城市雨洪的水动力耦合模型研究
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摘要
随着全球气温的变化，我国经济的迅速发展，城市化进程的加快，自然集水区的减少，近年来城市暴雨洪水的灾害日趋严重。城市高强度的降雨形成的降雨洪水不同于溃坝和河道排放能力不足引起的水灾害，其主要是由于排水管道系统不能及时排走城市地表雨水，造成部分地区淹没，严重的形成内洪，导致城市交通、供水、供电、供气、通讯等生命线工程瘫痪，给人民的生命财产带来损失。因而研究城市雨洪的非恒定过程可以为排水管道的设计和改造、防灾减灾决策、城市雨洪的预报及水资源利用等提供依据，具有重要的研究意义和实际应用价值。
论文在前人理论研究和科学实践的基础上，回顾了城市雨洪的研究现状和分析了其形成的原因以及城市化对城市雨洪的综合影响，阐述了本文的选题意义和主要工作内容。
首先，建立一维模型。该模型采用一维圣维南方程和Preissmann窄缝假设，既可以计算排水管网中的有压流动，又可以计算无压自由表面流。模型采用交错网格和半隐式格式求解，增加了离散模型的通用性和稳定性；采用递推关系将变量集中于连接汊点，减少了求解变量的数目，增加了求解计算的效率；对管段内流动计算进行了重新推导，使得其可以计算同一管段内的异向流。通过经典Stocker溃坝，有压无压过渡流管道，以及排水管网模拟等算例对模型进行了验证，然后将模型成功应用到川崎市(kawasaki)地下排水管网的模拟，验证和模拟的结果说明模型能够处理干滩和小水深，具有较好的数值稳定性、鲁棒性和较高的计算效率。
其次，建立地面径流水动力模型。该模型将二维水动力模型和一维河网模型耦合，二维模型应用有限体积法和有限差分法相结合的离散方法，采用非结构网格，因而对复杂的计算区域有较好的适应性，在城市雨洪模拟时可以根据各个区域的不同性质、地形等进行网格剖分，减小了概化带来的计算误差。一维模型和二维模型通过经验公式的方法建立耦合连接关系，通过对托赛河(Toce)流域城市淹没试验，一、二维连接降雨和洪水淹没等算例对模型进行了检验和验证，并应用模型模拟了概化的小集水域，研究了阻力、坡度、降雨强度以及对流项等对集流时间的影响。
第三，建立一、二维耦合的城市雨洪模型。该模型采用经验公式将地面径流模型和地下排水管网模型连接形成了完整的城市雨洪模型。连接后的模型既可以模拟地面河道和集水域之间的水流交换，也可以模拟地面径流和地下管流间的相互交换。
The number of flood disasters worldwide has been increasing significantly in recent years. This partly due to a changing climate, urbanization, increasing utilization of flood plains, and a reduction in the natural retention capacity of catchments. In fact, the rainfall and storm water produced flood is one of the most severe natural disasters especially for urban areas. Rainstorm can generate a large amount of surface storm water in a short period due to the high intensity rainfall and an inadequate sewer system. This leads to local flooding in an urban area including of streets, roads, residential houses, and commercial districts.
In this study, a coupled one-dimensional and two-dimensional numerical model is developed to simulate a local rainfall produced flooding process over an urban area. The model results provide us with the spatial flood risk information, as water depth, inundation time and flow velocity during the flooding. The model can be a new tool in flood risk study. It is very useful in the decision making a flood prevention and evacuation for many agencies.
An extensive literature review is done for hydrological and hydraulic methods and models in flood study. The work for this research is summarized in the following ways.
(1) Developed the one-dimensional model. The model aims to simultaneously handle equations of flow through the sewer system and surface flow. The algorithm is obtained through the apatial discretisation of the shallow water equations based on techniques as stagger mesh and semi-implicited methods. The Preissmann fictitious slot is utilized to compute the flows may be either free surface (subcritical or supercritical) or pressurized in pipes. The limited waterdepth method is used for the wetting and drying interface. Particular attention is posed to the numerical treatment of the accuravy, the stability and the reliability of the code that tested on the selected study cases.
(2) Developed the two-dimensional model. The model simulates storm water process over ground, which initially is dry. The finite volume method is used for the continuity equation and semi-implicit method is used for the momentum equations and the sime-lagrangian methods are used for the convection term, which keep the model stability. Numerical model was tested by the physical modeling of the Toce river valley, Italy, which considered as representative of a real life flood occurrence.
(3) Developed the coupled one-dimensional and two-dimensional model. The model presented in the paper tries to solve the problem of interactions between two components which
论文在前人理论研究和科学实践的基础上，回顾了城市雨洪的研究现状和分析了其形成的原因以及城市化对城市雨洪的综合影响，阐述了本文的选题意义和主要工作内容。
首先，建立一维模型。该模型采用一维圣维南方程和Preissmann窄缝假设，既可以计算排水管网中的有压流动，又可以计算无压自由表面流。模型采用交错网格和半隐式格式求解，增加了离散模型的通用性和稳定性；采用递推关系将变量集中于连接汊点，减少了求解变量的数目，增加了求解计算的效率；对管段内流动计算进行了重新推导，使得其可以计算同一管段内的异向流。通过经典Stocker溃坝，有压无压过渡流管道，以及排水管网模拟等算例对模型进行了验证，然后将模型成功应用到川崎市(kawasaki)地下排水管网的模拟，验证和模拟的结果说明模型能够处理干滩和小水深，具有较好的数值稳定性、鲁棒性和较高的计算效率。
其次，建立地面径流水动力模型。该模型将二维水动力模型和一维河网模型耦合，二维模型应用有限体积法和有限差分法相结合的离散方法，采用非结构网格，因而对复杂的计算区域有较好的适应性，在城市雨洪模拟时可以根据各个区域的不同性质、地形等进行网格剖分，减小了概化带来的计算误差。一维模型和二维模型通过经验公式的方法建立耦合连接关系，通过对托赛河(Toce)流域城市淹没试验，一、二维连接降雨和洪水淹没等算例对模型进行了检验和验证，并应用模型模拟了概化的小集水域，研究了阻力、坡度、降雨强度以及对流项等对集流时间的影响。
第三，建立一、二维耦合的城市雨洪模型。该模型采用经验公式将地面径流模型和地下排水管网模型连接形成了完整的城市雨洪模型。连接后的模型既可以模拟地面河道和集水域之间的水流交换，也可以模拟地面径流和地下管流间的相互交换。
The number of flood disasters worldwide has been increasing significantly in recent years. This partly due to a changing climate, urbanization, increasing utilization of flood plains, and a reduction in the natural retention capacity of catchments. In fact, the rainfall and storm water produced flood is one of the most severe natural disasters especially for urban areas. Rainstorm can generate a large amount of surface storm water in a short period due to the high intensity rainfall and an inadequate sewer system. This leads to local flooding in an urban area including of streets, roads, residential houses, and commercial districts.
In this study, a coupled one-dimensional and two-dimensional numerical model is developed to simulate a local rainfall produced flooding process over an urban area. The model results provide us with the spatial flood risk information, as water depth, inundation time and flow velocity during the flooding. The model can be a new tool in flood risk study. It is very useful in the decision making a flood prevention and evacuation for many agencies.
An extensive literature review is done for hydrological and hydraulic methods and models in flood study. The work for this research is summarized in the following ways.
(1) Developed the one-dimensional model. The model aims to simultaneously handle equations of flow through the sewer system and surface flow. The algorithm is obtained through the apatial discretisation of the shallow water equations based on techniques as stagger mesh and semi-implicited methods. The Preissmann fictitious slot is utilized to compute the flows may be either free surface (subcritical or supercritical) or pressurized in pipes. The limited waterdepth method is used for the wetting and drying interface. Particular attention is posed to the numerical treatment of the accuravy, the stability and the reliability of the code that tested on the selected study cases.
(2) Developed the two-dimensional model. The model simulates storm water process over ground, which initially is dry. The finite volume method is used for the continuity equation and semi-implicit method is used for the momentum equations and the sime-lagrangian methods are used for the convection term, which keep the model stability. Numerical model was tested by the physical modeling of the Toce river valley, Italy, which considered as representative of a real life flood occurrence.
(3) Developed the coupled one-dimensional and two-dimensional model. The model presented in the paper tries to solve the problem of interactions between two components which
引文
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