低压PWM直流开关变换器芯片设计
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摘要
随着电子器件的微型化，移动电话、数码相机等电池供电的便携式设备层出不穷，但单一的电压不能满足设备中器件不同电压的要求。作为一种电压转换芯片，开关电源芯片设计具有重要意义。
本文在分析了开关电源的结构、调制方式、拓扑结构以及控制模式的基础上，确立了脉宽调制(PWM)方式，Boost升压结构，电流控制模式。设计了一款脉宽调制电流控制型的直流升压变换器芯片，完成了偏置电流、基准电压源、振荡器、误差放大器、PWM比较器、斜坡补偿电路以及软启动等功能模块设计。基准电压源采用带隙基准技术实现很小温度系数基准电压，采用共源共栅结构实现基准电压对电源的电压的抑制，保证基准电压稳定性。在系统中所有相关的运算放大器的设计中，采用了频率补偿技术解决系统稳定性的问题。为了防止电感谐波对电路的稳定性影响，设计了斜坡补偿电路来消除这一影响。在系统级和电路级的分析和设计中，使用Hspice工具对主要模块和整个系统进行了仿真，使设计最终满足要求。在芯片的后端设计中，采用插指技术和共质心对称技术对工艺比较敏感的电路模块进行精心布局布线，减少失配。版图设计完成后，使用Dracula软件对版图进行设计规则与电气规则的检查，在完成了版图与电路图对照之后芯片投片生产。
本文设计的低压直流开关变换器芯片采用无锡上华的0.5μm，N阱DPTM的标准CMOS工艺制造。最后测试了流片后的芯片，结果表明，PWM芯片的基本升压功能和其它辅助功能都已经实现，输入电压范围大(2.2V～5V)，输出5V电压稳定。但芯片的性能与预期水平相比还有差距，论文对其原因进行了分析。
With the miniaturization of electronic devices, more and more battery-powered portable devices like mobile phone, digital cameras are produced. But the battery which only provides a single voltage can't provide different voltage for the different devices in the equipment. It has great significance to develop the switch-mode power supply (SMPS) chip as a type of voltage converter chip.
This thesis establishes the pulse width modulation (PWM) mode, the current control mode and Boost topology for the SMPS chip according to the SMPS structure, three modulation modes, two control modes and four kinds of topologies. In the thesis, a PWM current control of Boost converter chip is designed and the design comprises the bias current, voltage reference, oscillation, error amplifier, PWM comparator, slope compensation circuit and soft-start circuit such as modules design. A Bandgap reference technology is used to make a very small temperature coefficient voltage reference; the cascade structure is using to improve PSRR for ensuring the stability of voltage reference. In the system of all relevant operational amplifier design, a frequency compensation technology is used to solve the issue of system stability. In order to prevent the harmonic circuit inductance affect the stability, slope compensation circuit is designed to eliminate the influence. At the system level and circuit-level analysis and design, the entire system was simulated to ultimately meet the design requirements by using the Hspice tool. In the back-end IC chip design, the "multiple fingers" technology and the "common-centroid" technology are used to reduce the error of the matching circuit module which is very sensitive to process. Upon completion of layout design, Dracula software tool is used to do the design rules check and electrical rules check. After completed the layout comparison with the circuit, the GDSII file are sent to the foundry.
In this thesis the design of low voltage DC/DC converter chip uses CSMC 0.5μm, N-well DPTM standard CMOS process. Final testing of the chip packaging, results show that, although the chip's performance failed to reach the expected level, but the basic boost PWM chip functions and other auxiliary functions have now been achieved and it has good characteristics such as wide input voltage(2.2V-5V), stable output voltage(5V).
本文在分析了开关电源的结构、调制方式、拓扑结构以及控制模式的基础上，确立了脉宽调制(PWM)方式，Boost升压结构，电流控制模式。设计了一款脉宽调制电流控制型的直流升压变换器芯片，完成了偏置电流、基准电压源、振荡器、误差放大器、PWM比较器、斜坡补偿电路以及软启动等功能模块设计。基准电压源采用带隙基准技术实现很小温度系数基准电压，采用共源共栅结构实现基准电压对电源的电压的抑制，保证基准电压稳定性。在系统中所有相关的运算放大器的设计中，采用了频率补偿技术解决系统稳定性的问题。为了防止电感谐波对电路的稳定性影响，设计了斜坡补偿电路来消除这一影响。在系统级和电路级的分析和设计中，使用Hspice工具对主要模块和整个系统进行了仿真，使设计最终满足要求。在芯片的后端设计中，采用插指技术和共质心对称技术对工艺比较敏感的电路模块进行精心布局布线，减少失配。版图设计完成后，使用Dracula软件对版图进行设计规则与电气规则的检查，在完成了版图与电路图对照之后芯片投片生产。
本文设计的低压直流开关变换器芯片采用无锡上华的0.5μm，N阱DPTM的标准CMOS工艺制造。最后测试了流片后的芯片，结果表明，PWM芯片的基本升压功能和其它辅助功能都已经实现，输入电压范围大(2.2V～5V)，输出5V电压稳定。但芯片的性能与预期水平相比还有差距，论文对其原因进行了分析。
With the miniaturization of electronic devices, more and more battery-powered portable devices like mobile phone, digital cameras are produced. But the battery which only provides a single voltage can't provide different voltage for the different devices in the equipment. It has great significance to develop the switch-mode power supply (SMPS) chip as a type of voltage converter chip.
This thesis establishes the pulse width modulation (PWM) mode, the current control mode and Boost topology for the SMPS chip according to the SMPS structure, three modulation modes, two control modes and four kinds of topologies. In the thesis, a PWM current control of Boost converter chip is designed and the design comprises the bias current, voltage reference, oscillation, error amplifier, PWM comparator, slope compensation circuit and soft-start circuit such as modules design. A Bandgap reference technology is used to make a very small temperature coefficient voltage reference; the cascade structure is using to improve PSRR for ensuring the stability of voltage reference. In the system of all relevant operational amplifier design, a frequency compensation technology is used to solve the issue of system stability. In order to prevent the harmonic circuit inductance affect the stability, slope compensation circuit is designed to eliminate the influence. At the system level and circuit-level analysis and design, the entire system was simulated to ultimately meet the design requirements by using the Hspice tool. In the back-end IC chip design, the "multiple fingers" technology and the "common-centroid" technology are used to reduce the error of the matching circuit module which is very sensitive to process. Upon completion of layout design, Dracula software tool is used to do the design rules check and electrical rules check. After completed the layout comparison with the circuit, the GDSII file are sent to the foundry.
In this thesis the design of low voltage DC/DC converter chip uses CSMC 0.5μm, N-well DPTM standard CMOS process. Final testing of the chip packaging, results show that, although the chip's performance failed to reach the expected level, but the basic boost PWM chip functions and other auxiliary functions have now been achieved and it has good characteristics such as wide input voltage(2.2V-5V), stable output voltage(5V).
引文
[1] 李文龙．开关电源的最新进展．电源技术应用，2006．
[2] 杨旭．开关电源技术．北京：机械_丁业出版社，2005．
[3] 张占松，蔡宣三．开关电源的原理与设计．北京：电子工业出版社，2004．
[4] Abraham I, Pressman. Switching Power Supply Design. Mc Graw-Hill, 1998, Second Edition.
[5] Reatti A, Balzani M. Computer aided small-signal analysis for PWM DC-DC converters operated in discontinuous conduction mode. Circuits and Systems, 2005.48th Midwest Symposium on, 2005,2:1561-1564.
[6] Azab M.A new direct power control of single phase PWM boost converter. MWSCAS '03. Proceedings of the 46th IEEE International Midwest Symposium on, 2003:1081-1084.
[7] 王创社，乐开端．开关电源两种控制模式的分析与比较．电力电子技术，1998，3：7-81．
[8] 邹伯敏．自动控制理论．北京：机械工业出版社，2002．
[9] 付永庆，张林，陈哲时．开关电源系统稳定性补偿电路的设计．哈尔滨工程大学学报，1997(02)：92-97．
[10] Benadero L, Moreno V, Toribio E et. Birth and death patterns of large limit cycles in PWM boost converter. Industrial Technology, 2003 IEEE International Conference on, 2003,2:846-853.
[11] Kazimierczuk M. K, Massarini A. Feedforward control of DC-DC PWM boost converter. Circuits and Systems Ⅰ: Fundamental Theory and Applications, IEEE Transactions on [see also Circuits and Systems Ⅰ: Regular Papers, IEEE Transactions on], 1997,44(2):143-148.
[12] 周政海，邓先灿，楼向雄．低压高频PWM DC／DC转换器芯片设计．固体电子学研究与进展，2004(04)：461-465．
[13] 余华，邹雪城，陈朝阳．高性能PWM型DC-DC升压变换器研究．固体电子学研究与进展，2006(03)：420-425．
[14] 余华，邹雪城，陈朝阳．一种高性能DC-DC升压变换器的设计．微电子学，2006(04)：514-517．
[15] 王海永，李永明，陈弘毅．便携式电子系统的DC／DC开关电源系统结构设计和研究．固体电子学研究与进展，2002(02)：164-169．
[16] B．拉扎维．模拟CMOS集成电路设计．西安：西安交通大学出版社，2003．
[17] P．E．艾伦，D．R．霍尔伯格．CMOS模拟电路设计．北京：科学出版社．1995．
[18] 游轶雄，刘正，徐永晋等．一种CMOS过热保护电路．上海大学学报，2002，8(4)：293-296．
[19] 潘飞蹊，俞铁刚，郭超等．一种高精度带隙基准源和过温保护电路．微电子学，2005，35(2)：192-195．
[20] 朱国军，唐伟新，李肇基．一种带热滞回功能的过热保护电路．微电子学，2006，36(1)：84-86．
[21] Wang C M.A New Family of Zero-Current-Switching (ZCS) PWM Converters. Industrial Electronics, IEEE Transactions on, 2005,52(4): 1117-1125.
[22] 林波涛，丘水生．工作于断续电感电流模式的PWM开关变换器的统一建模方法．电子学报，1999(02)：40-43．
[23] 胡黎强，林争辉，李晓庆．改进型脉宽调制DC／DC变换芯片的实现．半导体技术，2002(03)：41-44．
[24] 刘岩，常佶，田立欣．电流控制型开关电源．现代电子技术，2001(10)：60-63．
[25] Inaba C Y, Konishi Y, Nakaoka M. High-frequency flyback-type soft-switching PWM DC-DC power converter with energy recovery transformer and auxiliary passive lossless snubbers. Electric Power Applications, IEEE Proceedings, Issuel,2004,151:32-37.
[26] Reatti A, Kazimierczuk M K. Small-signal model of PWM converters for discontinuous conduction mode and its application for boost converter. Circuits and Systems Ⅰ: Fundamental Theory and Applications, IEEE Transactions on [see also Circuits and Systems Ⅰ: Regular Papers, IEEE Transactions on],2003:65-73.
[27] Gray P R, Hurst P J, Lewis S H, et. al. Analysis and design of analog integrated circuits. Beijing: Higher Education Press, 2003.
[28] 温伟刚，魏学业，王利清．电流反馈型Boost变换器的稳定性及分岔研究．北方交通大学学报，2003(06)：17-21．
[29] 杨汝．峰值电流控制模式中斜坡补偿电路的设计．电力电子技术，2001(03)：35-38．
[30] 陈光明，曹家麟，汪西川．峰值电流控制模式BOOST DC-DC变换器的斜坡发生器的设计．上海大学学报，2004(04)：357-361．
[31] 高原，邱新芸，汪晋宽．峰值电流控制开关电源斜坡补偿的研究．仪器仪表学报，2003(04)：118-120．
[32] 韦枫，吴金．基于斜波补偿的电流模式PWM DC-DC系统稳定性分析．电子器件，2003(04)：461-463．
[33] 俞阿龙．浅谈开关电源的谐波及抑制．电工技术杂志，2001(07)：15-17．
[34] Moran S. A line voltage regulator/conditioner for harmonic-sensitive load isolation. Conf Rec IEEE/IAS, 1989.947-951.
[35] Middle Brook R D. Modeling current programmed buck and boost regulators. IEEE Trans Power Electronics,1989,4:36-52.
[36] Baker R J, Li H W, Boyce D E．CMOS电路设计，布局与仿真．陈中建译．北京：机械工业出版社，2006．1．
[37] Hastings A. The Art of Analog Layout. Prentice Hall. 2000.
[2] 杨旭．开关电源技术．北京：机械_丁业出版社，2005．
[3] 张占松，蔡宣三．开关电源的原理与设计．北京：电子工业出版社，2004．
[4] Abraham I, Pressman. Switching Power Supply Design. Mc Graw-Hill, 1998, Second Edition.
[5] Reatti A, Balzani M. Computer aided small-signal analysis for PWM DC-DC converters operated in discontinuous conduction mode. Circuits and Systems, 2005.48th Midwest Symposium on, 2005,2:1561-1564.
[6] Azab M.A new direct power control of single phase PWM boost converter. MWSCAS '03. Proceedings of the 46th IEEE International Midwest Symposium on, 2003:1081-1084.
[7] 王创社，乐开端．开关电源两种控制模式的分析与比较．电力电子技术，1998，3：7-81．
[8] 邹伯敏．自动控制理论．北京：机械工业出版社，2002．
[9] 付永庆，张林，陈哲时．开关电源系统稳定性补偿电路的设计．哈尔滨工程大学学报，1997(02)：92-97．
[10] Benadero L, Moreno V, Toribio E et. Birth and death patterns of large limit cycles in PWM boost converter. Industrial Technology, 2003 IEEE International Conference on, 2003,2:846-853.
[11] Kazimierczuk M. K, Massarini A. Feedforward control of DC-DC PWM boost converter. Circuits and Systems Ⅰ: Fundamental Theory and Applications, IEEE Transactions on [see also Circuits and Systems Ⅰ: Regular Papers, IEEE Transactions on], 1997,44(2):143-148.
[12] 周政海，邓先灿，楼向雄．低压高频PWM DC／DC转换器芯片设计．固体电子学研究与进展，2004(04)：461-465．
[13] 余华，邹雪城，陈朝阳．高性能PWM型DC-DC升压变换器研究．固体电子学研究与进展，2006(03)：420-425．
[14] 余华，邹雪城，陈朝阳．一种高性能DC-DC升压变换器的设计．微电子学，2006(04)：514-517．
[15] 王海永，李永明，陈弘毅．便携式电子系统的DC／DC开关电源系统结构设计和研究．固体电子学研究与进展，2002(02)：164-169．
[16] B．拉扎维．模拟CMOS集成电路设计．西安：西安交通大学出版社，2003．
[17] P．E．艾伦，D．R．霍尔伯格．CMOS模拟电路设计．北京：科学出版社．1995．
[18] 游轶雄，刘正，徐永晋等．一种CMOS过热保护电路．上海大学学报，2002，8(4)：293-296．
[19] 潘飞蹊，俞铁刚，郭超等．一种高精度带隙基准源和过温保护电路．微电子学，2005，35(2)：192-195．
[20] 朱国军，唐伟新，李肇基．一种带热滞回功能的过热保护电路．微电子学，2006，36(1)：84-86．
[21] Wang C M.A New Family of Zero-Current-Switching (ZCS) PWM Converters. Industrial Electronics, IEEE Transactions on, 2005,52(4): 1117-1125.
[22] 林波涛，丘水生．工作于断续电感电流模式的PWM开关变换器的统一建模方法．电子学报，1999(02)：40-43．
[23] 胡黎强，林争辉，李晓庆．改进型脉宽调制DC／DC变换芯片的实现．半导体技术，2002(03)：41-44．
[24] 刘岩，常佶，田立欣．电流控制型开关电源．现代电子技术，2001(10)：60-63．
[25] Inaba C Y, Konishi Y, Nakaoka M. High-frequency flyback-type soft-switching PWM DC-DC power converter with energy recovery transformer and auxiliary passive lossless snubbers. Electric Power Applications, IEEE Proceedings, Issuel,2004,151:32-37.
[26] Reatti A, Kazimierczuk M K. Small-signal model of PWM converters for discontinuous conduction mode and its application for boost converter. Circuits and Systems Ⅰ: Fundamental Theory and Applications, IEEE Transactions on [see also Circuits and Systems Ⅰ: Regular Papers, IEEE Transactions on],2003:65-73.
[27] Gray P R, Hurst P J, Lewis S H, et. al. Analysis and design of analog integrated circuits. Beijing: Higher Education Press, 2003.
[28] 温伟刚，魏学业，王利清．电流反馈型Boost变换器的稳定性及分岔研究．北方交通大学学报，2003(06)：17-21．
[29] 杨汝．峰值电流控制模式中斜坡补偿电路的设计．电力电子技术，2001(03)：35-38．
[30] 陈光明，曹家麟，汪西川．峰值电流控制模式BOOST DC-DC变换器的斜坡发生器的设计．上海大学学报，2004(04)：357-361．
[31] 高原，邱新芸，汪晋宽．峰值电流控制开关电源斜坡补偿的研究．仪器仪表学报，2003(04)：118-120．
[32] 韦枫，吴金．基于斜波补偿的电流模式PWM DC-DC系统稳定性分析．电子器件，2003(04)：461-463．
[33] 俞阿龙．浅谈开关电源的谐波及抑制．电工技术杂志，2001(07)：15-17．
[34] Moran S. A line voltage regulator/conditioner for harmonic-sensitive load isolation. Conf Rec IEEE/IAS, 1989.947-951.
[35] Middle Brook R D. Modeling current programmed buck and boost regulators. IEEE Trans Power Electronics,1989,4:36-52.
[36] Baker R J, Li H W, Boyce D E．CMOS电路设计，布局与仿真．陈中建译．北京：机械工业出版社，2006．1．
[37] Hastings A. The Art of Analog Layout. Prentice Hall. 2000.