版权产业与版权贸易的发展:从美国经验看中国
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摘要
作为知识产权的一个重要组成部分,版权是现代社会发展中不可缺少的一种法律制度。我们看到,随着版权保护制度的不断发展和完善,一方面人类文化事业蒸蒸日上;另一方面,依赖版权保护及其经济属性而生存、发展的版权产业和版权贸易,也构成了今天知识经济和信息经济的强大动力。
    
    据美国国际知识产权联盟(IIPA)的研究报告,20余年来,无论是从版权产业对GDP的贡献,还是从它带动就业和出口贸易方面来看,迅速崛起的美国版权产业都是美国经济的支柱性产业,也是促进美国经济增长的主要动因。
    
    事实上,现实中的版权产业在中国国民经济中的重要地位同样不容忽视。但由于版权产业的文化属性,国家更多的是从意识形态的角度加强监管,却很少从优化经济结构、发展经济的层面强调版权作为产业的意义,更没有关于版权产业的完整的统计数据。
    
    鉴于这种情形,本文将从版权保护和产业经济学的角度,从核心版权产业的研究出发,试图对版权产业和版权贸易在中美两国不同的生存状态,进行纵向审视与横向比较,从中找出差距、总结经验、发现问题、提出对策。
    
    版权作为一种独立的产业,美国在1977年就确立了。有关美国版权产业的年度研究报告显示,在过去的24年里(1977-2001),美国版权产业的增长速度大大超过其它非版权类经济部门和总体国民经济。而核心版权产业的净产值(5,351亿美元)对于2001年GDP的贡献达5.24%,超过了美国制造业中的任何部门,也超过了所有主要制造业产值的总和。
    
    在我国,版权产业有其特定的含义。它通常指的是新闻出版业(书业、报刊业、音像与电子出版业)。2001年,全国新闻出版系统的企事业单位共实现利润53.38亿元,出版业成为中国利润最丰厚的行业之一,销售收入超过烟草、医药、塑料、食品加工等行业。如果将与版权产业链相关的印刷、复制、发行、出版贸易、广告、影视和软件等其它行业的产值全部统计出来,我国版权产业的产值将接近5,000亿元,在GDP里的比重约5%左右。
    
    不过,中美版权产业在经济总量上相差较大,可谓云泥之间。仅2001年美国版权产业的净产值(7,912亿美元)就相当于当年中国GDP的68%。但从版权产业各项经济指标的增长来看,中国增长幅度大,具备相当的潜力,正处于一个快速发展时期;而美国版权产业在保持较高发展速度的前提下,表现得相对成熟和稳定。
    
    同时需要指出的是,作为版权产业链的重要一环,版权贸易构成了版权产业可持续发展的强大支撑。中国的版权贸易从规模和所创利润上看明显低于美国,并存在巨大的贸易逆差。版权的出口贸易对于我国版权产业的贡献可以说是微乎其微。而美国四大类版权产品的对外销售和出口所产生的国际收入,可
    
    以占其GDP的0.9%。这说明版权贸易在输出美国的价值观念和生活方式的同时,还支撑着美国版权产业的持续发展,并在整个经济发展中占有举足轻重的地位。特别是在美国出口贸易经常出现巨额赤字的情况下,对外版权贸易仍保持持续增长,不能不说是一个奇迹。值得关注的是,书报刊、磁带、唱片等传统出版业增速趋缓,有的产品甚至出现了负增长,而影视和软件产业的对外贸易正在快速发展,独领风骚。
    
    此外,从版权产业净产值的构成来看,特别是在版权贸易或物权贸易领域,中国主要以印刷媒介出版物(图书、报刊)为主,在整个产业销售额与进出口贸易额中占据了较大的比重。这与美国版权产业的情况恰恰相反。从这个意义上说,中国版权产业结构有待调整和优化。传统出版业要做大做强,软件、音像、影视业作为新经济的增长点需要重点发展。
    
    总之,作为新的经济增长点,中、美两国的版权产业在各自的国民经济中都扮演着重要的角色。但与美国等发达国家相比,我国的版权产业还不发达,产业结构还不够合理,版权贸易的逆差仍然过大。
    
    追溯20年来美国版权产业和版权贸易发展的历史脉络,我们可以看到,美国不断完善的版权立法和执法,是版权产业和版权贸易发展的生命线;美国发达的市场经济有力地促进了版权产业和版权贸易的发展;美国工业经济向知识经济的成功转型为版权产业和版权贸易的发展创造了良好的宏观环境;丰富的高素质人力资源,是美国版权产业和版权贸易可持续发展的有力的支撑。在这几个条件的支持下,美国的版权产业和版权贸易的发展仍将保持良好势头。由此可见,美国版权产业和版权贸易的迅猛发展其实有着许多深层次的原因。这也是可供我国借鉴的宝贵经验。
    
    时光进入世纪之交。2001年12月,中国正式加入世界贸易组织(WTO),极大推动了中国版权保护制度的建设。中国政府郑重承诺,我国将全面实施世界贸易组织的TRIPS协定。新修订的《著作权法》及其《实施条例》标志着中国有关版权保护的法律法规正式与国际接轨。从此,我国版权保护和版权产业将进入一个全新的发展时期。
    
    中国入世对我国版权产业和版权贸易的影响,将是多方面的——有直接的,也有间接的;有局部的,也有全局性的;有经济的,也有政治和意识形态的;有法律的,也有行政的。面对入世给我国的版权产业和版权贸易所带来的机遇与挑战,借鉴美国版权产业发展的经验,中国当奋起直追,迎
As one of the most important parts of Intellectual Property, copyright has become an indispensable legal system in the current society. Thanks to the stronger protection and enforcement for it, we can now enjoy the flourishing culture of the human being; Simultaneously, the copyright-based industries and international trade are significantly regarded as the driving-force for the development of this creative world, which is now called the time of Knowledge Economy and Information Economy.
    
    According to the annual study by Economists Incorporated for the International Intellectual Property Alliance (IIPA), over the last twenty-four years, the fast growing copyright industries have been playing a leading role in the U.S. economy and have proven to be a major impact on the growth of the U.S. economy, based on three economic indicators----value added to gross domestic product (GDP); share of national employment; and revenues generated from foreign sales and exports.
    
    Also, the copyright-based industries' importance demonstrated in China's economy cannot be ignored either. However, the government paid too much attention to the cultural attribute of the copyright-based industries instead of their economic attribute. So most administrations and supervisions were enforced on the control of ideology, overlooking the significance of the copyright as an individual industry. Therefore, China keeps very poor statistics relating to the copyright-based industries.
    
    Whereas, this writing tries to make a comparative study on the development of the copyright industries between China and U.S., looking forward to find out the differences, sum up the achievements, figure out the problems and put forward the solutions.
    
    It was in 1977 that copyright was defined as an individual industry for the first time in U.S.. According to the annual report of IIPA, over the years from 1977 to 2001, the copyright industries continued to grow at a rate higher than the other segments of the U.S. economy as well as the Gross Domestic Product. For example, in 2001, the core copyright industries contributed an estimated $535.1 billion to the U.S. economy, accounting for approximately 5.24% of GDP, which alone were larger than any individual industry in the manufacturing sector, and even larger than the manufacturing industries combined.
    
    In China, the given copyright-based industries are only referred to the press and publishing industry, including book publishing, newspapers and periodicals, music publishing, and e-publishing as well. In 2001, the press and publishing industry contributed ¥5.338 billion to GDP, becoming one of the most profitable industries, with its sales higher than tobacco, chemicals, plastic, food-processing and others. If
    
    the other copyright-related sectors, such as printing, photocopying, distribution, publications' foreign trade, advertising, film and software, etc., were put into consideration, the value added could be estimated to approach ¥500 million, reaching approximately 5% of GDP.
    
    However, the huge gap of the copyright industries between China and U.S. is still striking. For example, only in 2001, the value added of the U.S. copyright industries, hitting $791.2 billion, was equivalent to 68% of China's GDP. Even though, taking a look at the growth rate of the certain economic indicators, China can expect a greater potential ahead with an ever-increasing range and an ever-fast growing rate of the copyright-based industries while U.S. behaves comparatively less active in spite of its former fast growth rate.
    
    Playing a significant role in the copyright industries, copyright trade has been a great contributor to the sustainable development of the industries. But in China, both the size of copyright-based foreign trade and the profit related are obviously lower than those of U.S., while a huge trade deficit is existing at the same time. So its foreign sales contributed very little to the copyright-based industries. On the contrary, the foreign sales and exports made by the four maj
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