城市化区域景观多功能特征与湿地水环境效应研究
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摘要
城市湿地是城市区域重要的生态系统和景观类型,是维持城市多功能景观的基础。但是,随着全球城市化进程的加快,城市湿地水环境正遭受现实或潜在的威胁。如何跟踪城市化发展过程,深刻认识城市化影响下景观多功能特征及其与湿地水环境之间的关系,是目前城市生态、环境与社会、经济协调发展急需解决的重要科学问题。本文综合运用景观生态学、地理学、环境科学等多学科理论,以及遥感与GIS等技术方法,以南京仙林新市区为案例,从多时空尺度,系统研究了城市景观多功能特征与湿地水环境影响关系,为指导城市规划与建设以及城市湿地生态保护提供科学依据。研究得出结论如下：
(1)研究从景观空间格局和景观功能完整性的科学认识出发,阐明了南京仙林新市区景观功能多样性和空间异质性。研究显示,城市化发展使区域景观结构发生巨大变化,并形成了多样的景观功能区域。其中生产—社会文化综合功能区面积最大,占区域面积41.5%；其次为美学—生态—社会文化综合功能区和社会文化功能区,面积分别占23.1%和21.4%；社会文化—美学综合功能区域面积较小,占13.9%。
(2)为了深刻认识城市化对区域湿地水环境影响,研究从生态系统、集水区和景观功能区出发,建立了能够反映城市湿地水环境多尺度影响特征的湿地分类系统。将城市湿地划分为2个大类,3亚类和8小类。
(3)城市湿地水环境基本特征表现为水位波动大、水质季节变化显著等特征。不同类型湿地水环境特征差异明显,其中城市控制型湿地水环境变化规律较为紊乱；农村控制性湿地随着人类影响强度的增大,水质逐渐变差,由于农业面源污染的影响,农村控制型湿地水质一般劣于城市控制型湿地。两种控制类型的湿地水位波动在一定范围内均随着人类影响强度的增加而增加。
(4)城市湿地水环境受不同尺度影响。其中生态系统尺度湿地形态、植物类型等因素影响明显。集水区尺度主要受土地利用变化带来的人类活动影响,人类影响强度指数(HEI)与湿地水质指标之间存在着阈值关系,阈值点为1.2,当HEI高于1.2时,湿地水环境恶化迅速。景观功能区尺度湿地水环境特征差异十分明显,其中生产—社会文化功能区内湿地受到来自农业化及城市化的双重干扰,其水环境质量相对较差。
(5)综合分析生态系统尺度、集水区尺度和景观功能区尺度耦合作用关系表明,湿地生态系统与集水区尺度人类活动对城市湿地水环境质量影响较为明显,解释贡献率分别达到14.4%、31.4%。湿地的控制类型(城市、乡村)对耦合结果的响应不太明显,表现出弱拮抗作用；处于高强度人类影响的集水区表现出城市化与湿地水环境质量有明显拮抗作用。
(6)针对城市湿地的多尺度影响特征,未来城市规划与建设应该重视对湿地水环境影响,使得其具有可持续发展能力。其中减少对湿地生态系统形态改变和本地植物物种的干扰,合理配置集水区内不同土地类型,同时考虑湿地所处的景观功能区域特征,是有效保护区域湿地水环境、实现城市发展与生态环境保护协调的科学途径。
Urban wetland is one of the very important urban ecosystem and landscape, which can sustain the urban multi-functional landscape.However, the urbanization developed quickly, and the wetland ecosystem environment was suffered the practical or potential threats. How to follow the process of urbanization and to reveal the characters of landscape multi-function is very important to research the relationship between the urbanization and the urban wetland. Several discipline theories and methods,which including the theories of geography, landscape ecology, environmental science and the methods of RS, GISet al,were used to study the theory of the urban wetland and the multi-functional landscape in the new city of Xianlin, Nanjing. The main research findings include:
(1) Based on the conception and connotation of urban multi-functional landscape, the diversity and heterogeneity of landscape in the New city of Xianlin were explained. The results showed that the landscape structure changed significantly, and the mutli-functional landscape had shaped.We had also regionalized the area into four units, social functional area (21.4%), social-aesthetic functional area (13.9%), aesthetic-ecologic-social functional area, productive-social functional area (41.5%).
(2) Based on the wetland ecosystem, catchment and landscape functional area, Urban wetlandmulti-scaleClassification system was establishedto reveal the relationship between urbanization and water quality. First of all, the wetlands were divided into2main class, and3subclass, and8small class.
(3) The basic characteristic of urban wetland showed that the water level and water quality waved significantly in different seasons, and the water quality heterogeneity varied among different wetland. The water quality in a disordered status in Urban controlled wetland, while the water quality would be worse when the the human effect index got bigger in Rural controlled wetland. However, the water quality was better in the Urban controlled wetland than that in Rural controlled wetland. Both of the two type wetland water level got changed significantly when the human effect index got big at some extent.
(4) Urban wetland water quality was defferent at varied scales. The wetland shape and plant types were the main fators which influenced the water quality at ecosystem scale. At catchment scale, there was a threshold between water qultity and HEI. Wetland water quality would be getting worse while the value of HEI reached1.2. The water quality was not good in the productive-social functional areas, because they were suffered from the urbanization and agricultural activity.
(5) The coupling results at different scales were analysed. The results showed that, there was a well connected relationship between them at the ecosystem sacle and catchment scales, and their explanation contribution were14.4%,31.4%respectively. There was a very significantly resistance between water quality and urbanization at the high HEIareas at the catchment scale.
(6) Suggestions were given at wetland ecosystem scale, catchment scale and the landscape scale on the background of the multi-scale characteristics of urband wetland. Decreasing the impact of the wetland shape and the plants, and optimizing the different land use and the landscape functional area would improve the wetland water quality to realize the urban development and ecosystem environment be harmony and unified.
(1)研究从景观空间格局和景观功能完整性的科学认识出发,阐明了南京仙林新市区景观功能多样性和空间异质性。研究显示,城市化发展使区域景观结构发生巨大变化,并形成了多样的景观功能区域。其中生产—社会文化综合功能区面积最大,占区域面积41.5%；其次为美学—生态—社会文化综合功能区和社会文化功能区,面积分别占23.1%和21.4%；社会文化—美学综合功能区域面积较小,占13.9%。
(2)为了深刻认识城市化对区域湿地水环境影响,研究从生态系统、集水区和景观功能区出发,建立了能够反映城市湿地水环境多尺度影响特征的湿地分类系统。将城市湿地划分为2个大类,3亚类和8小类。
(3)城市湿地水环境基本特征表现为水位波动大、水质季节变化显著等特征。不同类型湿地水环境特征差异明显,其中城市控制型湿地水环境变化规律较为紊乱；农村控制性湿地随着人类影响强度的增大,水质逐渐变差,由于农业面源污染的影响,农村控制型湿地水质一般劣于城市控制型湿地。两种控制类型的湿地水位波动在一定范围内均随着人类影响强度的增加而增加。
(4)城市湿地水环境受不同尺度影响。其中生态系统尺度湿地形态、植物类型等因素影响明显。集水区尺度主要受土地利用变化带来的人类活动影响,人类影响强度指数(HEI)与湿地水质指标之间存在着阈值关系,阈值点为1.2,当HEI高于1.2时,湿地水环境恶化迅速。景观功能区尺度湿地水环境特征差异十分明显,其中生产—社会文化功能区内湿地受到来自农业化及城市化的双重干扰,其水环境质量相对较差。
(5)综合分析生态系统尺度、集水区尺度和景观功能区尺度耦合作用关系表明,湿地生态系统与集水区尺度人类活动对城市湿地水环境质量影响较为明显,解释贡献率分别达到14.4%、31.4%。湿地的控制类型(城市、乡村)对耦合结果的响应不太明显,表现出弱拮抗作用；处于高强度人类影响的集水区表现出城市化与湿地水环境质量有明显拮抗作用。
(6)针对城市湿地的多尺度影响特征,未来城市规划与建设应该重视对湿地水环境影响,使得其具有可持续发展能力。其中减少对湿地生态系统形态改变和本地植物物种的干扰,合理配置集水区内不同土地类型,同时考虑湿地所处的景观功能区域特征,是有效保护区域湿地水环境、实现城市发展与生态环境保护协调的科学途径。
Urban wetland is one of the very important urban ecosystem and landscape, which can sustain the urban multi-functional landscape.However, the urbanization developed quickly, and the wetland ecosystem environment was suffered the practical or potential threats. How to follow the process of urbanization and to reveal the characters of landscape multi-function is very important to research the relationship between the urbanization and the urban wetland. Several discipline theories and methods,which including the theories of geography, landscape ecology, environmental science and the methods of RS, GISet al,were used to study the theory of the urban wetland and the multi-functional landscape in the new city of Xianlin, Nanjing. The main research findings include:
(1) Based on the conception and connotation of urban multi-functional landscape, the diversity and heterogeneity of landscape in the New city of Xianlin were explained. The results showed that the landscape structure changed significantly, and the mutli-functional landscape had shaped.We had also regionalized the area into four units, social functional area (21.4%), social-aesthetic functional area (13.9%), aesthetic-ecologic-social functional area, productive-social functional area (41.5%).
(2) Based on the wetland ecosystem, catchment and landscape functional area, Urban wetlandmulti-scaleClassification system was establishedto reveal the relationship between urbanization and water quality. First of all, the wetlands were divided into2main class, and3subclass, and8small class.
(3) The basic characteristic of urban wetland showed that the water level and water quality waved significantly in different seasons, and the water quality heterogeneity varied among different wetland. The water quality in a disordered status in Urban controlled wetland, while the water quality would be worse when the the human effect index got bigger in Rural controlled wetland. However, the water quality was better in the Urban controlled wetland than that in Rural controlled wetland. Both of the two type wetland water level got changed significantly when the human effect index got big at some extent.
(4) Urban wetland water quality was defferent at varied scales. The wetland shape and plant types were the main fators which influenced the water quality at ecosystem scale. At catchment scale, there was a threshold between water qultity and HEI. Wetland water quality would be getting worse while the value of HEI reached1.2. The water quality was not good in the productive-social functional areas, because they were suffered from the urbanization and agricultural activity.
(5) The coupling results at different scales were analysed. The results showed that, there was a well connected relationship between them at the ecosystem sacle and catchment scales, and their explanation contribution were14.4%,31.4%respectively. There was a very significantly resistance between water quality and urbanization at the high HEIareas at the catchment scale.
(6) Suggestions were given at wetland ecosystem scale, catchment scale and the landscape scale on the background of the multi-scale characteristics of urband wetland. Decreasing the impact of the wetland shape and the plants, and optimizing the different land use and the landscape functional area would improve the wetland water quality to realize the urban development and ecosystem environment be harmony and unified.
引文
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