基于可持续雨洪管理的城市建成区绿地系统优化研究
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摘要
在我国水问题日益严峻的当下,构建兼顾减少雨洪灾害、资源化利用雨水、减少地表径流污染、保护水生物种栖息地等多个目标的城市可持续雨洪管理系统势在必行。城市绿地系统是其中必不可少的组成部分。本论文立足我国现实情况,探索在城市建成区通过绿地系统优化实现可持续雨洪管理的策略和途径。
论文从梳理国内外历史经验开始,探索了可持续雨洪的发展过程,为我国的进一步发展厘清思路。通过定性和定量的多种研究方法,论文详细分析了我国建成区及其绿地系统的特点,分析了雨洪优化处理措施的适宜情况,并对优化目标设定、优化设计程序和软件模拟方法进行了研究。同时对雨洪管理景观相关的美学和安全问题也进行了研究。论文得出以下研究成果：
(1)尽管城市建成区现状复杂,优化难度大,但可持续雨洪管理的建设必须覆盖已建城区,否则管理效果很难保证。建成区的优化常见三种基本模式,构建合理的制度框架,通过不同的模式,可以在城市发展过程中逐渐优化己建城区绿地；
(2)己建城区建筑密度大、绿地破碎,传统的“分散、靠近源头”的处理准则并不完全能保证优化效果。成都案例研究提出“源头优化、远端补偿”的策略,在挖掘小尺度场地优化的前提下,补充城市下游、边缘的区域级优化措施,保证整体优化效果。
(3)基于可持续雨洪管理的绿地系统优化首先应基于现状分析提出优化目标,采用科学的研究设计程序合理的分析绿地优化的可能性和途径。目前城市绿地系统的各种绿地类型有其适宜的措施,应该通过雨水管网和渗透传输等方法可以建立与更大区域,特别是雨水管网覆盖区域的联系,从而对更大范围的城市区域雨水径流进行优化。
(4)通过SBE和统计分析方法提取了公众比较关注的视觉感知要素。并进一步提出随着社会对可持续雨洪管理和水资源保护途径的了解更加普及,人们的关注点有所拓展。通过公众教育比较,提出水体与措施工程相关的要素将会更明显的影响人们对可持续雨洪绿地的视觉感知。相应的设计措施和要点应贯彻到规划设计过程中。
(5)提出了针对成都的优化目标设定和多级优化措施的方案分析,提出了通过场地、排水区域和周边绿地规划补偿等提高整体雨洪管理效率的策略。
Nowadays, with the water resource problems of China becoming more and more serious, the sustainable stormwater management with target of realizing flood detention locally, reducing rain flood disasters, controlling nonpoint source pollution, utilizing rain water resourcefully, are very important for the city.The urbanization rate of China is over50%, and a large quantity of urban regions has been built.The research focuses on exploring the strategy and method of optimazing green system in the built up area to realize sustainable stormwater management.
This paper study the history experience at home and abroad,exlopre the development of sustainable stormwater management. With the qualitative and quantitative research method,the paper analyses the characteristic of the built up city area and its greenland system,as well as the main landscape factors and treatment train with its optimizing feasibility. The research includs setting optimizing target,optimizing design process and simulation method with software,which leads to he following conclusion:
(1) Although the built up area of city are complex and difficult to be optimized, the construction of sustainable stormwater management must cover the built up area, otherwise the effect of management system is very difficult to guarantee. There are three basic patterns of optimization.With the reasonable framework of managerial system,the green system can be optimazing gradually through different pattern.
(2) The building density is very high in build up area which greenland scatter,the traditional principle of "Close to the source"is not sufficient for the sake of optimization effect. Case study of Chengdu proposes strategy of " optimization close to source with distal compensation" with the small scale optimization measure on the site combining with regional level optimization measures in the city's edge,downstream to ensuring the overall optimization effect.
(3) Greenland optimization should first address the optimizing target with present situation analysis through scientific and reasonable analysis of the possibility and measure of green space optimization.The experience of treatment measure are collected and explored. Diverse types of greenland of built up area are analyzed according to the treatment measures.The green land should built up connection with larger city area by the conventional rainwater system and ecological convey methods, thus a wider range of city regional stormwater runoff optimization can be realized.
(4) Through the SBE and statistical analysis,the important visual elements of public are extracted.And with the development of sustainable stormwater system,the sociaty will have better understanding of this system which will influence the public awareness and perception. The visual perception will change,details about water element and construction will get more attention which sustainable stormwater management system greenland design should deal carefully with.
(5) Research sets the Chengdu's optimization goal and exlpored multilevel optimization measures.Based on the case study,the paper put forward the design strategy of site,local region,regional scale of Chengdu.It can be illustration for the other city's sustainable stormwater system.
论文从梳理国内外历史经验开始,探索了可持续雨洪的发展过程,为我国的进一步发展厘清思路。通过定性和定量的多种研究方法,论文详细分析了我国建成区及其绿地系统的特点,分析了雨洪优化处理措施的适宜情况,并对优化目标设定、优化设计程序和软件模拟方法进行了研究。同时对雨洪管理景观相关的美学和安全问题也进行了研究。论文得出以下研究成果：
(1)尽管城市建成区现状复杂,优化难度大,但可持续雨洪管理的建设必须覆盖已建城区,否则管理效果很难保证。建成区的优化常见三种基本模式,构建合理的制度框架,通过不同的模式,可以在城市发展过程中逐渐优化己建城区绿地；
(2)己建城区建筑密度大、绿地破碎,传统的“分散、靠近源头”的处理准则并不完全能保证优化效果。成都案例研究提出“源头优化、远端补偿”的策略,在挖掘小尺度场地优化的前提下,补充城市下游、边缘的区域级优化措施,保证整体优化效果。
(3)基于可持续雨洪管理的绿地系统优化首先应基于现状分析提出优化目标,采用科学的研究设计程序合理的分析绿地优化的可能性和途径。目前城市绿地系统的各种绿地类型有其适宜的措施,应该通过雨水管网和渗透传输等方法可以建立与更大区域,特别是雨水管网覆盖区域的联系,从而对更大范围的城市区域雨水径流进行优化。
(4)通过SBE和统计分析方法提取了公众比较关注的视觉感知要素。并进一步提出随着社会对可持续雨洪管理和水资源保护途径的了解更加普及,人们的关注点有所拓展。通过公众教育比较,提出水体与措施工程相关的要素将会更明显的影响人们对可持续雨洪绿地的视觉感知。相应的设计措施和要点应贯彻到规划设计过程中。
(5)提出了针对成都的优化目标设定和多级优化措施的方案分析,提出了通过场地、排水区域和周边绿地规划补偿等提高整体雨洪管理效率的策略。
Nowadays, with the water resource problems of China becoming more and more serious, the sustainable stormwater management with target of realizing flood detention locally, reducing rain flood disasters, controlling nonpoint source pollution, utilizing rain water resourcefully, are very important for the city.The urbanization rate of China is over50%, and a large quantity of urban regions has been built.The research focuses on exploring the strategy and method of optimazing green system in the built up area to realize sustainable stormwater management.
This paper study the history experience at home and abroad,exlopre the development of sustainable stormwater management. With the qualitative and quantitative research method,the paper analyses the characteristic of the built up city area and its greenland system,as well as the main landscape factors and treatment train with its optimizing feasibility. The research includs setting optimizing target,optimizing design process and simulation method with software,which leads to he following conclusion:
(1) Although the built up area of city are complex and difficult to be optimized, the construction of sustainable stormwater management must cover the built up area, otherwise the effect of management system is very difficult to guarantee. There are three basic patterns of optimization.With the reasonable framework of managerial system,the green system can be optimazing gradually through different pattern.
(2) The building density is very high in build up area which greenland scatter,the traditional principle of "Close to the source"is not sufficient for the sake of optimization effect. Case study of Chengdu proposes strategy of " optimization close to source with distal compensation" with the small scale optimization measure on the site combining with regional level optimization measures in the city's edge,downstream to ensuring the overall optimization effect.
(3) Greenland optimization should first address the optimizing target with present situation analysis through scientific and reasonable analysis of the possibility and measure of green space optimization.The experience of treatment measure are collected and explored. Diverse types of greenland of built up area are analyzed according to the treatment measures.The green land should built up connection with larger city area by the conventional rainwater system and ecological convey methods, thus a wider range of city regional stormwater runoff optimization can be realized.
(4) Through the SBE and statistical analysis,the important visual elements of public are extracted.And with the development of sustainable stormwater system,the sociaty will have better understanding of this system which will influence the public awareness and perception. The visual perception will change,details about water element and construction will get more attention which sustainable stormwater management system greenland design should deal carefully with.
(5) Research sets the Chengdu's optimization goal and exlpored multilevel optimization measures.Based on the case study,the paper put forward the design strategy of site,local region,regional scale of Chengdu.It can be illustration for the other city's sustainable stormwater system.
引文
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103 Michael L.Clar,Billy J.Barfield, Thomas P.O'Connor. Stormwater Best Management Practice Design Guide.Volume3. National Risk Management Research Laboratory Office of Research and Development. U.S.Environmental Protection Agency. Cincinnati.
104 此解释见百度百科
105 Tony H F Wong, Peter F Breen. Nicholas L G Somes and Sara D Lloyd. Managing Urban Stromwater Using Constructed Wetlands.Industry Report.1999
106 Andre Taylor.Tony wang. Non-structural Stormwater Quality Best Management practices-A Survery Investigating Their Use and Value. Technical Report Report02/12
107 William J.Mitsch. James G.Gosselink. The value of wetlands:importance of scale and landscape setting. Ecological Economics 35(200)25-33
108 公式及其解释见胡良明,高丹盈.雨水综合利用理论与实践.郑州：黄河水利出版社：2009,84
109 此指标引自宋春林,谢晶,毛栋平,梁川.成都市雨水分布特征及其利用潜力分析[J].四川环境.2012
110 Wang NM,Willian JM.A Detailed Ecosystem Model of Phosphorus Dynamics in Created Riparian Wetlands[J].Ecoleng,2000,126:101-13.
1 表格数据引自David R.Tilley等人文献Wetland networks for stormwater management in subtropical urban watersheds
112 潘安君等.城市雨水综合利用技术研究与应用[Ml.北京：中国水利水电出版社.2010：116
113 尼玛次仁.城市绿地系统对雨水径流消减作用的实验研究[D].天津大学.2010
114 晋存田等.透水砖和下凹式绿地对城市雨洪的影响[J].中国给水排水.2010.1
115 候爱中等.下凹式绿地和蓄水池对城市型洪水的影响[J].北京水务.2007.2
116 表内相关绿地类型定义见刘颂等.城市绿地系统规划[M].北京：中国建筑工业出版社.2011
117 相关描述见《城市绿地分类标准》CJJ/T 85-2002
119 安君张书函陈建刚等城市雨水综合利用技术研究与应用.中国水利水电出版社,北京：2010：45
120 李立青,朱仁肖等.基于源区监测的城市地表径流污染空间分异性研究Ⅲ.环境科学2010.12
121 Richard A.Claytor. Thomas R.Schueler. Design of Stormwater Filtering Systems.
123 数据引自车伍,刘燕,李俊奇.国内外城市雨水水质及污染控制.给水排水.2003
124 同上
125 同上
(?) 刘颂,刘滨谊等.城市绿地系统规划.北京：中国建筑工业出版社,2011：74-75
128 本段话引自《景观社会》的前言,在这本书中出现的“景观”是指Spectacles.虽然不是特指风景园林学科中的景观(Landscape)但无疑对当下中国商业主导或者说“商业完全成功的殖民化社会生活的时刻”非常适用。[法]居伊·德波.王昭凤译.景观社会.南京：南京大学出版社,2000：10
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131 Using MUSIC in Sydney's Drinking Water Catchment
132 Interim Water Sensitive Urban Design Targets for Greater Adelaide,www.goyderinstitute.org:2012.12
133 王璐.重大节事影响下的城市形态研究[M].北京：中国建筑工业出版社：3
134 表改绘自王璐.重大节事影响下的城市形态研究[M].北京：中国建筑工业出版社：3
135 同上：14
136 林选泉,刘月琴.上海世博上南路之绿色街道[J].景观设计.201102
137 熊国平.当代中国城市形态演变[M].北京：中国建筑公园出版社.2[)06.254
138 张浪,王浩.城市绿地系统有机进化的机制研究-以上海为例[J].200803
139 吴人韦,尹仕美、周进.我国城市绿化规划实施管理的现状与对策[J].规划师.200502
140 T.H.F.Wong. An Overview of Water Sensitive Urban Design Practices in Australia. Water Practice & Technology Vol 1 No 12006
141 South East Queensland Regional Plan 2009-2031 Implementation Guideline No.7
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143 Sturat Echols. Artful Rainwater Design in the Urban Landscape, http://cws.msu.edu,2012
144 运营维护非常重要,与设计有一定关联,但主要涉及到后期使用中的运营人员配置已经管理等问题,因此本研究将重点放在了安全问题上
145 李清本.国外生态美学读本[M].长春：长春出版社2010：183
146 张洋,吕斌,张纯.可持续城市防灾减灾与城市规划[M].北京：科学出版社,2012,6-12页
147 叶义华,城市防灾工程[M].北京：冶金工业出版社,1999 148 Richard A.Clavtor. Thomas R.Schueler. Design of Stormwater Filtering Svstems. 149 Water Sensitive Urban Design Technical Design Guidelines for South East Queensland.Version 1.2006
150 Stormwater Guidelines for Green,Dense Redevelopment. Stormwater Quality Solutions for the City of Emeryville.
Water Sensitive Urban Design Technical Design Guidelines for South East Queensland
152 同上
153 张蓉.探寻春秋时期成都城的规划意匠.第五届中国建筑史学国际研讨会.
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155 古琳、陈辉等.成都市避震疏散公园绿地面积指标[J].生态学报.200812
157 蒋蓉、陈俞臻.基于多方需求的绿地规划研究[J].四川建筑.2011.12
158 以上参考杨培峰.基于自然生态视角的城市空间发展研究-以成都城市为例[J].
159 董云帆.蜀墟商木源头远-成都城市空间历史模式初探[J].四川建筑.2000.11
160 毕凌岚沈中伟.“5·12汶川大地震”受灾城镇重建规划的若干建议[J].规划师.2008.6
161 引自吴庆洲.中国古城防洪研究[M],中国建筑工业出版社：北京.2009：207
162 吴世先.成都地区街名通览[M].成都：成都出版社.1992：16
163 邓丽丽,杨存建,刘吴年.基于RS和GIS的成都市水域动态变化分析.资源开发与市场.2006
164 黄时达.城乡结合解决府南河水质与水量问题的建议[J].四川环境.199903
165 张光岳,张红,杨长军,王益谦.成都市道路地表径流污染及对策[J].城市环境与城市生态.200808
166 数据引自李国润丁晶.成都城区防洪探讨[J].
167 数据引自胡毅朱克云李跃春张杰李红梅.成都平原中西部近40年气候特征及其变化研究[J].成都信息工程学院学报.2004年19卷
168 数据引自甄英.成都市降水变化特征分析[J].内江师范学院学报.
169 引自 成都水旱灾害志.成都：成都科技大学出版社.1995：92
170 引自 成都水旱灾害志.成都：成都科技大学出版社.1995：10
171 引自 成都水旱灾害志.成都：成都科技大学出版社.1995：111
172 根据干旱指标,每年12月至次年1月的62天里,总降水量少于或等于15毫米时,即为冬干；3至4月内,任意连续30天的时间里,总降雨少于或等于20毫米,即为春早；5-6月,任意联系20天的时段中,总降水量少于或等于30毫米是,则定位一次夏旱：7-8月,任意连续20天时段中,总降雨量少于或等于35毫米时,则定为一次伏旱。相关定义见《成都水旱灾害志》成都：成都科技大学出版社.1995
173 引自 成都水旱灾害志.成都：成都科技大学出版社.1995：103
174 数据引自李晓峰刘光中.成都市水资源现状和可持续利用对策[J].四川水利.200202
175 参照文献同上
176 数据引自黄雪菊孙辉唐亚.城市化背景下成都市水资源安全及可持续发展[J].世界科技研究与发展.200410
177 成都排水管网资料由成都市市政院提供
178 注：1、在绕城高速以内的中心城市规划面积540km2范围内均需布设雨水排水系统。2、在绕城高速以外截洪沟的服务区域约1km宽,服务面积约50km2)。
179 成都市中心城区雨水排水设施规划建设情况和特点
181 广东省地方史志编纂委员会编.广东省志地理志：225
182 农业部干部学校编.土壤学附耕作学讲义.1958：105
183 成都城建修志辑览[M].成都：四川人民出版社,1999：7
184 数据引自孙平主编.成都城市发展报告：城乡一体的城市化道路.2007：182
185 2003年的成都城市绿地系统规划,提出的规划目标是：2010年实现城市绿化覆盖率40%,绿地率35%,人均公园绿地11m2。中心城人均公园绿地不低于12 m2。
186 陈菲冰.成都市中心城区绿地系统景观格局分析与优化[M]
187 引自蒋蓉.城乡统筹背景下成都市地震应急避难尝试规划研究[D].西南交通大学
188 A.H.Elliott,S.A.Trowsdale. A Review of models for low impact urban stormwater drainage. Environmental Modelling&Software 22(2007) 394-405
189 相关解释和图标引自MUSIC用户手册
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25 http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/resources/stormwater/managestormwatera06137.pdf, Managing Urban Stormwater-Harvesting and Reuse
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27 相关阐述引自http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green infrastructure
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31引自http://www.urbanistcn.nl/wp/?portfolio=watcipleinen2013年6月
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42 同上
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46 吴庆洲.中国古城防洪研究.中国建筑工业出版社,2009：2.
47 吴庆洲.中国古城防洪研究.中国建筑工业出版社,2009：476-483.
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53 相关内容整理自吴庆洲.中国古城防洪研究[M],中国建筑工业出版社：北京.2009
54 数据来自吴庆洲.中国古城防洪研究[M],中国建筑工业出版社：北京.2009：114
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59 Steven J.Burian, Stephan J.Nix.Rocky durrans.Robert E.Pitt,Chi Yuan Fan,Richard Field. Historical Development of Wet-Weather Flow Management. http://ascelibrary.org/doi/pdf/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9496(1999)125%3A1(3).2013.3
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2 数据引自Evaluating Options for Water Sensitive Urban Design-A National Guide
63 马道明.城市的理性[M].南京：东南出版社：2008,第35页
64 城市水文学概论 65
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67 城市水文学概论 17
68 潘安君张书函陈建刚等城市雨水综合利用技术研究与应用.中国水利水电出版社,北京：2010：50
69 M.J.霍尔(英).城市水文学.1989： 206
70 翻译整理自acqueline Hoyer, Wolfgang Dickhaut, Lukas Kronawitter, Bjom Weber. Water Sensitive Urban Design Principles and Inspiration for Sustainable Stormwater Management in the City of the Future-Manual-March 2011
71 “沙尘暴时代”(Dust bowl era,又称Dirty Thirties)指的是二十世纪三十年代美国和加拿大大草原区域发生的严重的沙尘暴灾害,造成了巨大的生态灾害和农业损失,引起了人们对水土保护等生态问题的反思。
72 George Ice. History of Innovative Best Management Practice Development and its Role in Addressing Water Quality Limited Waterbodies.
73 L.K.Lampe, M.Barrett,B-Woodstallard, Post-project Monitoring of Bmps/Wuds to Determine Performance and Wholelife
74 Robert Y.G.Andoh Kenneth O.Iwugo Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems:A UK Perspective
75 L.K.Lampe. M.Barrett,B-Woodstallard, Post-project Monitoring of Bmps/Wuds to Determine Performance and Wholelife
78 South East Queensland Regional Plan 2009-2031 Implementation Guideline No.7 Water sensitive urban design:Design objectives for urban stormwater management
79 Water Sensitive Urban Design for a Sustainable Stormwater Management in the City of the Future-SWITCH Research Results
80 T.H.F.Wong An Overvies of Water Sensitive Urban Design Practices in Australia
81 Introduction to WSUD Sydney Metropolitan
83 2-6 L.K.Lampe, M.Barrett,B.Woodstallard, Post-project Monitoring of Bmps/Wuds to Determine Performance and Wholelife
84 N.G.Carleton Separate and Combined Sewers-experience in France and Australia
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89 左建兵刘昌明郑红星陈远生.北京市城区雨水利用及对策[J].资源科学.200807
90 Siobhan Tara Jennings. Better Urban Water Management:A Case Study of Perth, WA.
91 T.H.F.Wong. An Overview of Water Sensitive Urban Design Practices in Australia Water Practice & Technology Vol 1 No 12006
92 刘洋 李俊奇 刘红等.新西兰典型雨水管理政策剖析与启示[J].中国给水排水.200710
93 Cristina Perez-pedini,James F.Limbrunner.Richard M.Vogel. Optimal Location of Infiltration-Based Best Management Practices for Storm Water Management. Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management 2005
94 Richard A.Claytor. Thomas R.Schueler. Design of Stormwater Filtering Systems.
95 一般这些处理措施可以分为"On Line'和"Off Line'两种形式。前者是指措施就是雨水的主要传输路径,或水文过程线上。后者是指不是主要雨水路径,是采用分流等形式引入地表径流。
96 数据引自Richard A.Claytor. Thomas R.Schueler. Design of Stormwater Filtering Systems.68-69
97 Clar.L.RGreen,1993,DesignManualforusefobioretentioninstormwatermanagemen
98 Water Sensitive Urban Design Technical Design Guidelines for South East Queensland
99 公式引自胡良明,高丹盈.雨水综合利用理论与实践.黄河水利出版社,113页公式6.3.22
100 以上相关数据和引用文献同上
101 苏天杨,李林英等.不同草本缓冲带对径流污染物滞留效益及其最佳宽度研究[J].天津农业科学.2010(3)
102 M.E.Barret,R.D.Zuber,E.R.Collins,J.F.Malina,R.J.Charbeneauand,GH. Ward. A Review and Evaluation of Literature Pertaining to the Quantity and Control of Pollution from Highway Runoff and Construetion,1993. http://www.crwr.utexas.edu/reports/pdf/1995/rpt95-5.pdf 201307
103 Michael L.Clar,Billy J.Barfield, Thomas P.O'Connor. Stormwater Best Management Practice Design Guide.Volume3. National Risk Management Research Laboratory Office of Research and Development. U.S.Environmental Protection Agency. Cincinnati.
104 此解释见百度百科
105 Tony H F Wong, Peter F Breen. Nicholas L G Somes and Sara D Lloyd. Managing Urban Stromwater Using Constructed Wetlands.Industry Report.1999
106 Andre Taylor.Tony wang. Non-structural Stormwater Quality Best Management practices-A Survery Investigating Their Use and Value. Technical Report Report02/12
107 William J.Mitsch. James G.Gosselink. The value of wetlands:importance of scale and landscape setting. Ecological Economics 35(200)25-33
108 公式及其解释见胡良明,高丹盈.雨水综合利用理论与实践.郑州：黄河水利出版社：2009,84
109 此指标引自宋春林,谢晶,毛栋平,梁川.成都市雨水分布特征及其利用潜力分析[J].四川环境.2012
110 Wang NM,Willian JM.A Detailed Ecosystem Model of Phosphorus Dynamics in Created Riparian Wetlands[J].Ecoleng,2000,126:101-13.
1 表格数据引自David R.Tilley等人文献Wetland networks for stormwater management in subtropical urban watersheds
112 潘安君等.城市雨水综合利用技术研究与应用[Ml.北京：中国水利水电出版社.2010：116
113 尼玛次仁.城市绿地系统对雨水径流消减作用的实验研究[D].天津大学.2010
114 晋存田等.透水砖和下凹式绿地对城市雨洪的影响[J].中国给水排水.2010.1
115 候爱中等.下凹式绿地和蓄水池对城市型洪水的影响[J].北京水务.2007.2
116 表内相关绿地类型定义见刘颂等.城市绿地系统规划[M].北京：中国建筑工业出版社.2011
117 相关描述见《城市绿地分类标准》CJJ/T 85-2002
119 安君张书函陈建刚等城市雨水综合利用技术研究与应用.中国水利水电出版社,北京：2010：45
120 李立青,朱仁肖等.基于源区监测的城市地表径流污染空间分异性研究Ⅲ.环境科学2010.12
121 Richard A.Claytor. Thomas R.Schueler. Design of Stormwater Filtering Systems.
123 数据引自车伍,刘燕,李俊奇.国内外城市雨水水质及污染控制.给水排水.2003
124 同上
125 同上
(?) 刘颂,刘滨谊等.城市绿地系统规划.北京：中国建筑工业出版社,2011：74-75
128 本段话引自《景观社会》的前言,在这本书中出现的“景观”是指Spectacles.虽然不是特指风景园林学科中的景观(Landscape)但无疑对当下中国商业主导或者说“商业完全成功的殖民化社会生活的时刻”非常适用。[法]居伊·德波.王昭凤译.景观社会.南京：南京大学出版社,2000：10
Steinitz的模型引自俞孔坚李迪华.景观设计：专业学科与教育.北京：中国建筑工业出版社.2003：81
① 杨小芳,刘钦,张晓萌.徐州市城市雨水资源化潜力评价[J]l现代商贸工业.200914期
131 Using MUSIC in Sydney's Drinking Water Catchment
132 Interim Water Sensitive Urban Design Targets for Greater Adelaide,www.goyderinstitute.org:2012.12
133 王璐.重大节事影响下的城市形态研究[M].北京：中国建筑工业出版社：3
134 表改绘自王璐.重大节事影响下的城市形态研究[M].北京：中国建筑工业出版社：3
135 同上：14
136 林选泉,刘月琴.上海世博上南路之绿色街道[J].景观设计.201102
137 熊国平.当代中国城市形态演变[M].北京：中国建筑公园出版社.2[)06.254
138 张浪,王浩.城市绿地系统有机进化的机制研究-以上海为例[J].200803
139 吴人韦,尹仕美、周进.我国城市绿化规划实施管理的现状与对策[J].规划师.200502
140 T.H.F.Wong. An Overview of Water Sensitive Urban Design Practices in Australia. Water Practice & Technology Vol 1 No 12006
141 South East Queensland Regional Plan 2009-2031 Implementation Guideline No.7
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143 Sturat Echols. Artful Rainwater Design in the Urban Landscape, http://cws.msu.edu,2012
144 运营维护非常重要,与设计有一定关联,但主要涉及到后期使用中的运营人员配置已经管理等问题,因此本研究将重点放在了安全问题上
145 李清本.国外生态美学读本[M].长春：长春出版社2010：183
146 张洋,吕斌,张纯.可持续城市防灾减灾与城市规划[M].北京：科学出版社,2012,6-12页
147 叶义华,城市防灾工程[M].北京：冶金工业出版社,1999 148 Richard A.Clavtor. Thomas R.Schueler. Design of Stormwater Filtering Svstems. 149 Water Sensitive Urban Design Technical Design Guidelines for South East Queensland.Version 1.2006
150 Stormwater Guidelines for Green,Dense Redevelopment. Stormwater Quality Solutions for the City of Emeryville.
Water Sensitive Urban Design Technical Design Guidelines for South East Queensland
152 同上
153 张蓉.探寻春秋时期成都城的规划意匠.第五届中国建筑史学国际研讨会.
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154 高程海拔和比降数值引自成都水旱灾害志.成都：成都科技大学出版社.1995：6
155 古琳、陈辉等.成都市避震疏散公园绿地面积指标[J].生态学报.200812
157 蒋蓉、陈俞臻.基于多方需求的绿地规划研究[J].四川建筑.2011.12
158 以上参考杨培峰.基于自然生态视角的城市空间发展研究-以成都城市为例[J].
159 董云帆.蜀墟商木源头远-成都城市空间历史模式初探[J].四川建筑.2000.11
160 毕凌岚沈中伟.“5·12汶川大地震”受灾城镇重建规划的若干建议[J].规划师.2008.6
161 引自吴庆洲.中国古城防洪研究[M],中国建筑工业出版社：北京.2009：207
162 吴世先.成都地区街名通览[M].成都：成都出版社.1992：16
163 邓丽丽,杨存建,刘吴年.基于RS和GIS的成都市水域动态变化分析.资源开发与市场.2006
164 黄时达.城乡结合解决府南河水质与水量问题的建议[J].四川环境.199903
165 张光岳,张红,杨长军,王益谦.成都市道路地表径流污染及对策[J].城市环境与城市生态.200808
166 数据引自李国润丁晶.成都城区防洪探讨[J].
167 数据引自胡毅朱克云李跃春张杰李红梅.成都平原中西部近40年气候特征及其变化研究[J].成都信息工程学院学报.2004年19卷
168 数据引自甄英.成都市降水变化特征分析[J].内江师范学院学报.
169 引自 成都水旱灾害志.成都：成都科技大学出版社.1995：92
170 引自 成都水旱灾害志.成都：成都科技大学出版社.1995：10
171 引自 成都水旱灾害志.成都：成都科技大学出版社.1995：111
172 根据干旱指标,每年12月至次年1月的62天里,总降水量少于或等于15毫米时,即为冬干；3至4月内,任意连续30天的时间里,总降雨少于或等于20毫米,即为春早；5-6月,任意联系20天的时段中,总降水量少于或等于30毫米是,则定位一次夏旱：7-8月,任意连续20天时段中,总降雨量少于或等于35毫米时,则定为一次伏旱。相关定义见《成都水旱灾害志》成都：成都科技大学出版社.1995
173 引自 成都水旱灾害志.成都：成都科技大学出版社.1995：103
174 数据引自李晓峰刘光中.成都市水资源现状和可持续利用对策[J].四川水利.200202
175 参照文献同上
176 数据引自黄雪菊孙辉唐亚.城市化背景下成都市水资源安全及可持续发展[J].世界科技研究与发展.200410
177 成都排水管网资料由成都市市政院提供
178 注：1、在绕城高速以内的中心城市规划面积540km2范围内均需布设雨水排水系统。2、在绕城高速以外截洪沟的服务区域约1km宽,服务面积约50km2)。
179 成都市中心城区雨水排水设施规划建设情况和特点
181 广东省地方史志编纂委员会编.广东省志地理志：225
182 农业部干部学校编.土壤学附耕作学讲义.1958：105
183 成都城建修志辑览[M].成都：四川人民出版社,1999：7
184 数据引自孙平主编.成都城市发展报告：城乡一体的城市化道路.2007：182
185 2003年的成都城市绿地系统规划,提出的规划目标是：2010年实现城市绿化覆盖率40%,绿地率35%,人均公园绿地11m2。中心城人均公园绿地不低于12 m2。
186 陈菲冰.成都市中心城区绿地系统景观格局分析与优化[M]
187 引自蒋蓉.城乡统筹背景下成都市地震应急避难尝试规划研究[D].西南交通大学
188 A.H.Elliott,S.A.Trowsdale. A Review of models for low impact urban stormwater drainage. Environmental Modelling&Software 22(2007) 394-405
189 相关解释和图标引自MUSIC用户手册
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