艾滋病对河南社会经济影响的研究
|
摘要
研究目的
了解河南省艾滋病社会疾病负担、经济负担及艾滋病对患者本人及人群健康水平的影响,艾滋病对宏观经济的影响,对个人、家庭和社区的影响,对卫生系统的影响,对目前艾滋病综合防治策略进行卫生经济学评价,从患者及家庭、社会、宏观等不同层次,全面系统探讨艾滋病流行对河南省社会经济所造成的影响,在艾滋病救治、救助、预防控制、社区稳定与发展等方面提出政策性建议。
研究方法
在分析河南省艾滋病流行现状的基础上,通过现场调查、专题访谈、文献综述等,采取系统分析、卫生经济学方法进行研究。
研究结果
艾滋病对居民健康的影响:①艾滋病患者在生理、心理、独立性和社会关系四大领域的生存质量得分低于正常人群,在环境、精神宗教个人信仰两大领域的生存质量得分与正常人群无统计学差异。②河南省居民全死因期望寿命值为74.404岁,去艾滋死因后期望寿命为74.459岁。
艾滋病对社会的影响:①对患者个人的影响艾滋病(acquired immune deficiency syndrome,AIDS)患者和人类免疫缺陷病毒(human immunodeficiency virus,HIV)感染者(简称HIV/AIDS)在调查前3个月因病休工(学)和卧床平均天数分别为15.3和6.2天;18.6%的HIV/AIDS认为个人婚姻状况受到影响;在受到歧视后1.4%曾有报复行为,37.7%有报复想法。②对家庭的影响HIV/AIDS组有37.3%的家庭有成员因HIV/AIDS去世;HIV/AIDS家庭生活困难的占88.6% ;HIV/AIDS家庭因疾病损伤致贫所占比例为79.9%。③对社区的影响在调查社区中,平均每年每社区集体上访1.1次,平均每次8.2人;有71%的HIV/AIDS对政府救助程度感到满意;20个社区因艾滋病流行造成的孤儿202个,孤老64个;因HIV/AIDS造成的夫妻离婚或长期分居家庭47个,平均每个社区2.4个。
艾滋病对卫生部门的影响:①投入情况32家县乡级医疗卫生部门共有建筑物117座,用于防治艾滋病的业务用房面积为13008.2平方米,占总业务用房的14.3%;现有艾滋病防治人员327人,其中专职人员211人,兼职人员116人,平均每人每个工作日的70.9%时间用于艾滋病防治工作;32家防治机构2000元以上艾滋病防治专用设备130台,平均每家4.1台;②预防工作在辖区内对HIV/AIDS宣教咨询129 442人次,平均对每位HIV/AIDS进行宣教咨询9.9次;2004年县乡级医疗机构接受上级医疗机构艾滋病知识培训的平均次数分别为3.83次、9.20次;在艾滋病流行区,村卫生室开展艾滋病健康教育、预防、咨询、治疗和护理工作的比例分别为93.33%、86.67%、93.33%、100.00%、93.33%;③对医疗机构卫生服务利用情况AIDS患者的门诊就诊次数(23.66次/3个月)是HIV感染者的2倍,是对照组的10倍,三者之间门诊就诊次数的差异均有统计学意义。HIV/AIDS组就诊的医疗机构倾向于基层,在乡、村两级医疗机构就诊的病人约占病人总数的95%。AIDS患者的住院次数最高(平均为0.59次/3个月),其次是HIV感染者(平均为0.18次/3个月),HIV/AIDS组的住院次数显著高于对照组,三者之间的差异均有统计学意义。
艾滋病对经济的影响:①对患者家庭经济影响HIV/AIDS家庭直接花费为834.6元/年,家庭间接花费为1073.76元/年;家庭疾病负担共计1908.36元/年,家庭疾病负担占家庭收入的36.7%;HIV/AIDS家庭平均年收入合计5196.3元,支出合计6211.8元。②艾滋病社会疾病经济负担研究平均每例DALYS 20.76健康人年,当年DALYS合计59898.84健康人年;社会直接疾病经济负担:全省艾滋病社会直接经济负担约为31118.86万元/年;全省艾滋病总的直接社会经济负担为46678.28万元,全省艾滋病社会间接经济负担合计629653.47万元,两者合计为总的艾滋病社会疾病经济负担676331.76万元。③艾滋病对河南省宏观经济的影响2005年艾滋病全省散发,局部流行造成的人均国内生产总值损失为9.8239元,国内生产总值损失9.54589亿元。
河南省艾滋病综合防治效果评价:①母婴阻断:终止妊娠措施,避免1例感染的费用平均46963元,感染后的例均经济损失为214172元,效果成本比值为4.6:1;药物阻断加人工喂养措施效果成本比值为2.5:1;各项措施综合效果成本比值为3.5:1。②艾滋病综合防治效果卫生经济学评价:河南省2003～2005年在艾滋病防治工作中总投入为7.714×108元。避免1例HIV感染的成本为45924.9~229788.5元;挽回一个DALY所需费用为167.82元～9024.45元。
研究结论
①AIDS患者生存质量降低;②HIV/AIDS对个人、家庭及社区均产生了一定的社会影响,主要体现为对个人就业、婚姻状况及艾滋病所带来的心理歧视和压力等问题。③艾滋病在河南省部分地区的高发增加了政府的经济负担及相应的卫生投入;乡级和村级设点卫生室在防艾过程中发挥了重要作用。④艾滋病对社会经济的影响首先体现在对家庭层面的影响,艾滋病使家庭收入降低,家庭总消费能力降低,家庭消费结构发生变化;每例艾滋病DALYS 20.76健康人年,艾滋病流行区社会疾病负担重;艾滋病流行对河南国内生产总值造成一定的影响。⑤AIDS的母婴传播阻断(母婴阻断)工作是人工干预防控AIDS传播的重要环节,可以使儿童感染HIV的机率大大下降,且具有较高的成本—效果比;⑥艾滋病综合防治效果良好,避免1例HIV感染者及挽回一个DALY所需费用均低于国际公认水平。
艾滋病流行已经是社会重大问题,需要政府行动和社会动员;政府策略、行动必须有持久性;应对艾滋病传播流行需要社会动员策略;必须加强公共卫生建设,控制艾滋病流行,促进社会经济可持续发展。
Aims:
We elucidated the social and economic burdens resulting from AIDS, its influence on patient's and public health levels, and on macro-economics in Henan province. We also evaluated the influence of AIDS on the society, particularly on AIDS patients, families and community, as well as medical care.We analyzed how AIDS affected social economy of Henan province at three different levels, including patients’family, society and macro-economics. In addition, we put forward constructive advices for AIDS treatment, salvation, prevention, control and community stability and development.
Methods:
In this study, adopted systems analysis, brain storming and other methods were utilized on the basis of analysis of AIDS epidemic status through field investigation, special topic interview, literature reading and studying.
Results:
The influences of AIDS on resident health: 1. The QOL scores of AIDS sufferes were lower than those of normal model in four fields including physiological domain, psychological domain, level of independent domain and social relationship. However, there was not statistical significance in the fields of environment, as well as spinituality, religion and personal belief between two groups. 2. The life-span of total population in Henan province was 74.404 years, and the expected life-span without AIDS was 74.459 years.
The influences of AIDS on society: 1. to individuals: The average days of their stopping working and rest at bed for HIV/AIDS suffers were 15.3 and 6.2 days, respectively, 3 months before investigation, including 18.6% with affected marriage,1.4% with discrimination, and 37.7% with retaliatory behavior. 2. to family: 37.3% of the families had member died of HIV/AIDS, 88.6% were difficult to survive,and 79.9% were destitute for the illness. 3. to community: during the investigation, there were 1.1 time visitation per year and per community averagely, and 8.2 interviewers averagely every time. 71% of HIV/AIDS were satisfied with the extent of governmental salvation. In 20 communities, there were 202 orphans, 64 lonely elders because of the prevalence of AIDS. There were 47 divorced and limited divorced families because of the prevalence of AIDS, averagely, 2.4 per community.
The influences of AIDS on sanitarian branches:1. major outcome: 32 county and township medical and sanitarian branches had 117 building services totally.Among which 13008.2 m2 was used in the prevention of AIDS, accounting for 14.3% totally. There were 327 healthcare staff who worked in the prevention of AIDS. 70.9% of the time per day was devoted to AIDS prevention. There were totally 130 AIDS prevention equipments which costed above 2 thousands Yuan in 32 prevention branches. 2. the devotion in AIDS prevention: 129442 people received education on HIV/AIDS prevention, and each HIV/AIDS patient received 9.9 times of education. There were 3.83 and 9.20 times to have education on AIDS in country and rustic medical branches respectively. In AIDS epidemic area, the ratio of rustic medical centers which implemented education, prevention, consultation, treatment and nursing for AIDS were 93.33%, 86.67%, 93.33%, 100.00%, and 93.33%, respectively.
The influences of AIDS on economy: 1. the influences on domestic economy of patients: domestic costs of HIV/AIDS were 834.6 Yuan per year. The loss was amount to 89.48 Yuan monthly, and the indirect domestic costs were 1073.76 Yuan per year. The domestic illness burden was total 1908.36 Yuan, accounting for 36.7% of domestic incomes. The average income and expenditure per year in HIV/AIDS family were total 5196.3 and 6211.8 Yuan respectively. 2. the economic burden of AIDS: DALYS reached 59898.84 Yuan yearly, an average of DALYS was 20.76 year. The social direct economic burden in Henan province was around 311.1886 million Yuan per year, and total economical costs were 466.7828 million Yuan. The indirect economic burden was amount to 6.29653 billion Yuan. Under current prevalent conditions, the total social economic burden for AIDS patients was 6.76331 billion Yuan. 3. the influences on macro-economy in Henan province: In 2005, AIDS was scattered in the whole province, the epidemics in local area led to the loss of personal GPD 9.8239 Yuan, and loss of GPD was 954.589 million Yuan.
Evaluation of general AIDS prevention in Henan province: 1. baby-mother interdiction: It costed 46963 Yuan averagely to end pregnancy and avoid 1 case of HIV infection. If 1 case was infected, the economic loss would be 214.172 thousand Yuan averagely. The effect-cost ratio was 4.6:1, and the ratio of medical interdiction and manual feed was 2.5:1. The general effect-cost ratio was 3.5:1. 2. evaluation on general prevention of AIDS according to the sanitation and economy: the total devotion of AIDS prevention from 2003 to 2005 was 771.4 million Yuan. The cost of avoiding 1 case of HIV infection was 45.9249-229.7885 thousand Yuan. The cost of saving a DALY was 167.82-9024.45 Yuan. Conclusion:
1.AIDS suffers got lower scores than healthy controls.The quality of life was also decreased. 2. HIV/AIDS, to some extent, affected individual, family and community totally, mainly manifested in mental discrimination and pressure resulted from individual employment, marriage situation and so on. 3. HIV infection increased the government economic burden and corresponding sanitary devotion in high accidence areas in Henan province. Local medical centers played an important role in the prevention of AIDS. 4. the influence of AIDS infection on social economy was mainly limited at family level. The domestic income and total domestic consume were decreased, the consuming structure also changed greatly. The social economic burden of AIDS was high in high-accidence areas of Henan province. AIDS prevalence, to some extent, affected Henan’s GPD. 5. baby-mother interdiction was the most important step in AIDS prevention, which could decrease greatly the infection ratio in children with high cost-effect ratio. 6. efficacy of comprehensive treatment is suggestive. The costs of avoiding 1 case with HIV infection and rescue of 1 case with DALY was lower than that at an international level.
Prevalence of the AIDS is a major social problem, governmental action and social mobilization shall be taken to prevent it. Importantly, governmental strategies and actions shall also be persistently. Social actions and strategies can deal with the prevalence of the AIDS. Therefore, public healthy construction needs to be strengthened to control the prevalence of the AIDS and improve persistent development of social economy.
了解河南省艾滋病社会疾病负担、经济负担及艾滋病对患者本人及人群健康水平的影响,艾滋病对宏观经济的影响,对个人、家庭和社区的影响,对卫生系统的影响,对目前艾滋病综合防治策略进行卫生经济学评价,从患者及家庭、社会、宏观等不同层次,全面系统探讨艾滋病流行对河南省社会经济所造成的影响,在艾滋病救治、救助、预防控制、社区稳定与发展等方面提出政策性建议。
研究方法
在分析河南省艾滋病流行现状的基础上,通过现场调查、专题访谈、文献综述等,采取系统分析、卫生经济学方法进行研究。
研究结果
艾滋病对居民健康的影响:①艾滋病患者在生理、心理、独立性和社会关系四大领域的生存质量得分低于正常人群,在环境、精神宗教个人信仰两大领域的生存质量得分与正常人群无统计学差异。②河南省居民全死因期望寿命值为74.404岁,去艾滋死因后期望寿命为74.459岁。
艾滋病对社会的影响:①对患者个人的影响艾滋病(acquired immune deficiency syndrome,AIDS)患者和人类免疫缺陷病毒(human immunodeficiency virus,HIV)感染者(简称HIV/AIDS)在调查前3个月因病休工(学)和卧床平均天数分别为15.3和6.2天;18.6%的HIV/AIDS认为个人婚姻状况受到影响;在受到歧视后1.4%曾有报复行为,37.7%有报复想法。②对家庭的影响HIV/AIDS组有37.3%的家庭有成员因HIV/AIDS去世;HIV/AIDS家庭生活困难的占88.6% ;HIV/AIDS家庭因疾病损伤致贫所占比例为79.9%。③对社区的影响在调查社区中,平均每年每社区集体上访1.1次,平均每次8.2人;有71%的HIV/AIDS对政府救助程度感到满意;20个社区因艾滋病流行造成的孤儿202个,孤老64个;因HIV/AIDS造成的夫妻离婚或长期分居家庭47个,平均每个社区2.4个。
艾滋病对卫生部门的影响:①投入情况32家县乡级医疗卫生部门共有建筑物117座,用于防治艾滋病的业务用房面积为13008.2平方米,占总业务用房的14.3%;现有艾滋病防治人员327人,其中专职人员211人,兼职人员116人,平均每人每个工作日的70.9%时间用于艾滋病防治工作;32家防治机构2000元以上艾滋病防治专用设备130台,平均每家4.1台;②预防工作在辖区内对HIV/AIDS宣教咨询129 442人次,平均对每位HIV/AIDS进行宣教咨询9.9次;2004年县乡级医疗机构接受上级医疗机构艾滋病知识培训的平均次数分别为3.83次、9.20次;在艾滋病流行区,村卫生室开展艾滋病健康教育、预防、咨询、治疗和护理工作的比例分别为93.33%、86.67%、93.33%、100.00%、93.33%;③对医疗机构卫生服务利用情况AIDS患者的门诊就诊次数(23.66次/3个月)是HIV感染者的2倍,是对照组的10倍,三者之间门诊就诊次数的差异均有统计学意义。HIV/AIDS组就诊的医疗机构倾向于基层,在乡、村两级医疗机构就诊的病人约占病人总数的95%。AIDS患者的住院次数最高(平均为0.59次/3个月),其次是HIV感染者(平均为0.18次/3个月),HIV/AIDS组的住院次数显著高于对照组,三者之间的差异均有统计学意义。
艾滋病对经济的影响:①对患者家庭经济影响HIV/AIDS家庭直接花费为834.6元/年,家庭间接花费为1073.76元/年;家庭疾病负担共计1908.36元/年,家庭疾病负担占家庭收入的36.7%;HIV/AIDS家庭平均年收入合计5196.3元,支出合计6211.8元。②艾滋病社会疾病经济负担研究平均每例DALYS 20.76健康人年,当年DALYS合计59898.84健康人年;社会直接疾病经济负担:全省艾滋病社会直接经济负担约为31118.86万元/年;全省艾滋病总的直接社会经济负担为46678.28万元,全省艾滋病社会间接经济负担合计629653.47万元,两者合计为总的艾滋病社会疾病经济负担676331.76万元。③艾滋病对河南省宏观经济的影响2005年艾滋病全省散发,局部流行造成的人均国内生产总值损失为9.8239元,国内生产总值损失9.54589亿元。
河南省艾滋病综合防治效果评价:①母婴阻断:终止妊娠措施,避免1例感染的费用平均46963元,感染后的例均经济损失为214172元,效果成本比值为4.6:1;药物阻断加人工喂养措施效果成本比值为2.5:1;各项措施综合效果成本比值为3.5:1。②艾滋病综合防治效果卫生经济学评价:河南省2003～2005年在艾滋病防治工作中总投入为7.714×108元。避免1例HIV感染的成本为45924.9~229788.5元;挽回一个DALY所需费用为167.82元～9024.45元。
研究结论
①AIDS患者生存质量降低;②HIV/AIDS对个人、家庭及社区均产生了一定的社会影响,主要体现为对个人就业、婚姻状况及艾滋病所带来的心理歧视和压力等问题。③艾滋病在河南省部分地区的高发增加了政府的经济负担及相应的卫生投入;乡级和村级设点卫生室在防艾过程中发挥了重要作用。④艾滋病对社会经济的影响首先体现在对家庭层面的影响,艾滋病使家庭收入降低,家庭总消费能力降低,家庭消费结构发生变化;每例艾滋病DALYS 20.76健康人年,艾滋病流行区社会疾病负担重;艾滋病流行对河南国内生产总值造成一定的影响。⑤AIDS的母婴传播阻断(母婴阻断)工作是人工干预防控AIDS传播的重要环节,可以使儿童感染HIV的机率大大下降,且具有较高的成本—效果比;⑥艾滋病综合防治效果良好,避免1例HIV感染者及挽回一个DALY所需费用均低于国际公认水平。
艾滋病流行已经是社会重大问题,需要政府行动和社会动员;政府策略、行动必须有持久性;应对艾滋病传播流行需要社会动员策略;必须加强公共卫生建设,控制艾滋病流行,促进社会经济可持续发展。
Aims:
We elucidated the social and economic burdens resulting from AIDS, its influence on patient's and public health levels, and on macro-economics in Henan province. We also evaluated the influence of AIDS on the society, particularly on AIDS patients, families and community, as well as medical care.We analyzed how AIDS affected social economy of Henan province at three different levels, including patients’family, society and macro-economics. In addition, we put forward constructive advices for AIDS treatment, salvation, prevention, control and community stability and development.
Methods:
In this study, adopted systems analysis, brain storming and other methods were utilized on the basis of analysis of AIDS epidemic status through field investigation, special topic interview, literature reading and studying.
Results:
The influences of AIDS on resident health: 1. The QOL scores of AIDS sufferes were lower than those of normal model in four fields including physiological domain, psychological domain, level of independent domain and social relationship. However, there was not statistical significance in the fields of environment, as well as spinituality, religion and personal belief between two groups. 2. The life-span of total population in Henan province was 74.404 years, and the expected life-span without AIDS was 74.459 years.
The influences of AIDS on society: 1. to individuals: The average days of their stopping working and rest at bed for HIV/AIDS suffers were 15.3 and 6.2 days, respectively, 3 months before investigation, including 18.6% with affected marriage,1.4% with discrimination, and 37.7% with retaliatory behavior. 2. to family: 37.3% of the families had member died of HIV/AIDS, 88.6% were difficult to survive,and 79.9% were destitute for the illness. 3. to community: during the investigation, there were 1.1 time visitation per year and per community averagely, and 8.2 interviewers averagely every time. 71% of HIV/AIDS were satisfied with the extent of governmental salvation. In 20 communities, there were 202 orphans, 64 lonely elders because of the prevalence of AIDS. There were 47 divorced and limited divorced families because of the prevalence of AIDS, averagely, 2.4 per community.
The influences of AIDS on sanitarian branches:1. major outcome: 32 county and township medical and sanitarian branches had 117 building services totally.Among which 13008.2 m2 was used in the prevention of AIDS, accounting for 14.3% totally. There were 327 healthcare staff who worked in the prevention of AIDS. 70.9% of the time per day was devoted to AIDS prevention. There were totally 130 AIDS prevention equipments which costed above 2 thousands Yuan in 32 prevention branches. 2. the devotion in AIDS prevention: 129442 people received education on HIV/AIDS prevention, and each HIV/AIDS patient received 9.9 times of education. There were 3.83 and 9.20 times to have education on AIDS in country and rustic medical branches respectively. In AIDS epidemic area, the ratio of rustic medical centers which implemented education, prevention, consultation, treatment and nursing for AIDS were 93.33%, 86.67%, 93.33%, 100.00%, and 93.33%, respectively.
The influences of AIDS on economy: 1. the influences on domestic economy of patients: domestic costs of HIV/AIDS were 834.6 Yuan per year. The loss was amount to 89.48 Yuan monthly, and the indirect domestic costs were 1073.76 Yuan per year. The domestic illness burden was total 1908.36 Yuan, accounting for 36.7% of domestic incomes. The average income and expenditure per year in HIV/AIDS family were total 5196.3 and 6211.8 Yuan respectively. 2. the economic burden of AIDS: DALYS reached 59898.84 Yuan yearly, an average of DALYS was 20.76 year. The social direct economic burden in Henan province was around 311.1886 million Yuan per year, and total economical costs were 466.7828 million Yuan. The indirect economic burden was amount to 6.29653 billion Yuan. Under current prevalent conditions, the total social economic burden for AIDS patients was 6.76331 billion Yuan. 3. the influences on macro-economy in Henan province: In 2005, AIDS was scattered in the whole province, the epidemics in local area led to the loss of personal GPD 9.8239 Yuan, and loss of GPD was 954.589 million Yuan.
Evaluation of general AIDS prevention in Henan province: 1. baby-mother interdiction: It costed 46963 Yuan averagely to end pregnancy and avoid 1 case of HIV infection. If 1 case was infected, the economic loss would be 214.172 thousand Yuan averagely. The effect-cost ratio was 4.6:1, and the ratio of medical interdiction and manual feed was 2.5:1. The general effect-cost ratio was 3.5:1. 2. evaluation on general prevention of AIDS according to the sanitation and economy: the total devotion of AIDS prevention from 2003 to 2005 was 771.4 million Yuan. The cost of avoiding 1 case of HIV infection was 45.9249-229.7885 thousand Yuan. The cost of saving a DALY was 167.82-9024.45 Yuan. Conclusion:
1.AIDS suffers got lower scores than healthy controls.The quality of life was also decreased. 2. HIV/AIDS, to some extent, affected individual, family and community totally, mainly manifested in mental discrimination and pressure resulted from individual employment, marriage situation and so on. 3. HIV infection increased the government economic burden and corresponding sanitary devotion in high accidence areas in Henan province. Local medical centers played an important role in the prevention of AIDS. 4. the influence of AIDS infection on social economy was mainly limited at family level. The domestic income and total domestic consume were decreased, the consuming structure also changed greatly. The social economic burden of AIDS was high in high-accidence areas of Henan province. AIDS prevalence, to some extent, affected Henan’s GPD. 5. baby-mother interdiction was the most important step in AIDS prevention, which could decrease greatly the infection ratio in children with high cost-effect ratio. 6. efficacy of comprehensive treatment is suggestive. The costs of avoiding 1 case with HIV infection and rescue of 1 case with DALY was lower than that at an international level.
Prevalence of the AIDS is a major social problem, governmental action and social mobilization shall be taken to prevent it. Importantly, governmental strategies and actions shall also be persistently. Social actions and strategies can deal with the prevalence of the AIDS. Therefore, public healthy construction needs to be strengthened to control the prevalence of the AIDS and improve persistent development of social economy.
引文
1. UNAIDS,WHO.AIDS epidemic update December 2005. http://www.Unaids.org/epi/2005/doc/report.asp
2. UNAIDS,WHO.AIDS epidemic update December 2005.Progress on implementing ungass declaration of commitment in China 2005. http://www.Unaids.org/ Pub/Report/2006/2006-country-progress-report-China-en.pdf.
3.胡飞跃.中国艾滋病预防控制的政策研究[J].国际经济技术研究,2003,3(6):42
4. heep://tech.sina.com.cn/other/2004-06-29/1917381371.shtml
5. Murray CJI.Quantifying the burden of disease :the technical basis for disability-adjusted life years.Bull-World-Health-Organ.1994,72(3):429-445
6. Obadilla JL.Main criticisms of the disability adjusted life year(DALY).Extract from 'Searching for Essential Health Services in Low and Middleincome Countries'. 1995,7:543-554
7. Engei GL.The need for a new medical model:A challenge for biomdecine. Science, 1997,196:129-136
8. Shelton. Nicholls, Roger Mc Lean, Karl Theodore, et al. Modelling the macroeconomic impact of HIV/AIDS in the English speaking Caribbean
9. Murray CJ,Lopez AD.Global mortality,disability,and the contribution of risk factors:Global burden of Disease Study.Lancet,1997,349(9063):1436-1442
10. Murray CJ,Lopez AD.Alternative projections of mortality and disability by cause 1990-2020:Global Burden of Disease Study.Lancet,1997,349(9064):1498-1504
11.白维仁.艾滋病对社会经济发展的影响.兰州大学学报,1996,24(3):135-140
12.杨红梅.艾滋病流行对家庭的社会及经济的影响.国外医学社会医学分册,2001,18(2):53-57
13.王凌云,刘康迈,闪雷华,等.艾滋病流行对宏观和微观社会经济的影响.中国性病艾滋病防治.2002,8(6);371-372
14. 14.D MBewu, The Socioeconomic Impact of HIV and AIDS Presentation to the Portfolio Committee on Science and Technology,March 16, 2005
15. Simon Dixon, Scott McDonald, Jennifer Roberts,The impact of HIV and AIDS on Africa's economic development,BMJ 2002;324:232–4
16. Dixon S, McDonald S, Roberts J. The impact of HIV and AIDS on Africa’s economic development. BMJ 2002; 324 : 232– 4
17. Tony Barnett and Alan Whiteside. Guidelines for Studies of the Social and Economic Impact of HIV/AIDS. UNAIDS,Geneva, Swithzaerland, 2000.
18. Baylies C. The Impact of AIDS on Rural households in Africa: A shock like any other. Institute of Social studies, US and UK. 2002.
19. De Waal A. The new variant famine in Southern Africa. Presentation for SADC VAC Meeting, 17-18 October 2002, Victoria falls.
20. Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS(UNAIDS). Report on the Global HIV/AIDS Pandemic. UNAIDS, June 2002.
21. Centers for Disease Control. Current trends in mortality attributable to HIV Infection/AIDS. MMWR January 25, 1991: 40(3); 41-44.
22. Greener R. Impact of HIV/AIDS and options for Intervention. Results of a five company pilot study written for Botswana National Task Force on AIDS at the workplace. Botswana Institute of Development Policy analysis. Paper No.10. August 1997
23. Simon J, Rosen S, Whiteside A, Vincent JR, Thea DM. The Response of African businesses to HIV/AIDS. In: HIV/AIDS in the commonwealth 2000/01 London: Kensington Publications, 2000.
24. Morris CN, Cheevers EJ. The direct costs of HIV/AIDS in a South African sugar mill. AIDS Anal Afr. Feb-Mar 2000:10(5):7-8
25. Kambou G, Devarajan S, Over M. The economic impact of AIDS in an African country: simulations with a computable general equilibrium model of Cameroon. J Afr Economies 1992;1:109-30.
26. Arndt C, Lewis J. The macro implications of HIV/AIDS in South Africa: a pre- liminary assessment. Paper presented at the International AIDS Economics Network (IAEN) Symposium, Durban, South Africa, July 2000.
27. Arndt C, Lewis J. The HIV/AIDS pandemic in South Africa: sectoral impacts andunemployment. J Int Dev 2001;13:427-50.
28. Nkinson C, Wright L, Coulter A. Validity and reliability of the SF-36 in population sample[J]. Quali-Life-Res, 1994, 3(1): 7-12.
29.董勒弄,吴尊友. 1982-1995年云南省陇川县吸毒情况变化[J].中国药物滥用防治杂志, 1997, 28(1): 22-23
30.邓君林,李江中,顾久贵,等.阿片类物质依赖638例临床分析[J].中国药物滥用防治杂志, 1996, 28(1): 21-24
31.方积乾.生存质量测定方法及应用[M].北京:北京医科大学出版社, 2000, 118-122
32. Lam LK, Fong DYT, Lauder I.J. The effect of health-related quality of life (HRQOL) on health service utilization of a Chinese population [J]. Social Science and Medicine, 2002, 55(9): 1635-1646
33. HOQOL Group. The World Health Organization Quality of Life assessment: development and general psychometric properties [J]. Social Science and Medicine, 1998, 46(2): 486-494
34.方积乾.卫生统计学[M].北京:人民卫生出版社,2003.311.
35.杨建伯,董倩.社会医学[M].北京:人民卫生出版社,1990.77.
36.陆建邦.河南人口死亡调查研究.北京:军事医学科学出版社,2005.12.
37.王国杰,胡惠义,徐吉英,等.河南省结核病死亡监测结果分析.现代预防医学.2000,27(4):482～483.
38.黄明爱,方今女,崔武庚,等.朝鲜族与汉族女性期望寿命值比较分析.延边大学医学学报, 2005, 28(1):47～49.
39. BRNNUM-HANSEN, H. Trends in health expectancy in Demark,1987-1994[J]. Danish Medical Bulletin,1998,45(2):217～221.
40. Dray-Spira R, Lert F, Marimoutou C, et al. Socio-economic conditions, health status and employment among persons living with HIV/AIDS in France in 2001. AIDS CARE ,2003, 15(6):739-748.
41. Brooks RA, Martin DJ, Ortiz DJ,et al. Perceived barriers to employment among persons living withHIV/AIDS. AIDS CARE ,2004, 16(6):756-766.
42.秦小平,郑一宁.535名护理人员HIV/ AIDS防治的KABP调查分析。中国艾滋病性病,2003,9(5):282-284.
43.董衍明,马雁玲,吴茂柏,等.农民对艾滋病知识与态度的现状调查.中国麻风皮肤病杂志,2006,22(3):218-220.
44.刘康迈,袁建华.艾滋病的流行及对我国社会、经济的影响.学海,2003,(5):68-72。
45.屈文妍,田建华,徐克沂,等.HIV感染者/ AIDS患者自杀原因分析及危机干预.中国艾滋病性病,2005,11(2):91-93.
46.李进,况伟宏,马渝根,等. HIV感染者/AIDS病人及其家属的生活质量调查及其相关因素分析.中国循证医学杂志, 2004, 4 (8) : 550 - 69.
47.周建波,孙业桓,吴荣涛,等。安徽省阜阳市血源性艾滋病流行区HIV/AIDS社会支持现状的定性研究.安徽医科大学学报,2006,41(3):357-359.
48.张开宁,史文雅,李俊杰.云南省与艾滋病相关的歧视现象分析.中国健康教育,2005,21(10):752-753。
49. Paxton S. The paradox of public HIV disclosure. AIDS Care, 2002,14(4):559-556.
50.储全胜,姜珍霞,汪兆国,等.对HIV感染者/ AIDS病人干预措施效果分析.中华流行病学杂志,2000,21(5):341-342.
51.羊海涛.艾滋病对社会经济的影响.江苏卫生保健,2004,6(5):35 -37.
52. Max O Bachmann, Frederick LR Booysen. Health and economic impact of HIV/AIDS on South African households: a cohort study.BMC Public Health ,2003, 3:14.
53. Marzuk PM, Tardiff K, Leon AC, et al. HIV seroprevalence among suicide victims in New York City, 1991-1993. Am J Psychiatry 1997 ;154(12):1720-5.
54.覃碧云,陈曦,阚志明,等。HIV感染者/病人心理状态与需求调查。实用预防医学2006,13(2):291-292。
55.杨红梅,李洁,吴尊友,等。艾滋病病毒感染者和艾滋病患者卫生服务利用及医疗费用的研究。中华流行病学杂志2003,24(5):393-396。
56.鲍学军,崔国生,许伟等.沈阳市农村村卫生室现状及其服务功能探讨.中国卫生经济.2004,23(1):36
57.田庆丰,张智民,王耀平等.河南省新型农村合作医疗试点县村级卫生服务组织现状分析.中国卫生事业管理,2005(1):48-503,5
58.张亮,高军,刘谷琮.村卫生室卫生服务现状分析.贫困地区卫生服务,2000,10:39-40
59.中华人民共和国卫生部,联合国艾滋病中国专题组.中国艾滋病防治联合评估报告(2005)[R].2005:1
60.张孔来主编.艾滋病.北京:中国协和医科大学出版社,2002:34
61.陈曦,陈焱主编.艾滋病防治技术手册.长沙:湖南科学技术出版社,2004,9-10
62.何鸿明,杜乐勋.卫生经济学原理与方法.第二版.哈尔滨:黑龙江教育出版社,1995
63. Steven Russell. The economic of illness for households in developing countries: a review of studies focusing on malaria, tuberculosis, and human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Am J Trop Med Hyg,2004,71(Suppl 2):147-155
64. Wyss K, Hutton G, N,Diekhor Y. Costs attributable to AIDS at household level in Chad.AIDS Care,2004,16(7):808-811
65.中国疾病预防与控制中心.艾滋病临床治疗与护理培训教材[M].北京:北京大学医学出版社,2003:17-18
66. Prescott N,1999,Coping with Catastrophic Health Shocks.Washington,D.C.:Inter American Development Bank. Conference on Social Protection and Poverty
67. Ranson K. Reduction of catastrophic health care expenditures by a community-based health insurance scheme in Gujurat, India: current experiences and challenges. Bull World Health Organ 2002,80:613-621
68.刘康迈,袁建华.艾滋病的流行及对我国社会、经济的影响.学海,2003,5:
69.杨红梅,吴尊友.艾滋病流行对中国社会经济的影响.中国性病艾滋病防治,2000,6(4):254-255
70. World Bank. 1992. Research Report on HIV/AIDS in Tanzania. At: http://www.worldbank.org
71. Kahn JG, Haile B,Chang S. Health and Federal Budgetary Effects of Inereasing Access to Antiretroviral Medications for HIV By Expanding Medicaid.Am J Public Heaith,2001,91(9):1464-1473
72. Garattini L, Te diosi F, Di Cntio,et al.Resource Utilization and Hospital Cost of HIV/AIDS Care in Italy in The Era of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy. AIDSCare,2001,13(6):733-741
73.徐旭卿,刘北斗,李群等.浙江省耐药肺结核病人人口学特征及家庭疾病经济负担对照研究[J].中国防痨杂志, 2004, 26(6): 332
74. WHO:The world health report 2000.Health system:improving performance[A].Genera,WHO March 2000:23-30
75. Murray CJL,Lopez AD.Global Comparative assessment in the health sector:Quantifying disability :data,methods and results[A].Geneva:Bulletin of the World Health Organization,1994,72(3):481-494.
76. Murray CJL,Lopez AD,Jamison DT.The global burden of disease in 1990:summary results,sensitivity anilysis and future directions[J].Bulletin of the World Health Organization,1994,72(3):495-509.
77. Mathers CD,Ritu Sadana,Salormon J,Murray CJL.Estimates of DALE for 191 Countries:Methods and Results[J].Geneva,World Health Organization,june 2000:4-9.
78. Murray CJL,Lopez AD.The global burden of disease:a comprehensive assessment of morality and disability from diseases,injuriesand risk factors in 1990 and projected to 2020.Cambridge,Harvard University Press,1996,1:28-32.
79. Murray CJL,Lopez AD.Global Burden of Disease and Injury Series VolumeⅡ. The Global Health Statistics.Harvard University Press, 1996,2:16-25.
80.郭金玲,张亮,王宇明等.艾滋病对农村高发地区患者家庭经济影响的调查分析[J].中国卫生经济,2006,25(3):48-51
81. Catherine Michaud.1990年全球疾病负担和伤害.1995-2006 Tsinghua Tongfang Optical Disc Co.Ltd:23-32
82.王雪静,武桂英,龚幼龙等.结核病控制项目地区耐药结核病病人经济负担研究[J].中国卫生经济,2005,24(3):49-51
83.夏毅,龚幼龙,顾杏元等.上海市疾病负担研究[J].中国卫生统计.2000,17(4):211-214
84. Shelton. Nicholls, Roger Mc Lean, Karl Theodore, et al. Modelling the macroeconomicimpact of HIV/AIDS in the English speaking caribbean
85. http://www.usaids.gov/policy/budget/cb2005/afr/za.html
86. http://www.afrol.com/Categories/Health/backgr_hiv_aids.htm
87. http://www.unisa.ac.za/dept/bmr/index.html
88. Cohen J. HIV/AIDS: India’s many epidemics. Science 2006,313:504-509.
89. Kumar S. India has the largest number of people infected with HIV. Lancet 1999,353:48.
90. http://business.timeonline.co.uk/printFriendly/o,,2020-5-2280507-1384
91. HIV Could Erode India's Economy Over Next Decade, Report Says. http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/medicalnews.php?newsid=47924
92.艾滋病对我国社会经济的影响课题研究目前完成. http://www.chinaaids.org.cn
93. Wunder D,Evison JM.Antiretroviral therapy and pregnancy[J].Ther Umsch, 2005,62 (1):37-42
94.郭金玲,王宇明,王仲阳等.农村艾滋病高发地区艾滋病社会疾病经济负担研究.中国公共卫生,2006,22(8)
95. Prevention of HIV Transmission from Mother to Child[J].UNAIDS,1998,4-5
96. .Holtgrave DR,Cost analysis and HIV prevention programs. American Psyehologist, 1994,49:1088-1089
97.黄冬梅,胡善菊,张德春,等.发展中国家HIV/AIDS预防策略成本和成本-效果分析.国外医学卫生经济分册,2004,21(2):76-80
98.志涛,祁秉先,姜润生.成本-效用分析原则及方法初探.卫生软科学, 2003, 17(5): 141-142
99.陈宁姗.成本?效果分析在艾滋病预防干预措施经济学评价中的应用.中国初级卫生保健,2004, 18(11): 30-32
100..龚幼龙,武桂英,刘玉梅,等.结核病控制项目的成本?效果成本?效用成本?效益分析.中华医院管理杂志, 2001, 17(12): 709-712
101. ReichmanLB. Tuberculosis elimination:What’s to stop us.The International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease,1997,1:3-12.
102.盛锋,程晓明.以社区为基础的慢性病预防与控制的成本?效益与成本?效用分析.中国卫生资源, 2002, 5(5): 199-200
103.DigiovineB,ChenowethC,WattsC,et al. The attributable mortality and costs of primary nosocomial bloodstream infections in the intention care unit[J]. Am J Respir Crit Care Med,1999,16(3):976-981.
104.王王月,王世勇,张毓辉,等.中央艾滋病防治经费投入的公平性分析.中国艾滋病性病, 2006, 12(2): 113-116
105.Gold M,PatrickD,TorranceG, et al. Identifying and valuing outcomes. In:Gold M et al,editors. Cost effectiveness in health and medicine. NewYork: Oxford press,1996.
106.郭金玲,张亮,王宇明等.基层HIV感染和艾滋病防治工作主要问题探讨.中国公共卫生,2006,22(1),37-38
107.扬帆,祝晓莲,王维.艾滋病防治的政策研究[J].国际经济技术研究,2004,7(3):11-12
108.段明月,蔡纪明.美国巴西艾滋病预防控制工作的现状和启示[J].中国艾滋病性病,2003,9(5):327
109.孙剑寒,朱益民,陈坤.艾滋病流行趋势分析[J].浙江预防医学,2002,14(5):1-2
110.毕振强.赴南非和泰国考察艾滋病[J].预防医学论坛,2004,10(6):721
111.Ling JC. S and Hewett T. Social Mobilization for Health [ J ] . A UNICEF Experience. New York : U2 NICEF ,1995.
112.Crespo Sebunya,AIDS threat from U ganda taridrivers,New African,Apyil 1998:24
113.http://www.stats.gov.cn/tijb
114.宏观经济与卫生委员会:宏观经济与卫生.人民卫生出版社,2002
115.Hinigumuo A.The economic of AIDS in Africa.AfricanJournal of Fertility,Sexuality and Reproductive Health,1996,1(2):153-161
116.STATESment by HE.Salim Ahmad Salim,Secretary-General of Organisization of African Unity at the African Summit on HIV/AIDS,Tuberculosis and other infections diseases,Abuja,26 April 2001
117.UNAIDS, WHO.Report on the global HIV/AIDS epidemic 1997,8.http://www.unaids org
118.Jeffrey D. Macroeconomics and health: investing in health for economicdevelopment[M].Ceneva,Switzerland,World Health Organization,2001
119.Donald J . Johnston , 2003 , The fight against infectious disease[M] . Paris ,OECD Directorate for Science.
120.PAHO/ WHO. , 2002 , The extension of social protection in health , Washington , D. C. , USA.
121.胡鞍钢,胡琳琳.中国宏观经济与健康.改革,2003,2:6
122.Ken J udge , Iain Paterson , 2001 , Poverty , Income Inequality and Health[M] , Glasgow , University of Glasgow.
123.曾毅,吴尊友.遏制艾滋病在中国流行.中国科学院院刊,2000,2
1. UNAIDS,WHO.AIDS epidemic update December 2005. http://www.Unaids.org/epi/2005/doc/report.asp
2. UNAIDS,WHO.AIDS epidemic update December 2005.Progress on implementing ungass declaration of commitment in China 2005. http://www.Unaids.org/ Pub/Report / 2006/2006-country-progress-report-China-en.pdf.
3. Bloom DE, Mahal AS. Does the AIDS epidemic threaten economic growth? J Econometrics, 1997, 77:105-124
4. Anand K, Pandav CS, Nath LM. Impact of HIV/ AIDS on the national economy of India. HealPolic, 1999, 47:195-205
5. World Bank. Investing in health world development indicators world development report. New York: Oxford University Press,193.20
6. UNAIDS, Guidelines for Studies of the social and Economic Impact of HIV/AIDS. Geneva Switerland, 2000
7. John Knodel, Wassana Im-em. The economic conseqences for parents of losing an adult child to AIDS: Evidence from Thailand. Social Science and Medicine 2004, 59: 987-1001
8. Andrew Creese, Katherine Floyd, Anita Alban, et al. Cost-effectiveness of HIV/AIDS Interventions In Africa: a systematic review of the evidence. THE LANCET. 2002, 359: 1635-1642
9. Tony Barnett, Alan Whiteside, Lev Khodakevich, et al. The HIV/AIDS epidemic in Ukraine: its potential social and economical impact. Social Science and Medicine 2000, 51: 1387-1403
10. Tony Barnett and Alan Whiteside(2000), Guidelines for studies of the social and economic impact of HIV/AIDS, UNAIDS Geneva, Switzerland, 2000
11.刘康迈,袁建华.艾滋病的流行及对我国社会、经济的影响.学海,2003,(5):68-72
12.杨红梅,吴尊友.艾滋病流行对中国社会及经济的影响.中国性病艾滋病防治,2000,6(4):254
13.戴志澄.全球/中国HIV/AIDS流行状况及预防与控制策略.中国学校卫生,2005,26(1):84-88
14. UNAIDS&WHO.Report on the Global HIV /AIDS Epidemic 1997.8.At:http//www.unaids.org
15.孙福滨,陈杰,刘毛平.中国艾滋病流行现状的人口学浅析.中国卫生统计,1997,14(6):20-23
16. HIV/AIDS Surveilance Report:June 30,2001.US Centers for Disease Control,Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention
17. US National Centers for Health Statistics:Preliminary Year 2001 Leading Causes of Death Analysis.
18.韩冰.抗击艾滋病—人类共同的责任(浅析泰国艾滋病现状、防治措施和未来趋势).全球科技经济瞭望,2005,3:43-46
19.詹世明.艾滋病对非洲经济发展的影响初探.西非亚洲,1999,(3):25-28
20.徐勤,伍小兰,朱昊.艾滋病流行对人口与社会经济的影响.人口学刊,2005,(3):32-36
21. UNAA(New South Wales Users and AIDS Association) 1995 ,Drugs and discrimination :do they mix A submission to the New South Wales Anti- Discrimination Boards. NUAA Sydney.
22. Foreman C ,Lyra P , Breinbauer C. Understanding and Responding to HIV/AIDS stigma and Discrimination in Health Sector [ R ].ISBN 9275 12471X.Pan American Health Organization ,2003.
23. UNAIDS.A conceptual framework and basis for action : HIV/ AIDS stigma and discrimination[C].World AIDS Campaign ,2002– 2003.
24. Hogan NM. The Impact of HIV-Stigma & Discrimination on VCT Participation & Disclosure[ R].Workshop for HealthⅨ,Beijing 24 -26 February ,2003.
25.高建华,郑锡文,施小明,等.农村既往有偿供血社区居民AIDS相关歧视和耻辱调查.中国艾滋病性病,2004, 10(3):175-177
26.刘康迈,袁建华,白月,等.我国部分HIV感染者面临的社会心理压力及可能做出的反应的调查结果分析.中国性病艾滋病杂志,2003,9(3):136-138
27.施小明,郑锡文.HIV/ AIDS相关的羞辱与歧视[J ].中国艾滋病性病,2004 ,11 (1) :67 - 68.
28. Thomas SB ,Quinn SC. The Tuskegee Syphilis Study ,1932 to 1972 : Implications for HIV education and AIDS risk reduction programs in the Black community [J ] .American Journal of Public Health ,1991 ,11 :1498 - 1505.
29.黎晓斌,王莹.预防艾滋病与善待艾滋病患者[J ].医学与哲学,2002 ,23 (7) :28 - 30.
30. UNICEF.2005年世界儿童状况[ R].UNICEF, 2005.
31. UNAIDS ,WHO.AIDS Epidemic Update 2004 [ R].UNAIDS ,2004 ,12.
32. UNAIDS ,UNICEF.为未来投资-对受AIDS影响儿童的心理支持项目赞比亚和坦桑尼亚[ R].UNAIDS ,2003.
33.原野,翟德华,朱昊.艾滋病与老年贫困研究.市场与人口分析,2005(增刊):94-99
34. Kahn JG, Haile B, Chang S. Health and Federal Budgetary Effects of Increasing Access to Antiretroviral Medications for HIV BY Expanding Medicaid. Am J Public Health, 2001, 91(9):1464-1473
35. Garattini L, Tediosi F, Di Cintio, et al. Resource Utilization and HospitalCost of HIV/AIDS Care in Italy in The Era of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy. AIDS Care, 2001, 13(6):733-741
36.王凌云,刘波,刘康迈,等.广东省AIDS患者住院费用调查.2004,10(3):182-184
37.余冬保,韩孟杰,梁少伶,等.中国农村地区艾滋病病毒感染者/病人的社会经济和行为学调查.医学与社会,2004,17(1):3-6
38. Rugalema G. It is not Only the Loss of Labor:HIV/AIDS,Loss of Household Assets and Household Livelihood in Bukoba District ,Tanzania, Paper Presented at the East and Southern Africa Regional Conference on Responding to HIV/AIDS .Harare: Development Needs of Africa Smallholder Agriculture, 1998:8-10
39. UNAIDS.A Review of Household and Community Responses to the HIV/AIDS Epidemic in the Rural Areas of Sub-Saharan Africa. Best Practice Collection. Key Material.http://www.unaids.org
40. heep://tech.sina.com.cn/other/2004-06-29/1917381371.shtml
41. Hinigumou A.The economic consequences of AIDS in Africa.African Journal ofFertility.Sexuality and Reproductive Health,1996,1(2):153-161
42.白维仁.艾滋病对社会经济发展的影响.兰州大学学报,1996,24(3):135-140
43.李冬莉.变化时代的艾滋病预防.市场与人口分析,2002,8(3):48-55
44. Putularb.AIDS Analysis Asia,1995,6(1):14-15
45. Pitayanon S.AIDS Analysis Asia,1995,1(1):14-15
2. UNAIDS,WHO.AIDS epidemic update December 2005.Progress on implementing ungass declaration of commitment in China 2005. http://www.Unaids.org/ Pub/Report/2006/2006-country-progress-report-China-en.pdf.
3.胡飞跃.中国艾滋病预防控制的政策研究[J].国际经济技术研究,2003,3(6):42
4. heep://tech.sina.com.cn/other/2004-06-29/1917381371.shtml
5. Murray CJI.Quantifying the burden of disease :the technical basis for disability-adjusted life years.Bull-World-Health-Organ.1994,72(3):429-445
6. Obadilla JL.Main criticisms of the disability adjusted life year(DALY).Extract from 'Searching for Essential Health Services in Low and Middleincome Countries'. 1995,7:543-554
7. Engei GL.The need for a new medical model:A challenge for biomdecine. Science, 1997,196:129-136
8. Shelton. Nicholls, Roger Mc Lean, Karl Theodore, et al. Modelling the macroeconomic impact of HIV/AIDS in the English speaking Caribbean
9. Murray CJ,Lopez AD.Global mortality,disability,and the contribution of risk factors:Global burden of Disease Study.Lancet,1997,349(9063):1436-1442
10. Murray CJ,Lopez AD.Alternative projections of mortality and disability by cause 1990-2020:Global Burden of Disease Study.Lancet,1997,349(9064):1498-1504
11.白维仁.艾滋病对社会经济发展的影响.兰州大学学报,1996,24(3):135-140
12.杨红梅.艾滋病流行对家庭的社会及经济的影响.国外医学社会医学分册,2001,18(2):53-57
13.王凌云,刘康迈,闪雷华,等.艾滋病流行对宏观和微观社会经济的影响.中国性病艾滋病防治.2002,8(6);371-372
14. 14.D MBewu, The Socioeconomic Impact of HIV and AIDS Presentation to the Portfolio Committee on Science and Technology,March 16, 2005
15. Simon Dixon, Scott McDonald, Jennifer Roberts,The impact of HIV and AIDS on Africa's economic development,BMJ 2002;324:232–4
16. Dixon S, McDonald S, Roberts J. The impact of HIV and AIDS on Africa’s economic development. BMJ 2002; 324 : 232– 4
17. Tony Barnett and Alan Whiteside. Guidelines for Studies of the Social and Economic Impact of HIV/AIDS. UNAIDS,Geneva, Swithzaerland, 2000.
18. Baylies C. The Impact of AIDS on Rural households in Africa: A shock like any other. Institute of Social studies, US and UK. 2002.
19. De Waal A. The new variant famine in Southern Africa. Presentation for SADC VAC Meeting, 17-18 October 2002, Victoria falls.
20. Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS(UNAIDS). Report on the Global HIV/AIDS Pandemic. UNAIDS, June 2002.
21. Centers for Disease Control. Current trends in mortality attributable to HIV Infection/AIDS. MMWR January 25, 1991: 40(3); 41-44.
22. Greener R. Impact of HIV/AIDS and options for Intervention. Results of a five company pilot study written for Botswana National Task Force on AIDS at the workplace. Botswana Institute of Development Policy analysis. Paper No.10. August 1997
23. Simon J, Rosen S, Whiteside A, Vincent JR, Thea DM. The Response of African businesses to HIV/AIDS. In: HIV/AIDS in the commonwealth 2000/01 London: Kensington Publications, 2000.
24. Morris CN, Cheevers EJ. The direct costs of HIV/AIDS in a South African sugar mill. AIDS Anal Afr. Feb-Mar 2000:10(5):7-8
25. Kambou G, Devarajan S, Over M. The economic impact of AIDS in an African country: simulations with a computable general equilibrium model of Cameroon. J Afr Economies 1992;1:109-30.
26. Arndt C, Lewis J. The macro implications of HIV/AIDS in South Africa: a pre- liminary assessment. Paper presented at the International AIDS Economics Network (IAEN) Symposium, Durban, South Africa, July 2000.
27. Arndt C, Lewis J. The HIV/AIDS pandemic in South Africa: sectoral impacts andunemployment. J Int Dev 2001;13:427-50.
28. Nkinson C, Wright L, Coulter A. Validity and reliability of the SF-36 in population sample[J]. Quali-Life-Res, 1994, 3(1): 7-12.
29.董勒弄,吴尊友. 1982-1995年云南省陇川县吸毒情况变化[J].中国药物滥用防治杂志, 1997, 28(1): 22-23
30.邓君林,李江中,顾久贵,等.阿片类物质依赖638例临床分析[J].中国药物滥用防治杂志, 1996, 28(1): 21-24
31.方积乾.生存质量测定方法及应用[M].北京:北京医科大学出版社, 2000, 118-122
32. Lam LK, Fong DYT, Lauder I.J. The effect of health-related quality of life (HRQOL) on health service utilization of a Chinese population [J]. Social Science and Medicine, 2002, 55(9): 1635-1646
33. HOQOL Group. The World Health Organization Quality of Life assessment: development and general psychometric properties [J]. Social Science and Medicine, 1998, 46(2): 486-494
34.方积乾.卫生统计学[M].北京:人民卫生出版社,2003.311.
35.杨建伯,董倩.社会医学[M].北京:人民卫生出版社,1990.77.
36.陆建邦.河南人口死亡调查研究.北京:军事医学科学出版社,2005.12.
37.王国杰,胡惠义,徐吉英,等.河南省结核病死亡监测结果分析.现代预防医学.2000,27(4):482～483.
38.黄明爱,方今女,崔武庚,等.朝鲜族与汉族女性期望寿命值比较分析.延边大学医学学报, 2005, 28(1):47～49.
39. BRNNUM-HANSEN, H. Trends in health expectancy in Demark,1987-1994[J]. Danish Medical Bulletin,1998,45(2):217～221.
40. Dray-Spira R, Lert F, Marimoutou C, et al. Socio-economic conditions, health status and employment among persons living with HIV/AIDS in France in 2001. AIDS CARE ,2003, 15(6):739-748.
41. Brooks RA, Martin DJ, Ortiz DJ,et al. Perceived barriers to employment among persons living withHIV/AIDS. AIDS CARE ,2004, 16(6):756-766.
42.秦小平,郑一宁.535名护理人员HIV/ AIDS防治的KABP调查分析。中国艾滋病性病,2003,9(5):282-284.
43.董衍明,马雁玲,吴茂柏,等.农民对艾滋病知识与态度的现状调查.中国麻风皮肤病杂志,2006,22(3):218-220.
44.刘康迈,袁建华.艾滋病的流行及对我国社会、经济的影响.学海,2003,(5):68-72。
45.屈文妍,田建华,徐克沂,等.HIV感染者/ AIDS患者自杀原因分析及危机干预.中国艾滋病性病,2005,11(2):91-93.
46.李进,况伟宏,马渝根,等. HIV感染者/AIDS病人及其家属的生活质量调查及其相关因素分析.中国循证医学杂志, 2004, 4 (8) : 550 - 69.
47.周建波,孙业桓,吴荣涛,等。安徽省阜阳市血源性艾滋病流行区HIV/AIDS社会支持现状的定性研究.安徽医科大学学报,2006,41(3):357-359.
48.张开宁,史文雅,李俊杰.云南省与艾滋病相关的歧视现象分析.中国健康教育,2005,21(10):752-753。
49. Paxton S. The paradox of public HIV disclosure. AIDS Care, 2002,14(4):559-556.
50.储全胜,姜珍霞,汪兆国,等.对HIV感染者/ AIDS病人干预措施效果分析.中华流行病学杂志,2000,21(5):341-342.
51.羊海涛.艾滋病对社会经济的影响.江苏卫生保健,2004,6(5):35 -37.
52. Max O Bachmann, Frederick LR Booysen. Health and economic impact of HIV/AIDS on South African households: a cohort study.BMC Public Health ,2003, 3:14.
53. Marzuk PM, Tardiff K, Leon AC, et al. HIV seroprevalence among suicide victims in New York City, 1991-1993. Am J Psychiatry 1997 ;154(12):1720-5.
54.覃碧云,陈曦,阚志明,等。HIV感染者/病人心理状态与需求调查。实用预防医学2006,13(2):291-292。
55.杨红梅,李洁,吴尊友,等。艾滋病病毒感染者和艾滋病患者卫生服务利用及医疗费用的研究。中华流行病学杂志2003,24(5):393-396。
56.鲍学军,崔国生,许伟等.沈阳市农村村卫生室现状及其服务功能探讨.中国卫生经济.2004,23(1):36
57.田庆丰,张智民,王耀平等.河南省新型农村合作医疗试点县村级卫生服务组织现状分析.中国卫生事业管理,2005(1):48-503,5
58.张亮,高军,刘谷琮.村卫生室卫生服务现状分析.贫困地区卫生服务,2000,10:39-40
59.中华人民共和国卫生部,联合国艾滋病中国专题组.中国艾滋病防治联合评估报告(2005)[R].2005:1
60.张孔来主编.艾滋病.北京:中国协和医科大学出版社,2002:34
61.陈曦,陈焱主编.艾滋病防治技术手册.长沙:湖南科学技术出版社,2004,9-10
62.何鸿明,杜乐勋.卫生经济学原理与方法.第二版.哈尔滨:黑龙江教育出版社,1995
63. Steven Russell. The economic of illness for households in developing countries: a review of studies focusing on malaria, tuberculosis, and human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Am J Trop Med Hyg,2004,71(Suppl 2):147-155
64. Wyss K, Hutton G, N,Diekhor Y. Costs attributable to AIDS at household level in Chad.AIDS Care,2004,16(7):808-811
65.中国疾病预防与控制中心.艾滋病临床治疗与护理培训教材[M].北京:北京大学医学出版社,2003:17-18
66. Prescott N,1999,Coping with Catastrophic Health Shocks.Washington,D.C.:Inter American Development Bank. Conference on Social Protection and Poverty
67. Ranson K. Reduction of catastrophic health care expenditures by a community-based health insurance scheme in Gujurat, India: current experiences and challenges. Bull World Health Organ 2002,80:613-621
68.刘康迈,袁建华.艾滋病的流行及对我国社会、经济的影响.学海,2003,5:
69.杨红梅,吴尊友.艾滋病流行对中国社会经济的影响.中国性病艾滋病防治,2000,6(4):254-255
70. World Bank. 1992. Research Report on HIV/AIDS in Tanzania. At: http://www.worldbank.org
71. Kahn JG, Haile B,Chang S. Health and Federal Budgetary Effects of Inereasing Access to Antiretroviral Medications for HIV By Expanding Medicaid.Am J Public Heaith,2001,91(9):1464-1473
72. Garattini L, Te diosi F, Di Cntio,et al.Resource Utilization and Hospital Cost of HIV/AIDS Care in Italy in The Era of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy. AIDSCare,2001,13(6):733-741
73.徐旭卿,刘北斗,李群等.浙江省耐药肺结核病人人口学特征及家庭疾病经济负担对照研究[J].中国防痨杂志, 2004, 26(6): 332
74. WHO:The world health report 2000.Health system:improving performance[A].Genera,WHO March 2000:23-30
75. Murray CJL,Lopez AD.Global Comparative assessment in the health sector:Quantifying disability :data,methods and results[A].Geneva:Bulletin of the World Health Organization,1994,72(3):481-494.
76. Murray CJL,Lopez AD,Jamison DT.The global burden of disease in 1990:summary results,sensitivity anilysis and future directions[J].Bulletin of the World Health Organization,1994,72(3):495-509.
77. Mathers CD,Ritu Sadana,Salormon J,Murray CJL.Estimates of DALE for 191 Countries:Methods and Results[J].Geneva,World Health Organization,june 2000:4-9.
78. Murray CJL,Lopez AD.The global burden of disease:a comprehensive assessment of morality and disability from diseases,injuriesand risk factors in 1990 and projected to 2020.Cambridge,Harvard University Press,1996,1:28-32.
79. Murray CJL,Lopez AD.Global Burden of Disease and Injury Series VolumeⅡ. The Global Health Statistics.Harvard University Press, 1996,2:16-25.
80.郭金玲,张亮,王宇明等.艾滋病对农村高发地区患者家庭经济影响的调查分析[J].中国卫生经济,2006,25(3):48-51
81. Catherine Michaud.1990年全球疾病负担和伤害.1995-2006 Tsinghua Tongfang Optical Disc Co.Ltd:23-32
82.王雪静,武桂英,龚幼龙等.结核病控制项目地区耐药结核病病人经济负担研究[J].中国卫生经济,2005,24(3):49-51
83.夏毅,龚幼龙,顾杏元等.上海市疾病负担研究[J].中国卫生统计.2000,17(4):211-214
84. Shelton. Nicholls, Roger Mc Lean, Karl Theodore, et al. Modelling the macroeconomicimpact of HIV/AIDS in the English speaking caribbean
85. http://www.usaids.gov/policy/budget/cb2005/afr/za.html
86. http://www.afrol.com/Categories/Health/backgr_hiv_aids.htm
87. http://www.unisa.ac.za/dept/bmr/index.html
88. Cohen J. HIV/AIDS: India’s many epidemics. Science 2006,313:504-509.
89. Kumar S. India has the largest number of people infected with HIV. Lancet 1999,353:48.
90. http://business.timeonline.co.uk/printFriendly/o,,2020-5-2280507-1384
91. HIV Could Erode India's Economy Over Next Decade, Report Says. http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/medicalnews.php?newsid=47924
92.艾滋病对我国社会经济的影响课题研究目前完成. http://www.chinaaids.org.cn
93. Wunder D,Evison JM.Antiretroviral therapy and pregnancy[J].Ther Umsch, 2005,62 (1):37-42
94.郭金玲,王宇明,王仲阳等.农村艾滋病高发地区艾滋病社会疾病经济负担研究.中国公共卫生,2006,22(8)
95. Prevention of HIV Transmission from Mother to Child[J].UNAIDS,1998,4-5
96. .Holtgrave DR,Cost analysis and HIV prevention programs. American Psyehologist, 1994,49:1088-1089
97.黄冬梅,胡善菊,张德春,等.发展中国家HIV/AIDS预防策略成本和成本-效果分析.国外医学卫生经济分册,2004,21(2):76-80
98.志涛,祁秉先,姜润生.成本-效用分析原则及方法初探.卫生软科学, 2003, 17(5): 141-142
99.陈宁姗.成本?效果分析在艾滋病预防干预措施经济学评价中的应用.中国初级卫生保健,2004, 18(11): 30-32
100..龚幼龙,武桂英,刘玉梅,等.结核病控制项目的成本?效果成本?效用成本?效益分析.中华医院管理杂志, 2001, 17(12): 709-712
101. ReichmanLB. Tuberculosis elimination:What’s to stop us.The International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease,1997,1:3-12.
102.盛锋,程晓明.以社区为基础的慢性病预防与控制的成本?效益与成本?效用分析.中国卫生资源, 2002, 5(5): 199-200
103.DigiovineB,ChenowethC,WattsC,et al. The attributable mortality and costs of primary nosocomial bloodstream infections in the intention care unit[J]. Am J Respir Crit Care Med,1999,16(3):976-981.
104.王王月,王世勇,张毓辉,等.中央艾滋病防治经费投入的公平性分析.中国艾滋病性病, 2006, 12(2): 113-116
105.Gold M,PatrickD,TorranceG, et al. Identifying and valuing outcomes. In:Gold M et al,editors. Cost effectiveness in health and medicine. NewYork: Oxford press,1996.
106.郭金玲,张亮,王宇明等.基层HIV感染和艾滋病防治工作主要问题探讨.中国公共卫生,2006,22(1),37-38
107.扬帆,祝晓莲,王维.艾滋病防治的政策研究[J].国际经济技术研究,2004,7(3):11-12
108.段明月,蔡纪明.美国巴西艾滋病预防控制工作的现状和启示[J].中国艾滋病性病,2003,9(5):327
109.孙剑寒,朱益民,陈坤.艾滋病流行趋势分析[J].浙江预防医学,2002,14(5):1-2
110.毕振强.赴南非和泰国考察艾滋病[J].预防医学论坛,2004,10(6):721
111.Ling JC. S and Hewett T. Social Mobilization for Health [ J ] . A UNICEF Experience. New York : U2 NICEF ,1995.
112.Crespo Sebunya,AIDS threat from U ganda taridrivers,New African,Apyil 1998:24
113.http://www.stats.gov.cn/tijb
114.宏观经济与卫生委员会:宏观经济与卫生.人民卫生出版社,2002
115.Hinigumuo A.The economic of AIDS in Africa.AfricanJournal of Fertility,Sexuality and Reproductive Health,1996,1(2):153-161
116.STATESment by HE.Salim Ahmad Salim,Secretary-General of Organisization of African Unity at the African Summit on HIV/AIDS,Tuberculosis and other infections diseases,Abuja,26 April 2001
117.UNAIDS, WHO.Report on the global HIV/AIDS epidemic 1997,8.http://www.unaids org
118.Jeffrey D. Macroeconomics and health: investing in health for economicdevelopment[M].Ceneva,Switzerland,World Health Organization,2001
119.Donald J . Johnston , 2003 , The fight against infectious disease[M] . Paris ,OECD Directorate for Science.
120.PAHO/ WHO. , 2002 , The extension of social protection in health , Washington , D. C. , USA.
121.胡鞍钢,胡琳琳.中国宏观经济与健康.改革,2003,2:6
122.Ken J udge , Iain Paterson , 2001 , Poverty , Income Inequality and Health[M] , Glasgow , University of Glasgow.
123.曾毅,吴尊友.遏制艾滋病在中国流行.中国科学院院刊,2000,2
1. UNAIDS,WHO.AIDS epidemic update December 2005. http://www.Unaids.org/epi/2005/doc/report.asp
2. UNAIDS,WHO.AIDS epidemic update December 2005.Progress on implementing ungass declaration of commitment in China 2005. http://www.Unaids.org/ Pub/Report / 2006/2006-country-progress-report-China-en.pdf.
3. Bloom DE, Mahal AS. Does the AIDS epidemic threaten economic growth? J Econometrics, 1997, 77:105-124
4. Anand K, Pandav CS, Nath LM. Impact of HIV/ AIDS on the national economy of India. HealPolic, 1999, 47:195-205
5. World Bank. Investing in health world development indicators world development report. New York: Oxford University Press,193.20
6. UNAIDS, Guidelines for Studies of the social and Economic Impact of HIV/AIDS. Geneva Switerland, 2000
7. John Knodel, Wassana Im-em. The economic conseqences for parents of losing an adult child to AIDS: Evidence from Thailand. Social Science and Medicine 2004, 59: 987-1001
8. Andrew Creese, Katherine Floyd, Anita Alban, et al. Cost-effectiveness of HIV/AIDS Interventions In Africa: a systematic review of the evidence. THE LANCET. 2002, 359: 1635-1642
9. Tony Barnett, Alan Whiteside, Lev Khodakevich, et al. The HIV/AIDS epidemic in Ukraine: its potential social and economical impact. Social Science and Medicine 2000, 51: 1387-1403
10. Tony Barnett and Alan Whiteside(2000), Guidelines for studies of the social and economic impact of HIV/AIDS, UNAIDS Geneva, Switzerland, 2000
11.刘康迈,袁建华.艾滋病的流行及对我国社会、经济的影响.学海,2003,(5):68-72
12.杨红梅,吴尊友.艾滋病流行对中国社会及经济的影响.中国性病艾滋病防治,2000,6(4):254
13.戴志澄.全球/中国HIV/AIDS流行状况及预防与控制策略.中国学校卫生,2005,26(1):84-88
14. UNAIDS&WHO.Report on the Global HIV /AIDS Epidemic 1997.8.At:http//www.unaids.org
15.孙福滨,陈杰,刘毛平.中国艾滋病流行现状的人口学浅析.中国卫生统计,1997,14(6):20-23
16. HIV/AIDS Surveilance Report:June 30,2001.US Centers for Disease Control,Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention
17. US National Centers for Health Statistics:Preliminary Year 2001 Leading Causes of Death Analysis.
18.韩冰.抗击艾滋病—人类共同的责任(浅析泰国艾滋病现状、防治措施和未来趋势).全球科技经济瞭望,2005,3:43-46
19.詹世明.艾滋病对非洲经济发展的影响初探.西非亚洲,1999,(3):25-28
20.徐勤,伍小兰,朱昊.艾滋病流行对人口与社会经济的影响.人口学刊,2005,(3):32-36
21. UNAA(New South Wales Users and AIDS Association) 1995 ,Drugs and discrimination :do they mix A submission to the New South Wales Anti- Discrimination Boards. NUAA Sydney.
22. Foreman C ,Lyra P , Breinbauer C. Understanding and Responding to HIV/AIDS stigma and Discrimination in Health Sector [ R ].ISBN 9275 12471X.Pan American Health Organization ,2003.
23. UNAIDS.A conceptual framework and basis for action : HIV/ AIDS stigma and discrimination[C].World AIDS Campaign ,2002– 2003.
24. Hogan NM. The Impact of HIV-Stigma & Discrimination on VCT Participation & Disclosure[ R].Workshop for HealthⅨ,Beijing 24 -26 February ,2003.
25.高建华,郑锡文,施小明,等.农村既往有偿供血社区居民AIDS相关歧视和耻辱调查.中国艾滋病性病,2004, 10(3):175-177
26.刘康迈,袁建华,白月,等.我国部分HIV感染者面临的社会心理压力及可能做出的反应的调查结果分析.中国性病艾滋病杂志,2003,9(3):136-138
27.施小明,郑锡文.HIV/ AIDS相关的羞辱与歧视[J ].中国艾滋病性病,2004 ,11 (1) :67 - 68.
28. Thomas SB ,Quinn SC. The Tuskegee Syphilis Study ,1932 to 1972 : Implications for HIV education and AIDS risk reduction programs in the Black community [J ] .American Journal of Public Health ,1991 ,11 :1498 - 1505.
29.黎晓斌,王莹.预防艾滋病与善待艾滋病患者[J ].医学与哲学,2002 ,23 (7) :28 - 30.
30. UNICEF.2005年世界儿童状况[ R].UNICEF, 2005.
31. UNAIDS ,WHO.AIDS Epidemic Update 2004 [ R].UNAIDS ,2004 ,12.
32. UNAIDS ,UNICEF.为未来投资-对受AIDS影响儿童的心理支持项目赞比亚和坦桑尼亚[ R].UNAIDS ,2003.
33.原野,翟德华,朱昊.艾滋病与老年贫困研究.市场与人口分析,2005(增刊):94-99
34. Kahn JG, Haile B, Chang S. Health and Federal Budgetary Effects of Increasing Access to Antiretroviral Medications for HIV BY Expanding Medicaid. Am J Public Health, 2001, 91(9):1464-1473
35. Garattini L, Tediosi F, Di Cintio, et al. Resource Utilization and HospitalCost of HIV/AIDS Care in Italy in The Era of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy. AIDS Care, 2001, 13(6):733-741
36.王凌云,刘波,刘康迈,等.广东省AIDS患者住院费用调查.2004,10(3):182-184
37.余冬保,韩孟杰,梁少伶,等.中国农村地区艾滋病病毒感染者/病人的社会经济和行为学调查.医学与社会,2004,17(1):3-6
38. Rugalema G. It is not Only the Loss of Labor:HIV/AIDS,Loss of Household Assets and Household Livelihood in Bukoba District ,Tanzania, Paper Presented at the East and Southern Africa Regional Conference on Responding to HIV/AIDS .Harare: Development Needs of Africa Smallholder Agriculture, 1998:8-10
39. UNAIDS.A Review of Household and Community Responses to the HIV/AIDS Epidemic in the Rural Areas of Sub-Saharan Africa. Best Practice Collection. Key Material.http://www.unaids.org
40. heep://tech.sina.com.cn/other/2004-06-29/1917381371.shtml
41. Hinigumou A.The economic consequences of AIDS in Africa.African Journal ofFertility.Sexuality and Reproductive Health,1996,1(2):153-161
42.白维仁.艾滋病对社会经济发展的影响.兰州大学学报,1996,24(3):135-140
43.李冬莉.变化时代的艾滋病预防.市场与人口分析,2002,8(3):48-55
44. Putularb.AIDS Analysis Asia,1995,6(1):14-15
45. Pitayanon S.AIDS Analysis Asia,1995,1(1):14-15