neighborhood tunnel is optimal. At the same time, the problems of structure selection on highway tunnels under special geological conditions are also discussed in the thesis.
(3)For design problems of highway tunnels in the mountainous areas, the design technologies of separated tunnel, multiple-arch tunnel and neighborhood tunnel are studied respectively. In the design of separated tunnel, the author studied cavity structure of tunnel, supporting structure and types, pre-reinforcement parameters, initial supporting measures, secondary lining parameters and reservation deformation parameters. In the design of multi-arch tunnel, the author studied the structure of multi-arch tunnel, the design of center pillar, water-resistance and abstraction of water, lining supporting parameters, and connection pattern outside of the tunnel entrance. Also, the author carried out a comparison about various lining cross-sections. In the design of neighborhood tunnel, the author studied the strategy for selecting supporting system, carried out similar model test in the case of bias pressure and differential height, and simulated the displacements and stresses of different construction stages in the case of shallow location, bias pressure and different height by two- and three-dimensional numerical modeling taking the Pingnian tunnel as an example.
(4)It is thought that the key design of multi-arch tunnel is the design of center pillar, including the type selections of center pillar, construction plan, technologies of water-resistance and abstraction of water, etc. Design of center pillar on multiple-arch tunnel should be selected based on its merits according to analyzing systematically the terrain and geological conditions of tunnel, connection conditions of tunnel and a comprehensive analysis of conditions including straight integral type center pillar, hollow straight center pillar, straight layer center pillar, flexural integral type center pillar, hollow flexural center pillar, and three layer flexural center pillar. At the same time, if conditions permit, three layers curved middle wall multi-arch highway tunnel should be more considered.
(5)The construction technology of separated tunnel, multiple-arch tunnel, and neighborhood tunnel in mountainous areas are studied. For separated tunnel, the author studied construction technology of tunnel entrance, tunnel excavation, primary supporting, secondary lining construction, and put forward construction methods of separated tunnel in poor geologic section. For multiple-arch tunnel, the author contrasted and analyzed the typical construction methods of multiple-arch tunnel. Also, tunnel entrance, construction of open cut tunnel, pre-reinforcement, tunneling and primary supporting of middle drift, center pillar construction, excavation and primary supporting of the main tunnel, secondary lining and the multi-arch tunnel construction under special and poor geological conditions are studied. For neighborhood tunnel construction, the author put forward the principles and countermeasures for selecting construction measures on neighborhood tunnels, the determination method for a suitable distance of adjacent tunnels face, the time determination method of supporting system, the excavation technology and blast-controlling technology and the reinforcement technology of middle rock walls.
(6) As for dynamic feedback design and information construction of highway tunnels in mountainous areas with complicated geological conditions, the author presented executive routine of information construction, means of data acquisition, methods of data processing and information feedback, and implement outline and process of the dynamic feedback design and information construction.
(1)研究了单洞隧道、连拱隧道和小净距隧道围岩压力及深埋隧道围岩的形变压力。其中，对于单洞隧道，分别提出了深埋单洞隧道的围岩水平压力、地面接近水平时浅埋隧道的围岩压力、地形偏斜时浅埋隧道围岩压力的计算方法；对于连拱隧道，提出了深埋连拱隧道围岩压力、连拱隧道深浅埋分界值、浅埋连拱隧道围岩压力和偏压地形围岩压力计算方法；对于小净距隧道，提出了深埋小净距隧道的围岩压力、作用在深埋小净距隧道支护结构两侧的水平土压力荷载和隧道均布垂直压力及两侧水平围岩压力的计算方法；在深埋隧道围岩的形变压力方面，研究了单洞隧道形变压力计算、作用在隧道二次衬砌之上的形变压力和隧道支护结构之上的围岩的形变压力的计算问题。在对复杂地质条件下山岭公路隧道围岩分级研究的基础上，提出了其物理力学参数确定方法。
(2)通过山岭公路隧道结构选型分析认为，无论是分离式隧道、连拱隧道、小间距隧道都有其各自的优点，因此，不能一概而论那种形式最好，它们都有各自适用的条件，只有基于这些条件下，才可论证其优劣。当对该处进行各种隧道方案的对比时，考虑到工程造价制约，选用分离式隧道；以环境保护、占地宽度、接线难度为首选条件，则选用连拱隧道或小间距隧道。当对连拱隧道和小间距隧道举棋不定时：若考虑到占地面积极少、地形特别复杂、桥隧接线、景观设计、科技创新、地质预报、环境保护角度，连拱隧道优于小间距隧道。若考虑工程造价、施工难度，可以优选小间距隧道。同时，还讨论了特殊地质条件下公路隧道的结构选型问题。
(3)针对山岭公路隧道设计问题，分别研究了分离式隧道、连拱隧道和小净距隧道的设计技术。对于分离式隧道，研究了隧道的洞室结构、支护结构与类型、超前支护参数、初期支护措施、二次衬砌参数和预留变形量参数。在连拱隧道设计方面，研究了连拱隧道的结构型式、中墙的设计、防排水、衬砌支护参数、洞外接线型式，并进行了各种衬砌断面的比较。在小净距遂道设计方面，研究了隧道支护体系选取对策，并结合云南平年小净距隧道的实际工程情况，进行了有偏压和错台情况下的相似模型试验，采用二维和三维数值计算方法对小净距隧道在浅埋、偏压、有错台高度的情况下各个施工阶段的位移和应力进行了研究。
(4)对于连拱隧道的中墙型式设计，作者提出应综合分析连拱隧道所处位置的地形、地质条件，隧道洞口的接线条件，全面分析整体直中墙、中空直中墙、分层直中墙、整体曲中墙、中空曲中墙和三层曲中墙的适用条件，择优选择。同时，认为在条件允许的情况下，可较多地考虑三层曲中墙连拱隧道型式。
(5)研究了山岭公路隧道中分离式隧道、连拱隧道和小净距隧道的施工工法。针对分离式隧道，分别研究了洞口施工、洞身开挖、初期支护、二次衬砌的施工，并提出了不良地质段分离式隧道施工方法。针对连拱隧道，对比分析了连拱隧道典型施工方法，研究了其洞口与明洞施工、超前支护、中导洞的掘进与初期支护、中墙施工、主洞的掘进与初期支护、二次衬砌以及特殊与不良地质条件下的连拱隧道施工。对于小净距隧道施工，提出了小净距隧道施工措施选取的原则及对策、相邻隧道掌子面合理距离、支护体系的施作时机的确定方法、开挖、爆破控制等施工技术和中岩墙加固技术。
(6)在山岭公路隧道动态反馈设计与信息化施工方面，提出了信息化施工的执行程序、数据采集手段和数据处理与信息反馈手段、动态反馈设计与信息化施工的实施要点与流程。
Because of complicated terrain and geological conditions in western China, a great number of tunnel engineering may occur during the highway construction in mountainous areas. In order to improve the building technology of highway tunnels in mountainous areas, also, to enrich and to develop highway tunnel design and construction methods of China, this thesis systematically studied the design and construction technology of highway tunnels in mountainous areas of Yunnan Province from such aspects as the characteristics and values of wall rock pressure, tunnel structure-type selection, design technology, construction technology, dynamic feedback design and information construction etc by means of site investigation, numerical modeling and model test. The main research results are as follows:
(1)The wall rock pressure of single tunnel, multi-arch tunnel, and neighborhood tunnel, and deformation pressure of deep tunnel are studied. For single tunnel, the author offered horizontal pressure of the wall rock of the deep single tunnel, wall rock pressure of shallow tunnel when the ground is nearly horizontal and the calculation methods of wall rock pressure of shallow tunnel when ground is inclined. For multiple-arch tunnel, the author puts forward the calculation method of wall rock pressures of the deep multiple-arch tunnels, the dividing value between deep and shallow tunnels, the wall rock pressure of the shallow multiple-arch tunnels and the wall rock pressure of multiple-arch tunnels with bias pressure. For neighborhood tunnel, the author put forward the calculation methods of wall rock pressure of the deep neighborhood tunnels, horizontal loads at the both sides of retaining structures of deep neighborhood tunnels, the uniform vertical pressure and horizontal wall rock pressure on the both sides. As for the aspect of deformation pressure of deep tunnels, the author studied calculation problems including deformation pressure calculation of single tunnel, deformation pressure of tunnel secondary lining and wall rock deformation pressure above tunnel retaining structure. On the basis of studying the classification of wall rock of highway tunnels in mountainous areas with complicated geological conditions, the methods of determining physical and mechanical parameters are proposed.
(2)After analyzing the structure selection of highway tunnels in mountainous areas, the author thought that whether it is separated tunnel, multiple-arch tunnel or neighborhood tunnel, it has its own advantages. Therefore, which one is the best can not be lumped together. These tunnels all have their own applicable conditions, so, their advantages and disadvantages can be discussed only based on these conditions. For example, separated tunnel is used when considering engineering cost; multiple-arch tunnel or neighborhood tunnel is used with environmental protection, occupied area, connecting difficulty as first choice. When hesitating to choose multiple-arch tunnel or neighborhood tunnel, if considering less occupied area, very complex topography, bridge tunnel connection, landscape design, technology innovation, geological forecast, and environmental protection, multiple-arch tunnel is superior to neighborhood tunnel; if considering engineering cost, construction difficulty, neighborhood tunnel is optimal. At the same time, the problems of structure selection on highway tunnels under special geological conditions are also discussed in the thesis.
(3)For design problems of highway tunnels in the mountainous areas, the design technologies of separated tunnel, multiple-arch tunnel and neighborhood tunnel are studied respectively. In the design of separated tunnel, the author studied cavity structure of tunnel, supporting structure and types, pre-reinforcement parameters, initial supporting measures, secondary lining parameters and reservation deformation parameters. In the design of multi-arch tunnel, the author studied the structure of multi-arch tunnel, the design of center pillar, water-resistance and abstraction of water, lining supporting parameters, and connection pattern outside of the tunnel entrance. Also, the author carried out a comparison about various lining cross-sections. In the design of neighborhood tunnel, the author studied the strategy for selecting supporting system, carried out similar model test in the case of bias pressure and differential height, and simulated the displacements and stresses of different construction stages in the case of shallow location, bias pressure and different height by two- and three-dimensional numerical modeling taking the Pingnian tunnel as an example.
(4)It is thought that the key design of multi-arch tunnel is the design of center pillar, including the type selections of center pillar, construction plan, technologies of water-resistance and abstraction of water, etc. Design of center pillar on multiple-arch tunnel should be selected based on its merits according to analyzing systematically the terrain and geological conditions of tunnel, connection conditions of tunnel and a comprehensive analysis of conditions including straight integral type center pillar, hollow straight center pillar, straight layer center pillar, flexural integral type center pillar, hollow flexural center pillar, and three layer flexural center pillar. At the same time, if conditions permit, three layers curved middle wall multi-arch highway tunnel should be more considered.
(5)The construction technology of separated tunnel, multiple-arch tunnel, and neighborhood tunnel in mountainous areas are studied. For separated tunnel, the author studied construction technology of tunnel entrance, tunnel excavation, primary supporting, secondary lining construction, and put forward construction methods of separated tunnel in poor geologic section. For multiple-arch tunnel, the author contrasted and analyzed the typical construction methods of multiple-arch tunnel. Also, tunnel entrance, construction of open cut tunnel, pre-reinforcement, tunneling and primary supporting of middle drift, center pillar construction, excavation and primary supporting of the main tunnel, secondary lining and the multi-arch tunnel construction under special and poor geological conditions are studied. For neighborhood tunnel construction, the author put forward the principles and countermeasures for selecting construction measures on neighborhood tunnels, the determination method for a suitable distance of adjacent tunnels face, the time determination method of supporting system, the excavation technology and blast-controlling technology and the reinforcement technology of middle rock walls.
(6) As for dynamic feedback design and information construction of highway tunnels in mountainous areas with complicated geological conditions, the author presented executive routine of information construction, means of data acquisition, methods of data processing and information feedback, and implement outline and process of the dynamic feedback design and information construction.
引文
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