基于WEB方式的电子海图技术研究
摘要
电子海图显示与信息系统(ECDIS)被认为是继雷达／ARPA之后在船舶导航方面又一项伟大的技术革命。ECDIS不仅仅是简单的图形显示，它同时结合图形和文本数据构成一个非常有用的操作工具系统。作为一个自动决策辅助系统，能连续确定船舶相对于大陆的位置、标定目标的位置，辅助导航和避险。ECDIS作为实时的导航系统，它集中了航海人员需要显示和了解的各种信息。如今，讨论了若干年的“电子海图时代”早已悄然而至。随着各国官方电子航海图(ENC)逐步完备、标准ECDIS的出现以及工MO对ECDIS的认可，ECDIS势必取代沿用了几百年的传统纸海图。
国外在ECDIS方面已经做了大量的研究工作，技术资料不断更新。为了跟踪国际ECDIS系统的发展动态，以及掌握ECDIS技术的应用，本论文将研究ECDIS的相关标准S-57，WEB方式电子海图的实现技术，来建立一个ECDIS显示系统。该系统的研究为建设上海国际航运中心提供更好的服务，尤其在物流管理与控制、海上交通与运输等领域有着良好的应用前景。同时也为电子海图系统在Internet上的发展提供理论与技术基础。通过理论研究、分析，得出以下结论：
1．本论文对IHO S-57标准以及其封装标准ISO／IEC 8211进行了重点研究，尤其对S-57标准中的一些字段进行了重点分析，并详细介绍了ENC数据中点、线、面等基本信息的读取、处理。这对今后的产品开发意义重大，随着官方ENC数据库的不断完善，熟悉国际标准S-57是进行产品软件开发设计最重要的内容。
2．以ENC海图数据为基础搭建的ECDIS系统显示了海图中点、线、面等基本信息，对海图物标的属性进行了详细分析。并实现了基于B／S结构的WEB方式电子海图系统为不同终端提供海图底层信息。这对将来根据不同用户需要在海图上叠加其它气象、雷达信息，开发相关的技术和产品很有意义。
3．本论文研究设计的系统能为今后ECDIS相关技术研究提供实验平台。如在AIS与雷达目标融合问题的研究中，可以提供底层海图平台。
The ECDIS is considered as a great technical revolution in vessels' navigation field after radar / ARPA. The ECDIS is not only a simple displaying system, but also an operation tool system combining graph and text. As an automatic decision-making assistance system, it can decide ship position relative to the continent, mark target position, assist navigation, and avoid the danger. Also as a real-time navigation system, it concentrated various information needed to be displayed and understood by seaman. Now, the ECDIS that discussed some years have already come quietly. Along with the official Electronic Navigation Chart (ENC) gradually getting mature, emergency of standard ECDIS and authorization of ECDIS by IMO, ECDIS will definitely replace traditional paper chart using hundreds of years.
The abroad has already done a great deal of research work in ECDIS and updated technical materials. In order to keep up with the international ECDIS's developing trends and master the applications of ECDIS technology, this article researches ECDIS related to standard S-57,electronic chart realizing technique in WEB mode, building an ECDIS displaying system .The research on this system will provide better service for construction of Shanghai International Shipping Center, and have great application prospects especially in such fields as logistics management and control, maritime traffic and transportation and so on. Meanwhile it can supply theory and technique foundations for internet development of ECDIS. Through theory research and analysis, we can draw the following conclusion:
1. Research of this article focuses on IHO S-57 standard and packed standard ISO/IEC 8211, especially analyzes mainly on certain fields in S-57 standard, and introduces details in reading and processing basic information of point, line, face from ENC data. It has significant meaning for product development in future. Along with the continuously perfecting of official ENC database, familiar with international standard S-57 is an important part to develop software product.
2. Basing on ENC chart data, ECDIS displays basic information of point, line, face an chart, and analyzes properties of chart object in details .Basing on WEB mode of B/S construction, electronic chart system realizes providing chart understratum information for all kinds of terminal. It will be meaningful for adding other weather and radar information onto chart according to different users' needs and developing relevant technique and product. II
3. This article designed a system that can provide a testing platform for researches which are relative to ECDIS latter. For example, in the research of amalgamation problem between AIS and radar target, it can provide understratum chart platform.
国外在ECDIS方面已经做了大量的研究工作，技术资料不断更新。为了跟踪国际ECDIS系统的发展动态，以及掌握ECDIS技术的应用，本论文将研究ECDIS的相关标准S-57，WEB方式电子海图的实现技术，来建立一个ECDIS显示系统。该系统的研究为建设上海国际航运中心提供更好的服务，尤其在物流管理与控制、海上交通与运输等领域有着良好的应用前景。同时也为电子海图系统在Internet上的发展提供理论与技术基础。通过理论研究、分析，得出以下结论：
1．本论文对IHO S-57标准以及其封装标准ISO／IEC 8211进行了重点研究，尤其对S-57标准中的一些字段进行了重点分析，并详细介绍了ENC数据中点、线、面等基本信息的读取、处理。这对今后的产品开发意义重大，随着官方ENC数据库的不断完善，熟悉国际标准S-57是进行产品软件开发设计最重要的内容。
2．以ENC海图数据为基础搭建的ECDIS系统显示了海图中点、线、面等基本信息，对海图物标的属性进行了详细分析。并实现了基于B／S结构的WEB方式电子海图系统为不同终端提供海图底层信息。这对将来根据不同用户需要在海图上叠加其它气象、雷达信息，开发相关的技术和产品很有意义。
3．本论文研究设计的系统能为今后ECDIS相关技术研究提供实验平台。如在AIS与雷达目标融合问题的研究中，可以提供底层海图平台。
The ECDIS is considered as a great technical revolution in vessels' navigation field after radar / ARPA. The ECDIS is not only a simple displaying system, but also an operation tool system combining graph and text. As an automatic decision-making assistance system, it can decide ship position relative to the continent, mark target position, assist navigation, and avoid the danger. Also as a real-time navigation system, it concentrated various information needed to be displayed and understood by seaman. Now, the ECDIS that discussed some years have already come quietly. Along with the official Electronic Navigation Chart (ENC) gradually getting mature, emergency of standard ECDIS and authorization of ECDIS by IMO, ECDIS will definitely replace traditional paper chart using hundreds of years.
The abroad has already done a great deal of research work in ECDIS and updated technical materials. In order to keep up with the international ECDIS's developing trends and master the applications of ECDIS technology, this article researches ECDIS related to standard S-57,electronic chart realizing technique in WEB mode, building an ECDIS displaying system .The research on this system will provide better service for construction of Shanghai International Shipping Center, and have great application prospects especially in such fields as logistics management and control, maritime traffic and transportation and so on. Meanwhile it can supply theory and technique foundations for internet development of ECDIS. Through theory research and analysis, we can draw the following conclusion:
1. Research of this article focuses on IHO S-57 standard and packed standard ISO/IEC 8211, especially analyzes mainly on certain fields in S-57 standard, and introduces details in reading and processing basic information of point, line, face from ENC data. It has significant meaning for product development in future. Along with the continuously perfecting of official ENC database, familiar with international standard S-57 is an important part to develop software product.
2. Basing on ENC chart data, ECDIS displays basic information of point, line, face an chart, and analyzes properties of chart object in details .Basing on WEB mode of B/S construction, electronic chart system realizes providing chart understratum information for all kinds of terminal. It will be meaningful for adding other weather and radar information onto chart according to different users' needs and developing relevant technique and product. II
3. This article designed a system that can provide a testing platform for researches which are relative to ECDIS latter. For example, in the research of amalgamation problem between AIS and radar target, it can provide understratum chart platform.
引文
[1] 中华人民共和国海事局 电子海图及其应用系统国际规范和标准 (S-57篇) 大连：大连海事大学出版社，1999
[2] 李广儒，孙少鹏，赵德鹏 构建基于B／S面向对象的电子海图数据库 大连海事大学学报2002年S1期
[3] 纪宏宇，黄忠刚，陈高兴等 利用ARC／INFO建立S-57数据模型的研究 海洋测绘 2002年1月
[4] 孟婵媛，翟京生，陆毅 S-57数据的组织与实现测绘学院学报 2003．12
[5] 张英俊 电子海图上物标的拾取算法 大连海事大学学报 1997．11
[7] 白亭颖 电子海图显示与信息系统的国际标准 海洋测绘 2004．3
[8] 谭晓智，赵德鹏，王德强 符合S-52规范的电子海图系统设计与实现 大连海事大学学报 2002．11
[9] 许开宇 符合国际标准的电子海图显示和信息系统 (ECDIS) 船舶工程 1999
[10] 许开宇 气象信息在船舶管理中的应用 中国航海 2003．1
[11] 许开宇 气象传真图的投影变换 上海海运学院学报 1997．4
[12] 张尧，高向阳 英国船商公司的船舶导航系统 中国航海 2002 No．3
[13] 李宏利，李汉荣，朱建良 基于IHO S-57标准的海图数据库建设 地球信息科学 2004．3
[14] 李广儒，孙少鹏，赵德鹏 基于XML分布式WEB 电子海图系统的构建 大连海事大学学报 2003．2
[15] 黄文斌，史扬，陆铭华 基于电子海图的集成信息处理系统研究 计算机应用 2003年S1期
[16] 张英俊，张秀国 网络环境下的电子海图应用系统开发平台的研究 大连海事大学学报 2001．2
[17] 郭腾云 GIS应用体系结构发展演化及WEB GIS实现方法与应用研究
[18] 陈娉娉 等 WEB GIS及其解决方案 军事测绘 2002．1
[19] 任敬树 WEB GIS的研究与开发军事测绘 2002．6
[20] 谭晓智，王德强，赵德鹏 符合S-52规范的电子海图系统设计与实现 大连海事大学学 报2002．11
[21] 梅志雄，迟国彬，郑冲 基于 GPS／GSM／GZS的海船监控调度系统的构建热带地理2003 Vol．23
[22] 林建国，刘彦呈，张静 基于 GIS贴体坐标网格德生成技术 大连海事大学学报2002 Vol．28
[23] 张保印，文戈 基于C／S模式德船舶导航、卫星通信及监控指挥系统德设计与实现计算机应用与软件 2003
[24] 王泉，高有行 电子海图与雷达背景信息叠加显示关键技术研究 微电子学与计算机2002 Vol．19
[25] 李颖，田蔚风，金志华一种新型的电子海图显示系统开发方案船舶工程 2002 NO 1
[26] 赵学俊，李源惠 桌面ECDIS培训系统 大连海事大学学报 2002 Vol．28
[27] 张波，魏海平，贾传荧 基于GPS和电子海图的船舶导航系统设计与实现 计算机工程 2003 Vol．29
[28] 王孝通，张治军 基于PDA的电子海图应用系统 中国航海 2002 NO．4
[29] 张波、魏海平、贾银山 基于电子海图的船舶动态监控系统设计与实现 大连海事人学学报 2002 Vol．28
[30] 李汉荣、朱建良 子海图的安全保护 海洋测绘 2002 Vol．22
[31] 基于改进的Hough 变换图像分割方法刘桂雄，申柏华，冯云庆 光学精密工程 Vol．10
[32] The Use of VHF in Collision Avoidance at Sea, I.P.A. Stitt, The Journal of Navigation 2003
[33] Signal Analysis Using a Multiresolution Form of the Singular Value Decomposition, Ramakrishna Kakarala and Philip O. Ogunbona. Senior Member, IEEE Transactions On Image Processing, Vol 10
[34] AIS The Cornerstone of National Security? Captain Jay A. Creech Captain Joseph F. Ryan, The Journal Of Navigation 2003.56
[35] Improved Wavelet-Based Watermarking Through Pixel-Wise Masking, Mauro Barni, Franco Bartolini, Alessandro Piva, IEEE Transactions On Image Processing Vol10
[36] GPS Integrity and Potential Impact on Aviation Safety, Washington Y. Ochieng and Knut Sauer, The Journal of Navigation 2003.56
[37] Three-Dimensional Building Detection and Modeling Using a Statistical Approach, Matthieu Cord and David Declercq, IEEE Transactions on Image Processing Vol.10
[38] Drivers' Information Requirements when Navigating in an Urban Environment,Andrew J. May, Trace Ross and Steven H. Bayer, The Journal of Navigation 2003.56
[39] IHO-S57 Transfer Standard for Digital Hydrographic Data Edition 3.1, the International Hydrographic Bureau, 2000.
[40] IHO-S52 Provisional Specifications for Chart Content and Display of ECDIS, the International Hydrographic Bureau, 1997.
[41] Gong J Y, Design and Implementation of Object Oriented Integrated Spatial Database Management System[R],1999
[42] Li Q, Research of Web-GIS Geographic Relational Database Model, Beijing University[R],2000
[43] Christian Hempstead. ECDIS is a powerful tool but it requires substantial training[DB/OL].Professional Mariner Online. 2002.
[44] Green Nielsen, Ole Berg. Facilitating the use of ECDIS[R].BIMCO BULLETIN, 2002,97(3).
[45] Lee Alexander. Electronic Charts:What, How and Why[R].The 2nd International Conference of Maritime Law and the Electonic Chart, New Orleans, 1995.
[46] Germamscher Lloyd, Example for the Calculation of Deformations and Stresses in Ships Having a High Opening Ratio According to GL Rule 1992.
[2] 李广儒，孙少鹏，赵德鹏 构建基于B／S面向对象的电子海图数据库 大连海事大学学报2002年S1期
[3] 纪宏宇，黄忠刚，陈高兴等 利用ARC／INFO建立S-57数据模型的研究 海洋测绘 2002年1月
[4] 孟婵媛，翟京生，陆毅 S-57数据的组织与实现测绘学院学报 2003．12
[5] 张英俊 电子海图上物标的拾取算法 大连海事大学学报 1997．11
[7] 白亭颖 电子海图显示与信息系统的国际标准 海洋测绘 2004．3
[8] 谭晓智，赵德鹏，王德强 符合S-52规范的电子海图系统设计与实现 大连海事大学学报 2002．11
[9] 许开宇 符合国际标准的电子海图显示和信息系统 (ECDIS) 船舶工程 1999
[10] 许开宇 气象信息在船舶管理中的应用 中国航海 2003．1
[11] 许开宇 气象传真图的投影变换 上海海运学院学报 1997．4
[12] 张尧，高向阳 英国船商公司的船舶导航系统 中国航海 2002 No．3
[13] 李宏利，李汉荣，朱建良 基于IHO S-57标准的海图数据库建设 地球信息科学 2004．3
[14] 李广儒，孙少鹏，赵德鹏 基于XML分布式WEB 电子海图系统的构建 大连海事大学学报 2003．2
[15] 黄文斌，史扬，陆铭华 基于电子海图的集成信息处理系统研究 计算机应用 2003年S1期
[16] 张英俊，张秀国 网络环境下的电子海图应用系统开发平台的研究 大连海事大学学报 2001．2
[17] 郭腾云 GIS应用体系结构发展演化及WEB GIS实现方法与应用研究
[18] 陈娉娉 等 WEB GIS及其解决方案 军事测绘 2002．1
[19] 任敬树 WEB GIS的研究与开发军事测绘 2002．6
[20] 谭晓智，王德强，赵德鹏 符合S-52规范的电子海图系统设计与实现 大连海事大学学 报2002．11
[21] 梅志雄，迟国彬，郑冲 基于 GPS／GSM／GZS的海船监控调度系统的构建热带地理2003 Vol．23
[22] 林建国，刘彦呈，张静 基于 GIS贴体坐标网格德生成技术 大连海事大学学报2002 Vol．28
[23] 张保印，文戈 基于C／S模式德船舶导航、卫星通信及监控指挥系统德设计与实现计算机应用与软件 2003
[24] 王泉，高有行 电子海图与雷达背景信息叠加显示关键技术研究 微电子学与计算机2002 Vol．19
[25] 李颖，田蔚风，金志华一种新型的电子海图显示系统开发方案船舶工程 2002 NO 1
[26] 赵学俊，李源惠 桌面ECDIS培训系统 大连海事大学学报 2002 Vol．28
[27] 张波，魏海平，贾传荧 基于GPS和电子海图的船舶导航系统设计与实现 计算机工程 2003 Vol．29
[28] 王孝通，张治军 基于PDA的电子海图应用系统 中国航海 2002 NO．4
[29] 张波、魏海平、贾银山 基于电子海图的船舶动态监控系统设计与实现 大连海事人学学报 2002 Vol．28
[30] 李汉荣、朱建良 子海图的安全保护 海洋测绘 2002 Vol．22
[31] 基于改进的Hough 变换图像分割方法刘桂雄，申柏华，冯云庆 光学精密工程 Vol．10
[32] The Use of VHF in Collision Avoidance at Sea, I.P.A. Stitt, The Journal of Navigation 2003
[33] Signal Analysis Using a Multiresolution Form of the Singular Value Decomposition, Ramakrishna Kakarala and Philip O. Ogunbona. Senior Member, IEEE Transactions On Image Processing, Vol 10
[34] AIS The Cornerstone of National Security? Captain Jay A. Creech Captain Joseph F. Ryan, The Journal Of Navigation 2003.56
[35] Improved Wavelet-Based Watermarking Through Pixel-Wise Masking, Mauro Barni, Franco Bartolini, Alessandro Piva, IEEE Transactions On Image Processing Vol10
[36] GPS Integrity and Potential Impact on Aviation Safety, Washington Y. Ochieng and Knut Sauer, The Journal of Navigation 2003.56
[37] Three-Dimensional Building Detection and Modeling Using a Statistical Approach, Matthieu Cord and David Declercq, IEEE Transactions on Image Processing Vol.10
[38] Drivers' Information Requirements when Navigating in an Urban Environment,Andrew J. May, Trace Ross and Steven H. Bayer, The Journal of Navigation 2003.56
[39] IHO-S57 Transfer Standard for Digital Hydrographic Data Edition 3.1, the International Hydrographic Bureau, 2000.
[40] IHO-S52 Provisional Specifications for Chart Content and Display of ECDIS, the International Hydrographic Bureau, 1997.
[41] Gong J Y, Design and Implementation of Object Oriented Integrated Spatial Database Management System[R],1999
[42] Li Q, Research of Web-GIS Geographic Relational Database Model, Beijing University[R],2000
[43] Christian Hempstead. ECDIS is a powerful tool but it requires substantial training[DB/OL].Professional Mariner Online. 2002.
[44] Green Nielsen, Ole Berg. Facilitating the use of ECDIS[R].BIMCO BULLETIN, 2002,97(3).
[45] Lee Alexander. Electronic Charts:What, How and Why[R].The 2nd International Conference of Maritime Law and the Electonic Chart, New Orleans, 1995.
[46] Germamscher Lloyd, Example for the Calculation of Deformations and Stresses in Ships Having a High Opening Ratio According to GL Rule 1992.