航天发射场的最优运行研究
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摘要
航天发射场的测试发射工作,是一个庞大的系统工程,其中的各个环节,都需要提前进行计划安排,现场进行调度,才能使得产品的测试发射工作顺利实施。在年发射频率较小的情况下,通过具有资深工作经历的人员来做计划调度工作,基本可以保证任务的顺利实施；当年发射频率较高时,由于参试单位多、产品测试过程或交错或并行进行、资源保障类型多样等等原因,人员的资深工作经历已不能满足制定计划的要求,容易出现差错或遗漏。为了避免这种情况,需要对产品测试的各个环节和资源保障系统进行剖析,对测试发射的各个环节用数学模型的形式来进行规划筹谋,保证测试发射工作的顺利进行和资源保障系统可靠、稳定运行,确保产品测试发射的圆满成功。
本文从航天发射场年发射能力、测试项目的优化调度以及人力资源的优化配置等三个方面,探讨了构建优化模型的可行性,建立了优化方程,对每个模型都进行了计算,并对结果进行了分析。
航天发射场年发射能力这一命题,是以两个发射架为背景,解决了在同一时段内有多个发射任务时发射计划的最优安排问题。介绍了制定最优计划的现实存在问题及原因,最优计划的可调控变量、最优目标,建立了最优计划命题的优化模型及关键参数的计算方法等,并举例进行了最优模型的计算。
航天发射任务地面测试过程的最优调度这一命题,是以某个具体发射任务为背景,就发射前的地面测试过程,从最优资源利用和最短测试时间两个方面达到最佳测试目标的要求下,实现地面测试过程的最优调度。建立了“固定测试时间一最优资源利用”和“固定资源—最短测试时间”两种测试发射优化目下的优化原理和优化模型,并举例进行了最优模型的计算。
航天发射场人力资源最优配置这一命题,是以某型号航天发射任务为背景,为了优化岗位配置,量化配置绩效。采用排队论的计算方法,得到某系统的具体岗位配置数量,及岗位配置与系统的匹配性结果。经模拟试验验证,该结果能满足航天发射“岗位操作零差错”的要求。
The test of space launch is a huge project, in which all aspects of the arrangements need to be planned and scheduled ahead in order to enable the smooth implementation of product testing and launching. When the launch frequency is low, the planning and scheduling work can be finished by senior experienced staff to garantee basic requirement. However, when launch frequency is high, as more test are needed, many departments are involved, or many procedures are parallelly implemented or staggered or in parallel, the work of experience of senior staff can not meet the requirements of the development plan and errors and misses can easily happen. To avoid this situation, systematic analyses for launch and testing procedures are needed, using mathematical models to characterize the planning and scheduling and search for a feasible and optimal solution. Thus it can ensure the smooth progress of the work test launch and the stable and reliable resources supply, to ensure successful launch product testing.
This paper focuses on three areas, including the optimal annual launch capabilities, optimal scheduling of tesing project and optimal allocation of human resources. The feasibility of constructing the optimization model is discussed. And the optimization equation is established. For each model, the parameters are estimated and calculation results are given, based on which further discussions are analyzed.
The optimal annual launch capabilities are the optimal planning of lauch tasks of two launchers in a time period of one year. The existence practical problems, the mechanistic relations and the controlled variables are introduced. An optimization problem is then formulated. A simple introduction of solution algorithm is followd. According to the real example of the launch base, the values of parameters are estimated and optimal solutions are calculated.
The optimal scheduling of ground testing for satellite launching is the problem of give the best arerangement of resource supply and the shortest testing time of the pre-launch ground testing process, based on a specific real launch case. Two optimization problems are formulated based on two modes:"fixed testing time optimal arrangement of resources supply" and "fixed resources supply-shortest testing time". The optimization formulations are applied in the real launch example, using the real data to estimate the model parameters and obtain the optimal results.
Optimal allocation of human resources in a space launch site, is to get the best allocation of finite human resources. In order to quantitative characterize the allocation performance, queuing theory is applied, which can give specific working positions and matching results of work positions and task allocations. The simulation results shows that it can meet "zero error job action" requirement of the space launch.
本文从航天发射场年发射能力、测试项目的优化调度以及人力资源的优化配置等三个方面,探讨了构建优化模型的可行性,建立了优化方程,对每个模型都进行了计算,并对结果进行了分析。
航天发射场年发射能力这一命题,是以两个发射架为背景,解决了在同一时段内有多个发射任务时发射计划的最优安排问题。介绍了制定最优计划的现实存在问题及原因,最优计划的可调控变量、最优目标,建立了最优计划命题的优化模型及关键参数的计算方法等,并举例进行了最优模型的计算。
航天发射任务地面测试过程的最优调度这一命题,是以某个具体发射任务为背景,就发射前的地面测试过程,从最优资源利用和最短测试时间两个方面达到最佳测试目标的要求下,实现地面测试过程的最优调度。建立了“固定测试时间一最优资源利用”和“固定资源—最短测试时间”两种测试发射优化目下的优化原理和优化模型,并举例进行了最优模型的计算。
航天发射场人力资源最优配置这一命题,是以某型号航天发射任务为背景,为了优化岗位配置,量化配置绩效。采用排队论的计算方法,得到某系统的具体岗位配置数量,及岗位配置与系统的匹配性结果。经模拟试验验证,该结果能满足航天发射“岗位操作零差错”的要求。
The test of space launch is a huge project, in which all aspects of the arrangements need to be planned and scheduled ahead in order to enable the smooth implementation of product testing and launching. When the launch frequency is low, the planning and scheduling work can be finished by senior experienced staff to garantee basic requirement. However, when launch frequency is high, as more test are needed, many departments are involved, or many procedures are parallelly implemented or staggered or in parallel, the work of experience of senior staff can not meet the requirements of the development plan and errors and misses can easily happen. To avoid this situation, systematic analyses for launch and testing procedures are needed, using mathematical models to characterize the planning and scheduling and search for a feasible and optimal solution. Thus it can ensure the smooth progress of the work test launch and the stable and reliable resources supply, to ensure successful launch product testing.
This paper focuses on three areas, including the optimal annual launch capabilities, optimal scheduling of tesing project and optimal allocation of human resources. The feasibility of constructing the optimization model is discussed. And the optimization equation is established. For each model, the parameters are estimated and calculation results are given, based on which further discussions are analyzed.
The optimal annual launch capabilities are the optimal planning of lauch tasks of two launchers in a time period of one year. The existence practical problems, the mechanistic relations and the controlled variables are introduced. An optimization problem is then formulated. A simple introduction of solution algorithm is followd. According to the real example of the launch base, the values of parameters are estimated and optimal solutions are calculated.
The optimal scheduling of ground testing for satellite launching is the problem of give the best arerangement of resource supply and the shortest testing time of the pre-launch ground testing process, based on a specific real launch case. Two optimization problems are formulated based on two modes:"fixed testing time optimal arrangement of resources supply" and "fixed resources supply-shortest testing time". The optimization formulations are applied in the real launch example, using the real data to estimate the model parameters and obtain the optimal results.
Optimal allocation of human resources in a space launch site, is to get the best allocation of finite human resources. In order to quantitative characterize the allocation performance, queuing theory is applied, which can give specific working positions and matching results of work positions and task allocations. The simulation results shows that it can meet "zero error job action" requirement of the space launch.
引文
[1]甘应爱等,运筹学,清华大学出版社,2007.
[2]王帅安,万旻,基于排队论和数学规划的资源配置优化方法,组技术与生产现代化.23(2006)20-22.
[3]郭红芬,刘福胜,利用排队模型优化保障设备数量,装甲兵工程学院学报.19(2005)29-31.
[4]张斌,王海燕,韩之俊,G/G/S系统队长的优化控制,工业工程.11(2008)80-82.
[5]白志惠,M/M/n/n/m型排队系统的优化设计及应用研究,天津立功学院学报.3(2003)61-63.
[6]郭彩芬,李祥全,王宁生,凸优化方法及其在排队系统中的应用研究,系统工程.22(2004)26-29.
[7]孔庆如,李小平,基于概率分布的岗位配置优化研究,武汉理工大学学报：信息与管理工程版.30(2008)491-493,497.
[8]D. Denteneer, J.S.H. van Leeuwaarden, I. Adan, The acquisition queue, Queueing Systems.56 (2007) 229-240.
[9]王彤,排队论在航空发动机装配任务管理中的应用,航空发动机.34(2008)53-55.
[10]赵保军,何晶,武昌,基于存贮和排队理论的防空导弹备件供应优化,弹箭与制导学报.26(2006)1036-1039.
[11]王鹏,张晓明,基于排队模型的摩步旅反坦克作战模拟及应用武器装备自动化.27(2008)6-10.
[12]邹志康,张恩华,鹿尔驯,战时医院船护理人力资源合理配置研究—基于排队论的数学模型,中华航海医学与高气压医学杂志.12(2005)19-21.
[13]冯慧芳,超市收款服务系统的仿真与优化,系统工程.19(2001)61-65.
[14]M.G. Huang, P.L. Chang, Y.C. Chou, Buffer allocation in flow-shop-type production systems with general arrival and service patterns, Computers & Operations Research.29 (2002) 103-121.
[15]韩新焕,朱萌纾,吴静,医院管理系统中排队模型的优化决策分析,Journal of Mathematical Medicine.21 (2008) 16-18.
[16]赵军宽,熊晓放,医院门诊随机服务系统分析与管理对策,医疗质量管理.12(2005)19-22.
[17]彭迎春,董斯彬,常文虎,运用排队论模型测量医院门诊流程效率,中华医院管理杂志.21(2005)806-809.
[18]E. el-Darzi, C. Vasilakis, T. Chaussalet, P.H. Millard, A simulation modelling approach to evaluating length of stay, occupancy, emptiness and bed blocking in a hospital geriatric department, Health Care Manag Sci.1 (1998) 143-9.
[19]田力,张益华,张雅琪,汤维贵,葛洲坝电厂“集中监控”(分点值守)运行管理模式及经验,水电自动化与大坝监测.32(2008)33-36.
[20]M.K. Govil, M.C. Fu, Queueing theory in manufacturing:A survey, Journal of Manufacturing Systems.18(1999)214-240.
[21]A. Haskose, B.G. Kingsman, D. Worthington, Modelling flow and jobbing shops as a queueing network for workload control, International Journal of Production Economics.78 (2002)271-285.
[22]J. Wang, J. Yang, V.B. Gargeya, Tool Requirement Planning in Stochastic Job Shops-a Simulated Annealing Approach, Computers & Industrial Engineering.24 (1993) 249-265.
[23]朱长征,航天发射场地面测试流程的优化方向、方法和结论(一),航天地面设备.3(2001)6-14.
[24]朱长征,航天发射场地面测试流程的优化(二),航天发射技术.1(2002)1-9.
[25]甘茂治,论战场损伤评估与修复分析方法,军械工程学院学报.(1995).
[26]邵玉平等,基于能力的车辆装备保障人力资源优化配置研究,军事交通学院学报.10(2008)41-44.
[27]李建平等,装备战场抢修理论及应用,兵器工业出版社,2000.
[28]石全等,装备战伤理论与技术,国防工业出版社,2007.
[29]王润生等,战场损伤分析过程及存在问题研究,兵工学报.25(2004)134-142.
[30]杨翠,李建,建立个人—岗位动态匹配模型优化医院人力资源配置,医院与卫生管理.32(2005)820,831.
[31]罗伟良,人力资源配置的个人—岗位动态匹配模型,引进与咨询.5(2003)24-26.
[32]陈振宇,金中仁,图书馆个人与岗位动态匹配的人力资源模型,大学图书馆学报23(2005)17-20,25.
[33]B.H. Ha, J. Bae, Y.T. Park, S.H. Kang, Development of process execution rules for workload balancing on agents, Data & Knowledge Engineering.56 (2006) 64-84.
[34]温冬梅,李兴民,基于TOC理论的公共部门人力资源配置模型研究,邢台学院学报22(2007)118-120.
[35]刘晓红,刘帆,张彩娟,基于贝叶斯理论的员工配置优化模型,西南民族大学学报：自然科学版.5(2006)992-996.
[36]汪秋菊,索志林,多目标局势决策在企业人力资源配置中的应用,大庆石油学院学报.31(2007)92-95.
[37]饶建伟,胡伟文,基层部队人力资源优化配置的动态规划模型研究,运筹与管理.18(2009)43-48.
[38]任秀,夏少刚,基于遗传算法的人力资源优化配置模型,数学的实践与认识.39(2009)84-90.
[39]王伟,陈小强,基于模糊数学的人力资源优化配置方法,中国管理信息化.11(2008)93-95.
[40]丁雄,基于匈牙利算法的人力资源优化配置技术,湖南工业职业技术学院学报.8(2008)42-43，54.
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[44]杨本昭,田耕,高新技术企业人力资源的优化配置,统计与决策.4(2008)173-174.
[45]王秀勤,企业人力资源配置中的无差异曲线,统计与决策.(2007)156-157.
[46]韩魏,伍华健,唐云岚,基于CMMI的人力资源配置模型研究,计算机工程.32(2006)91-93.
[47]刘畅,汪秋菊,索志林,人力资源配置方法的研究,苏州大学学报(哲学社会科学版).11(2007)23-25.
[48]雷雪梅,分派模型在图书馆人力资源优化配置中的应用,北华航天工业学院学报.4(2006)44-46.
[2]王帅安,万旻,基于排队论和数学规划的资源配置优化方法,组技术与生产现代化.23(2006)20-22.
[3]郭红芬,刘福胜,利用排队模型优化保障设备数量,装甲兵工程学院学报.19(2005)29-31.
[4]张斌,王海燕,韩之俊,G/G/S系统队长的优化控制,工业工程.11(2008)80-82.
[5]白志惠,M/M/n/n/m型排队系统的优化设计及应用研究,天津立功学院学报.3(2003)61-63.
[6]郭彩芬,李祥全,王宁生,凸优化方法及其在排队系统中的应用研究,系统工程.22(2004)26-29.
[7]孔庆如,李小平,基于概率分布的岗位配置优化研究,武汉理工大学学报：信息与管理工程版.30(2008)491-493,497.
[8]D. Denteneer, J.S.H. van Leeuwaarden, I. Adan, The acquisition queue, Queueing Systems.56 (2007) 229-240.
[9]王彤,排队论在航空发动机装配任务管理中的应用,航空发动机.34(2008)53-55.
[10]赵保军,何晶,武昌,基于存贮和排队理论的防空导弹备件供应优化,弹箭与制导学报.26(2006)1036-1039.
[11]王鹏,张晓明,基于排队模型的摩步旅反坦克作战模拟及应用武器装备自动化.27(2008)6-10.
[12]邹志康,张恩华,鹿尔驯,战时医院船护理人力资源合理配置研究—基于排队论的数学模型,中华航海医学与高气压医学杂志.12(2005)19-21.
[13]冯慧芳,超市收款服务系统的仿真与优化,系统工程.19(2001)61-65.
[14]M.G. Huang, P.L. Chang, Y.C. Chou, Buffer allocation in flow-shop-type production systems with general arrival and service patterns, Computers & Operations Research.29 (2002) 103-121.
[15]韩新焕,朱萌纾,吴静,医院管理系统中排队模型的优化决策分析,Journal of Mathematical Medicine.21 (2008) 16-18.
[16]赵军宽,熊晓放,医院门诊随机服务系统分析与管理对策,医疗质量管理.12(2005)19-22.
[17]彭迎春,董斯彬,常文虎,运用排队论模型测量医院门诊流程效率,中华医院管理杂志.21(2005)806-809.
[18]E. el-Darzi, C. Vasilakis, T. Chaussalet, P.H. Millard, A simulation modelling approach to evaluating length of stay, occupancy, emptiness and bed blocking in a hospital geriatric department, Health Care Manag Sci.1 (1998) 143-9.
[19]田力,张益华,张雅琪,汤维贵,葛洲坝电厂“集中监控”(分点值守)运行管理模式及经验,水电自动化与大坝监测.32(2008)33-36.
[20]M.K. Govil, M.C. Fu, Queueing theory in manufacturing:A survey, Journal of Manufacturing Systems.18(1999)214-240.
[21]A. Haskose, B.G. Kingsman, D. Worthington, Modelling flow and jobbing shops as a queueing network for workload control, International Journal of Production Economics.78 (2002)271-285.
[22]J. Wang, J. Yang, V.B. Gargeya, Tool Requirement Planning in Stochastic Job Shops-a Simulated Annealing Approach, Computers & Industrial Engineering.24 (1993) 249-265.
[23]朱长征,航天发射场地面测试流程的优化方向、方法和结论(一),航天地面设备.3(2001)6-14.
[24]朱长征,航天发射场地面测试流程的优化(二),航天发射技术.1(2002)1-9.
[25]甘茂治,论战场损伤评估与修复分析方法,军械工程学院学报.(1995).
[26]邵玉平等,基于能力的车辆装备保障人力资源优化配置研究,军事交通学院学报.10(2008)41-44.
[27]李建平等,装备战场抢修理论及应用,兵器工业出版社,2000.
[28]石全等,装备战伤理论与技术,国防工业出版社,2007.
[29]王润生等,战场损伤分析过程及存在问题研究,兵工学报.25(2004)134-142.
[30]杨翠,李建,建立个人—岗位动态匹配模型优化医院人力资源配置,医院与卫生管理.32(2005)820,831.
[31]罗伟良,人力资源配置的个人—岗位动态匹配模型,引进与咨询.5(2003)24-26.
[32]陈振宇,金中仁,图书馆个人与岗位动态匹配的人力资源模型,大学图书馆学报23(2005)17-20,25.
[33]B.H. Ha, J. Bae, Y.T. Park, S.H. Kang, Development of process execution rules for workload balancing on agents, Data & Knowledge Engineering.56 (2006) 64-84.
[34]温冬梅,李兴民,基于TOC理论的公共部门人力资源配置模型研究,邢台学院学报22(2007)118-120.
[35]刘晓红,刘帆,张彩娟,基于贝叶斯理论的员工配置优化模型,西南民族大学学报：自然科学版.5(2006)992-996.
[36]汪秋菊,索志林,多目标局势决策在企业人力资源配置中的应用,大庆石油学院学报.31(2007)92-95.
[37]饶建伟,胡伟文,基层部队人力资源优化配置的动态规划模型研究,运筹与管理.18(2009)43-48.
[38]任秀,夏少刚,基于遗传算法的人力资源优化配置模型,数学的实践与认识.39(2009)84-90.
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