基于HDTV信源解码芯片的RTOS存储管理的设计与实现
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摘要
随着芯片集成度的飞速提高，一个电子系统或分系统可以完全集成在一个芯片之上，集成电路的设计已经进入系统集成芯片(SOC)时代。系统集成芯片的出现，使得系统越来越复杂，SOC中的实时操作系统由于能提高系统设计的可重用性、增加系统的可靠性和可用性，而日益受到重视。存储器是嵌入式系统的重要资源，存储管理直接影响系统的性能。
本文以HDTV信源集成解码芯片为开发背景，研究和实现了应用于该SOC芯片的实时操作系统的存储管理策略。
第一章中首先介绍了操作系统并着重介绍实时操作系统的相关问题，然后阐述了系统集成芯片及应用于系统集成芯片的实时操作系统的特点和设计方法。
第二章主要讨论存储管理。首先简单介绍了操作系统的存储管理的需求以及不同的存储管理策略，然后以几个常见的实时操作系统为例介绍实时操作系统的存储管理策略，最后，我们阐述了应用于SOC芯片的操作系统存储管理的一般问题，并以本文后面将要介绍的基于HDTV信源解码芯片的实时操作系统存储管理为例，介绍其和一般实时操作系统的区别及其管理策略。
第三章具体描述应用于HDTV信源解码芯片的实时操作系统存储管理策略的设计及实现。首先对系统进行了分析，得到其对操作系统的存储管理的具体要求，然后针对上面提出的需求，设计并实现了相应的存储管理策略，包括分页不交换的虚拟存储机制、存储保护、存储共享以及内存的静态／动态分配机制，最后介绍了在本系统研究和实现过程中用到的几个工具软件。
第四章主要是对第三章中设计并实现的基于HDTV信源解码芯片的操作系统存储管理模块进行仿真测试，并对仿真结果进行了分析。
The present high level of silicon integration technology has opened a new era of the integrated circuit design, which has offered an opportunity to make a sub-system or an entire digital system onto a chip. The emergence of system-on-chip (SOC) makes the system more and more complex, and there is a growing consensus on the real-time operating system (RTOS) because it can make the system more usable and reliable and the system design more reusable. Memory is the important resource of embedded system, so the memory management plays a key role in the whole system.
In this thesis, we research and implement me memory management methods of RTOS for the HDTV integrated source decoder chip.
In Chapter 1, we give an introduction of the basics of operating system and RTOS, then the SOC and the characteristics and design methods of RTOS for SOC are discussed
Chapter 2 focuses on memory management methods. First we discuss the requests of memory management and several memory management methods. Then we study the memory management methods of RTOS with some cases. At last, we describe the main problems of memory management of RTOS for SOC, and give an introduction of the differences of the memory management methods of common RTOS and the RTOS for SOC.
Chapter 3 presents the design and implementation of memory management of RTOS for the HDTV integrated source decoder chip. We first give an analysis of the whole system and its requests for memory management Then we design and implement the memory management strategies of RTOS for this chip, including the paged virtual memory management mechanism without swap, the memory protection, the memory sharing and the static/dynamic memory allocation mechanism.
Chapter 4 describes the simulation method of the memory management strategies implemented in the previous chapter, then we analyse the results of the simulation.
本文以HDTV信源集成解码芯片为开发背景，研究和实现了应用于该SOC芯片的实时操作系统的存储管理策略。
第一章中首先介绍了操作系统并着重介绍实时操作系统的相关问题，然后阐述了系统集成芯片及应用于系统集成芯片的实时操作系统的特点和设计方法。
第二章主要讨论存储管理。首先简单介绍了操作系统的存储管理的需求以及不同的存储管理策略，然后以几个常见的实时操作系统为例介绍实时操作系统的存储管理策略，最后，我们阐述了应用于SOC芯片的操作系统存储管理的一般问题，并以本文后面将要介绍的基于HDTV信源解码芯片的实时操作系统存储管理为例，介绍其和一般实时操作系统的区别及其管理策略。
第三章具体描述应用于HDTV信源解码芯片的实时操作系统存储管理策略的设计及实现。首先对系统进行了分析，得到其对操作系统的存储管理的具体要求，然后针对上面提出的需求，设计并实现了相应的存储管理策略，包括分页不交换的虚拟存储机制、存储保护、存储共享以及内存的静态／动态分配机制，最后介绍了在本系统研究和实现过程中用到的几个工具软件。
第四章主要是对第三章中设计并实现的基于HDTV信源解码芯片的操作系统存储管理模块进行仿真测试，并对仿真结果进行了分析。
The present high level of silicon integration technology has opened a new era of the integrated circuit design, which has offered an opportunity to make a sub-system or an entire digital system onto a chip. The emergence of system-on-chip (SOC) makes the system more and more complex, and there is a growing consensus on the real-time operating system (RTOS) because it can make the system more usable and reliable and the system design more reusable. Memory is the important resource of embedded system, so the memory management plays a key role in the whole system.
In this thesis, we research and implement me memory management methods of RTOS for the HDTV integrated source decoder chip.
In Chapter 1, we give an introduction of the basics of operating system and RTOS, then the SOC and the characteristics and design methods of RTOS for SOC are discussed
Chapter 2 focuses on memory management methods. First we discuss the requests of memory management and several memory management methods. Then we study the memory management methods of RTOS with some cases. At last, we describe the main problems of memory management of RTOS for SOC, and give an introduction of the differences of the memory management methods of common RTOS and the RTOS for SOC.
Chapter 3 presents the design and implementation of memory management of RTOS for the HDTV integrated source decoder chip. We first give an analysis of the whole system and its requests for memory management Then we design and implement the memory management strategies of RTOS for this chip, including the paged virtual memory management mechanism without swap, the memory protection, the memory sharing and the static/dynamic memory allocation mechanism.
Chapter 4 describes the simulation method of the memory management strategies implemented in the previous chapter, then we analyse the results of the simulation.
引文
[1] 姚庆栋，张朝阳，刘鹏等．“系统集成芯片综述”．计算机自动测量与控制，pp．1-4，13，2000年第3期。
[2] Yanbing Li; Potkonjak, M.; Wolf, W. "Real-time operating systems for embedded computing" Computer Design: VLSI in Computers and Processors, 1997. IEEE International Conference.
[3] 马季兰，冯秀芳等编著，《操作系统原理与Linux系统》，人民邮电出版社，1999
[4] 赵敏哲主编，《64位Linux操作系统与应用实例》，机械工业出版社，2001
[5] 刘鹏，“实时并行操作系统微内核”，浙江大学博士学位论文第二章
[6] 高丰，“嵌入式操作系统技术报告”，浙江大学，2001．1
[7] “半导体集成化芯片系统基础研究科学论坛纪要”，国家自然科学基金委员会21世纪核心科学问题论坛
[8] 姚庆栋，“系统集成芯片SOC”，中国第十六届电路与系统学术会议论文集，2001．5
[9] IEEE standard for information technology-portable operating system interface (POSIX)-part 1: system application program interface (API)
[10] http://www.itron.gr.jp/
[11] http://sourceware.cygnus.com/elix/
[12] T.Nakano, M.Itabashi, U. Andy, A. Shiomi, M.Imai. Hardware Implementation of a Real-time Operating System. Proceeding of the Twelfth TRON Project International Symposium, pp.34-42, IEEE Computer Society Press, Nov, 1995.
[13] 杨伟建，“面向HDTV信源集成解码芯片的软硬件协同设计研究”，浙江大学博士学位论文，2001．4
[14] Wolf, W. H. "Hardware/software co-design" ASIC/SOC Conference, 1999. Proceedings. Twelfth Annual IEEE International Published: 1999, Page(s): 423-423
[15] Yanbing Li, Potkonjak, M., Wolf, W. Real-time operating systems for embedded computing Computer Design VLSI in Computers and Processors, 1997. IEEE International Conference.
[16] Iota用户指南，浙江大学信电系通信与信息系统研究所，2001．8
[17] [美]William Stallings著，魏迎梅 王涌等译，《操作系统——内核与设计原理(第四版)》，电子工业出版社，2001．6
[18] 屠立德 屠祈 等编著，《操作系统基础(第二版)》，清华大学出版社，1995．9
[19] Andrew S．Tanenbaum著，陈向群 等译，《现代操作系统》，机械工业出版社，1999．11
[20] 李善平 征扣根 编著，《Linux操作系统及实验教程》，机械工业出版社，1999．10
[21] 毛德操 胡希明 著，《Linux内核源代码情景分析》，浙江大学出版社，2001．9
[22] Zhaohui Duan, "what makes a good rtos", 《Real-time magazine》, http://www.realtime-info.be, December, 1998
[23] 《uc/os, the Real-time Kernel》, http://www.uc/os-Ⅱ..com
[24] George Fankhauser, Christian Conrad, Eckart Zitzler, Bernhard Plattner, 《Topsy-A Teachable Operating System》, version 1.1, Computer Engineering and Networks Laboratory, ETH Zurich, http://www.tik.ee.ethz.ch/～topsy.
[25] T. Plagemann; V. Goebel, P. Halvorsen, O. Anshus "Operating system support for multimedia system" Computer Communication Volume: 23, Issue: 3, February 1, 2000,
[26] http://cs-www.bu.edu/pub/ieee-rts/home.html
[27] K.Shin and P.Ramanatham, "Real-time computing: A new discipline of computer science and engineering," Proc. IEEE, vol.82,, Jan 1994
[28] Iwasaki, H.; Naganuma, J.; Endo, M.; Ogura, T. "On-chip multimedia real-time OS and its MPEG-2 applications" Real-Time Computing Systems and Applications, 1999. RTCSA '99. Sixth International Conference on Published: 1999, Page(s): 200-203
[29] David Stepner, Nagarajan Rajan, David Hui, "Embedded Application Desigh Usinga Real-Time OS, 1999 ACM, 1-58113-092-9/99/0006
[30] S.Kagan Agun, J Morris Chang, "Desigh of a Reusable Memory Management System", 2001, IEEE
[31] Takumi Nakano, Andy Utama, Mitsuyoshi Itabashi, Akichika Shiomi, Masaharu Imai, "Hardware Implementation of a Real-Time Operating System", 1995 IEEE, Proceedings of TRON'95
[32] Yanbing Li, Miodrag Potkonjak, Wayne Wolf, "Real-Time Operating System for Embedded Computer", 1997 IEEE
[33] Dirk Desmet, D.Verkest, Hugo De Man, "Operating System Based Software Generation for System-on-Chip", 2000 ACM 1-58113-188-7/00/0006
[34] Grant Martin, Chris Lennard, "Improving Embedded Software Desigh and Integration in SOCs", 2000 IEEE Custom integrated circuit conference.
[35] 《嵌入式开发》，http://www.pocketix.com
[36] 刘鹏，李东晓，姚庆栋等．面向 HDTV 解码应用的 RISC 核的软硬件协同设计 中国电子学会电路与系统学会第16届年会 (ICCAS2001)．宁波 2001．5
[37] 高丰，刘鹏，姚庆栋．基于系统集成芯片的RTOS的软硬件划分算法的研究．《信号处理》，2001，17(增刊)
[38] Iwasaki. H., Naganuma. J., Endo. M., Ogura, T. On-chip multimedia real-time OS and its MPEG-2 applications. Real-Time Computing Systems and Applications, 1999. RTCSA '99. Sixth International Conference 1999
[39] 刘鹏，姚庆栋，高丰，潘巧海，“系统集成芯片的系统软件”，中国电子学会电路与系统学会第16届年会(ICCAS2001)．宁波2001．5
[40] Peng Liu, Qingdong Yao, Weijian Yang. "System on Chip Co-simulation Based on Virtual Prototyping Machine". 5th World Multiconferenee on Systemics, Cybernetics and Informatics(SCI 2001) and the 7th International Conference on Information Systems, Analysis and Synthesis (ISAS2001), July 22-25, 2001-Orlando, Florida, USA.
[41] 杨伟建，姚庆栋，“集成解码芯片中的软硬件综合方法”，中国电子学会电路与系统学会第16届年会(ICCAS2001)．宁波2001．5
[42] 刘鹏，张明，姚庆栋．嵌入式RISC核VIRGO用户手册．浙江大学信息与通信工程研究所报告，2000年6月．
[43] 刘鹏，杨伟建，姚庆栋．“基于RISC核的系统集成芯片协同仿真”．中国电子学会线路与系统学会2001年会，宁波，2001年5月．
[44] James R.Larus. SPIM S20: A MIPS R2000 simulator. Technical Report 966, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, WI, September 1990
[45] James C. McKinney etc．著，严静兰 乐陶译，“美国高级电视制式委员会(ATSC)数字音频压缩标准(AC-3) (ATSC A／52)”，电子部电视电声研究所
[2] Yanbing Li; Potkonjak, M.; Wolf, W. "Real-time operating systems for embedded computing" Computer Design: VLSI in Computers and Processors, 1997. IEEE International Conference.
[3] 马季兰，冯秀芳等编著，《操作系统原理与Linux系统》，人民邮电出版社，1999
[4] 赵敏哲主编，《64位Linux操作系统与应用实例》，机械工业出版社，2001
[5] 刘鹏，“实时并行操作系统微内核”，浙江大学博士学位论文第二章
[6] 高丰，“嵌入式操作系统技术报告”，浙江大学，2001．1
[7] “半导体集成化芯片系统基础研究科学论坛纪要”，国家自然科学基金委员会21世纪核心科学问题论坛
[8] 姚庆栋，“系统集成芯片SOC”，中国第十六届电路与系统学术会议论文集，2001．5
[9] IEEE standard for information technology-portable operating system interface (POSIX)-part 1: system application program interface (API)
[10] http://www.itron.gr.jp/
[11] http://sourceware.cygnus.com/elix/
[12] T.Nakano, M.Itabashi, U. Andy, A. Shiomi, M.Imai. Hardware Implementation of a Real-time Operating System. Proceeding of the Twelfth TRON Project International Symposium, pp.34-42, IEEE Computer Society Press, Nov, 1995.
[13] 杨伟建，“面向HDTV信源集成解码芯片的软硬件协同设计研究”，浙江大学博士学位论文，2001．4
[14] Wolf, W. H. "Hardware/software co-design" ASIC/SOC Conference, 1999. Proceedings. Twelfth Annual IEEE International Published: 1999, Page(s): 423-423
[15] Yanbing Li, Potkonjak, M., Wolf, W. Real-time operating systems for embedded computing Computer Design VLSI in Computers and Processors, 1997. IEEE International Conference.
[16] Iota用户指南，浙江大学信电系通信与信息系统研究所，2001．8
[17] [美]William Stallings著，魏迎梅 王涌等译，《操作系统——内核与设计原理(第四版)》，电子工业出版社，2001．6
[18] 屠立德 屠祈 等编著，《操作系统基础(第二版)》，清华大学出版社，1995．9
[19] Andrew S．Tanenbaum著，陈向群 等译，《现代操作系统》，机械工业出版社，1999．11
[20] 李善平 征扣根 编著，《Linux操作系统及实验教程》，机械工业出版社，1999．10
[21] 毛德操 胡希明 著，《Linux内核源代码情景分析》，浙江大学出版社，2001．9
[22] Zhaohui Duan, "what makes a good rtos", 《Real-time magazine》, http://www.realtime-info.be, December, 1998
[23] 《uc/os, the Real-time Kernel》, http://www.uc/os-Ⅱ..com
[24] George Fankhauser, Christian Conrad, Eckart Zitzler, Bernhard Plattner, 《Topsy-A Teachable Operating System》, version 1.1, Computer Engineering and Networks Laboratory, ETH Zurich, http://www.tik.ee.ethz.ch/～topsy.
[25] T. Plagemann; V. Goebel, P. Halvorsen, O. Anshus "Operating system support for multimedia system" Computer Communication Volume: 23, Issue: 3, February 1, 2000,
[26] http://cs-www.bu.edu/pub/ieee-rts/home.html
[27] K.Shin and P.Ramanatham, "Real-time computing: A new discipline of computer science and engineering," Proc. IEEE, vol.82,, Jan 1994
[28] Iwasaki, H.; Naganuma, J.; Endo, M.; Ogura, T. "On-chip multimedia real-time OS and its MPEG-2 applications" Real-Time Computing Systems and Applications, 1999. RTCSA '99. Sixth International Conference on Published: 1999, Page(s): 200-203
[29] David Stepner, Nagarajan Rajan, David Hui, "Embedded Application Desigh Usinga Real-Time OS, 1999 ACM, 1-58113-092-9/99/0006
[30] S.Kagan Agun, J Morris Chang, "Desigh of a Reusable Memory Management System", 2001, IEEE
[31] Takumi Nakano, Andy Utama, Mitsuyoshi Itabashi, Akichika Shiomi, Masaharu Imai, "Hardware Implementation of a Real-Time Operating System", 1995 IEEE, Proceedings of TRON'95
[32] Yanbing Li, Miodrag Potkonjak, Wayne Wolf, "Real-Time Operating System for Embedded Computer", 1997 IEEE
[33] Dirk Desmet, D.Verkest, Hugo De Man, "Operating System Based Software Generation for System-on-Chip", 2000 ACM 1-58113-188-7/00/0006
[34] Grant Martin, Chris Lennard, "Improving Embedded Software Desigh and Integration in SOCs", 2000 IEEE Custom integrated circuit conference.
[35] 《嵌入式开发》，http://www.pocketix.com
[36] 刘鹏，李东晓，姚庆栋等．面向 HDTV 解码应用的 RISC 核的软硬件协同设计 中国电子学会电路与系统学会第16届年会 (ICCAS2001)．宁波 2001．5
[37] 高丰，刘鹏，姚庆栋．基于系统集成芯片的RTOS的软硬件划分算法的研究．《信号处理》，2001，17(增刊)
[38] Iwasaki. H., Naganuma. J., Endo. M., Ogura, T. On-chip multimedia real-time OS and its MPEG-2 applications. Real-Time Computing Systems and Applications, 1999. RTCSA '99. Sixth International Conference 1999
[39] 刘鹏，姚庆栋，高丰，潘巧海，“系统集成芯片的系统软件”，中国电子学会电路与系统学会第16届年会(ICCAS2001)．宁波2001．5
[40] Peng Liu, Qingdong Yao, Weijian Yang. "System on Chip Co-simulation Based on Virtual Prototyping Machine". 5th World Multiconferenee on Systemics, Cybernetics and Informatics(SCI 2001) and the 7th International Conference on Information Systems, Analysis and Synthesis (ISAS2001), July 22-25, 2001-Orlando, Florida, USA.
[41] 杨伟建，姚庆栋，“集成解码芯片中的软硬件综合方法”，中国电子学会电路与系统学会第16届年会(ICCAS2001)．宁波2001．5
[42] 刘鹏，张明，姚庆栋．嵌入式RISC核VIRGO用户手册．浙江大学信息与通信工程研究所报告，2000年6月．
[43] 刘鹏，杨伟建，姚庆栋．“基于RISC核的系统集成芯片协同仿真”．中国电子学会线路与系统学会2001年会，宁波，2001年5月．
[44] James R.Larus. SPIM S20: A MIPS R2000 simulator. Technical Report 966, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, WI, September 1990
[45] James C. McKinney etc．著，严静兰 乐陶译，“美国高级电视制式委员会(ATSC)数字音频压缩标准(AC-3) (ATSC A／52)”，电子部电视电声研究所