中国产品内贸易的收入分配效应研究
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摘要
20世纪70年代以来,在经济全球化和技术进步的推动下,产品内分工已成为国际分工的主流形式之一,以零配件和半成品为主要对象的中间投入品贸易成为国际贸易的主要方式。通过产品内国际分工和中间产品贸易,发达国家和发展中国家专业于生产贸易链上不同环节和不同零部件的生产,并对国内就业结构、收入分配产生了实质性的影响。中国作为发展中大国,主要以加工贸易方式参与产品内国际分工,并成为世界性的生产加工和贸易基地。本文以中国的制造业为研究对象,探索在贸易开放条件下,产品内分工对制造业收入分配的影响。
围绕产品内分工与收入分配,论文的主体内容主要分为三大部分:首先,在梳理国内外学者有关贸易的收入分配效应的基础上,分析了古典贸易理论和新贸易理论在解释收入分配方面的合理性和局限性。同时,本论文认为国际分工模式已发生了重大变化,产业间和产业内分工的形式逐渐向产品内分工模式过渡。因此,研究国际贸易的收入分配效应,分析现代国际分工模式的转变和现状是关键因素。在此基础上,论文回顾了国内外学者对产品内国际分工和中间产品贸易以及中间投入品贸易的收入分配效应研究的相关成果。其次,在上述理论研究的基础上,利用历年中国统计年鉴和劳动年鉴公布的统计数据,从中国对外贸易方式结构、中国制造业的发展现状以及中国制造业工人的就业和工资水平四个方面,对中国制造业的产品内贸易和收入分配情况进行了较为系统的分析。最后,论文通过建立计量模型,对中国制造业中间投入品贸易对收入分配影响进行实证分析。论文得出的结论为:基于产品内分工的中间投入品的出口将降低技术工人的相对工资水平,中间投入品的进口会提高技术工人的相对工资水平。基于研究结论,论文最后提出在产品内分工条件下,抑制和缩小技术工人与非技术工人相对收入差距的政策建议。
The last three decades has witnessed the emergency of intra-product specialization as one of the important forms of labor division, and the drastic growth of trade in intermediate products under the economic globalization and technological process. Via intra-product specialization and intermediate goods trade, countries have been specializing in the specific process and parts and components in the chain of production and trade, which has affected their employment structure and income distribution. China has participated in the intra-product division in the form of processing trade and has become the centre of world processing. The paper takes the manufacturing industry as the subject and study the effect of intra-product specialization on the income distribution of China's manufacturing industry.
This paper focuses on the intra-product specialization and income distribution, consisting of three parts: first, based on the theories of previous works on the effect of trade on income distribution, the paper analyzes the rationality and limitation of classic trade and new trade theory in the aspect of explaining income distribution. The paper also holds the view that the model of international specialization has experienced the transition from inter-industry and intra-industry division to intra-product division. So the key factor in studying international trade's effect on income distribution is to analyze the transition of modern international division. Based on this, the paper reviews the relative study achievements on intra-product specialization, intermediate inputs trade and its effect on income distribution. Second, based on the theories referred above, the paper uses statistics to give a systematic analysis on the intra-product trade and income distribution of China's manufacturing industry from four aspects: the mode structure of China's foreign trade, the current situation and the employment and income level of China's manufacturing industry. Through building a calculating model, the paper carries out empirical analysis gains such a conclusion: the import and export of intermediate inputs will decrease and increase the relative income level of skilled workers respectively. In the end, the paper comes up with the policy suggestions to control the relative income distribution gap.
围绕产品内分工与收入分配,论文的主体内容主要分为三大部分:首先,在梳理国内外学者有关贸易的收入分配效应的基础上,分析了古典贸易理论和新贸易理论在解释收入分配方面的合理性和局限性。同时,本论文认为国际分工模式已发生了重大变化,产业间和产业内分工的形式逐渐向产品内分工模式过渡。因此,研究国际贸易的收入分配效应,分析现代国际分工模式的转变和现状是关键因素。在此基础上,论文回顾了国内外学者对产品内国际分工和中间产品贸易以及中间投入品贸易的收入分配效应研究的相关成果。其次,在上述理论研究的基础上,利用历年中国统计年鉴和劳动年鉴公布的统计数据,从中国对外贸易方式结构、中国制造业的发展现状以及中国制造业工人的就业和工资水平四个方面,对中国制造业的产品内贸易和收入分配情况进行了较为系统的分析。最后,论文通过建立计量模型,对中国制造业中间投入品贸易对收入分配影响进行实证分析。论文得出的结论为:基于产品内分工的中间投入品的出口将降低技术工人的相对工资水平,中间投入品的进口会提高技术工人的相对工资水平。基于研究结论,论文最后提出在产品内分工条件下,抑制和缩小技术工人与非技术工人相对收入差距的政策建议。
The last three decades has witnessed the emergency of intra-product specialization as one of the important forms of labor division, and the drastic growth of trade in intermediate products under the economic globalization and technological process. Via intra-product specialization and intermediate goods trade, countries have been specializing in the specific process and parts and components in the chain of production and trade, which has affected their employment structure and income distribution. China has participated in the intra-product division in the form of processing trade and has become the centre of world processing. The paper takes the manufacturing industry as the subject and study the effect of intra-product specialization on the income distribution of China's manufacturing industry.
This paper focuses on the intra-product specialization and income distribution, consisting of three parts: first, based on the theories of previous works on the effect of trade on income distribution, the paper analyzes the rationality and limitation of classic trade and new trade theory in the aspect of explaining income distribution. The paper also holds the view that the model of international specialization has experienced the transition from inter-industry and intra-industry division to intra-product division. So the key factor in studying international trade's effect on income distribution is to analyze the transition of modern international division. Based on this, the paper reviews the relative study achievements on intra-product specialization, intermediate inputs trade and its effect on income distribution. Second, based on the theories referred above, the paper uses statistics to give a systematic analysis on the intra-product trade and income distribution of China's manufacturing industry from four aspects: the mode structure of China's foreign trade, the current situation and the employment and income level of China's manufacturing industry. Through building a calculating model, the paper carries out empirical analysis gains such a conclusion: the import and export of intermediate inputs will decrease and increase the relative income level of skilled workers respectively. In the end, the paper comes up with the policy suggestions to control the relative income distribution gap.
引文
[1]参见《保护主义与实际工资》,华夏出版社,1996年版,第593-602页
[1]参见Paul.R.Krugman,Increasing Returns to Scale,Product Differentiation and International Trade,Journal of International Economies,2000(5):51-71.
[1]参见Robert C.Feenstra,Advanced International Trade:Theory and Evidence,2003年8月版,第四章。
[1]见黄丹《贸易自由化与中国收入分配的演变》,北京工业大学学报,2001年第4期,第102-104页。
[1]参见侯永志《经济全球化对收入分配的影响及其对中国的政策启示》,北京工业大学学报,2001年第4期。其中竞争动力结构指竞争动力的来源和竞争的强度,即竞争发生在那些竞争者之间和竞争的激烈程度。
[1]相关争论参见吕政主编的《中国能成为世界工厂吗?》,经济出版社,2003。
[1]Anne,O.Krueger.Trade and Employment[M].Chicago:The University of Chicago Press,1981
[2]Aniceto,C.Orbeta.Globalization and Employment:The Impact of Trade and Structure in The Philippines[J].PIDS,2002
[3]Arndt,Sven W.Super-Specialization and the Gains from Trade[J].Contemporary Policy Issues,Western Economic Association,1998b
[4]Bernard,Andrew B.& J.Bradford Jensen,Exporters.Skill Upgrading and the Wage Gap[J].Journal of International Economics,1997,(2):3-32
[5]Bin Xu.Trade Liberalization,Wage Inequality and Endogenously Determined Nontraded Goods[J].Journal of International Economies,2003,60(3):417-431
[6]Deardorff,Alan V.Ricardian.Fragmentation in Simple Trade Models[J].North American Journal of Economics and Finance,2001,(12):121-137
[7]Deardorff,Alan V.Ricardian.Comparative Advantage with Intermediate Inputs[J].North American Journal of Economies and Finance,2005,(16):11-34
[8]Driver,C.,Kilpatriek & A.&Naisbitt,B.The Employment Effects of UK Manufacturing Trade Expansion with the EEC and the Newly Industrializing Countries[J].European Economics Review,1986,Vol.30(2):427-438
[9]D.Sehurnacher.North-South Trade and Shifts in Employment:A Comparative Analysis of Six European Community Countries[J].International Labour Review,1984,123,(3):333-348
[10]Douglas A.Irwin & Marko Tervio.Does Trade Raise Income? Evidence.from the Twentieth Century[J].Journal of International Economics,2002,(58):1-18.
[11]Ethier,Wilfred J..Internationally Decreasing Costs and World Trade[J].Journal of International Economies,1982,(4):11-34
[12]Fisher,E.Growth,Trade and International Transfers[J].Journal of International Economies,1995,(39):332-345
[13]Grossman,Gene M.& Helpman,Elhanan.Outsourcing in a Global Economy[R].NBER Working Paper,2002a:8728
[14]Grossman,Gene M.& Helpman,Elhanan.Outsourcing versus FDI in Industry Equilibrium[R].NBER Working Paper,2002b:9300
[15]Harald Beyer,Patricio Rojas & Rodrigo Vergara.Trade liberalization and Wage Inequality[J].Journal of Development Economics,1999,(59):103-123
[16]Hummels,D & Rapoport,Dt.Vertical Specialization and Changing Natures of World Trade[J].Federal Reserve Bank of New York Economic Policy Review,1998,Vol.14(2):73-105
[17]Hummels,D,J.Ishii & K.Yi.The Nature and Growth of Vertical Specialization in World Trade[J].Journal of International Economies,2001,Vol.54(1):2695-2740
[18]Kuznets.Economic Growth and Income Inequality[J].American Economic Review,1945,(45):1-28
[19]Learner,E.E..What's the Use of Factor Contents?[J].Journal of International Economics,2000,(50):17-49.
[20]Marta Noguera & Marc Siscartb.Trade Raises Income:A Precise and Robust Result[J].Journal of International Economies,2005,(65):447-460
[21]Mathew J.Slaughter,Trade Liberalization and Per Capita Income Convergence:a difference-in-difference analysis[J].Journal of International Economics,2001,(55):203-228
[22]Messerlin,P.A..The Impact of Trade and Capital Movements on Labour:Evidence on the French Case[J].DECD Economic Studies,1995,(24):90-124
[23]Michael P.Dooley,David Folkerts-Landau & Peter Garber.Direct Investment,Rising Real Wages and the Absorption of Excess Labor in the Periphery[R].NBER working paper,2004,(6):10626
[24]Paolo Manasse & Alessandro Turrini.Trade,wages,and Superstars[J].Journal of International Economics,2001,(54):97-117
[25]Paul.R.Krugman.Technology,Trade and Factor Prices[J].Journal of International Economies,2000,(50):51-71.
[26]Peter Egger & Robert Stehrer.International Outsourcing and the Skill—Specific Wage Bill in Eastern Europe[J].The World Economy,2003,Vol.26(1):61-72
[27]Robert Feenstra & Cordon Hanson.Global Production Sharing and Rising Inequality:A Survey of Trade and Wages[R].NBER working paper,2001,(6):72-83
[28]Robert Feenstra & Cordon Hanson.Globalization,Outsourcing,and Wage Inequality[J].American Economic Review,American Economic Association,1996,Vol.86(2):240-45
[29]Robert Feenstra & Cordon Hanson.Productivity Measurement and the Impact of Trade and Technology on Wages:Estimate for the U.S.,1972-1990[R].NBER working paper,1997,(6):6052
[30]Robertson,Ramond.Trade Liberalization and Wage Inequality:Lesson from the Mexican Experience[J].World Development,2000,23(6):827-849
[31]Sanyal,Kalyan & Ronald W.Jones.The Theory of Trade in Middle Products[J].American Economic Review,1983,(3):16-31
[32]Roberto A.De Santis.Wage Inequality in the United Kingdom:Trade and/or Technology[J].The World Economy,2003,(26):893-909
[33]T.Huw Edwards,John Whalley.Short and Long Run Decompositions of OECD Wage Inequality Changes[R].NBER working paper,2002,(10):9265
[34]Wood,A.How Trade Hurt Unskilled Workers[J].Journal of Economic Perspectives,1995,(3):57-80
[35]Wood,A.The Factor Content of North-South Trade in Manufactures Reconsidered[M].Journal of Economic Perspectives,1991,(127):719-743
[36]Yeats,A.J.Just How Big is Global Production Sharing?[C].Manuscript,World Bank,1998
[37]高越.产品内分工与中国加工贸易的结构升级[J].北京:对外经贸实务,2006,(2):3-6
[38][美]格罗斯曼,赫尔普曼.全球经济中的创新与增长[M].北京:中国人民出版社,2003
[39]赵伟,严建苗.国际贸易:理论政策与现实问题[M].东北财经大学出版社,2003
[40]何璋,覃东海.开放程度与收人分配不平等问题—以中国为例[J].世界经济研究,2003,(4):56-60
[41]胡昭玲.国际垂直专业化分工与贸易:研究综述[J].南开经济研究,2006,(5):
[42]黄涛,陈良煜和王丽艳.中国行业吸纳就业的投入产出分析[J].经济科学,2002,(1):48-60
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[1]参见Paul.R.Krugman,Increasing Returns to Scale,Product Differentiation and International Trade,Journal of International Economies,2000(5):51-71.
[1]参见Robert C.Feenstra,Advanced International Trade:Theory and Evidence,2003年8月版,第四章。
[1]见黄丹《贸易自由化与中国收入分配的演变》,北京工业大学学报,2001年第4期,第102-104页。
[1]参见侯永志《经济全球化对收入分配的影响及其对中国的政策启示》,北京工业大学学报,2001年第4期。其中竞争动力结构指竞争动力的来源和竞争的强度,即竞争发生在那些竞争者之间和竞争的激烈程度。
[1]相关争论参见吕政主编的《中国能成为世界工厂吗?》,经济出版社,2003。
[1]Anne,O.Krueger.Trade and Employment[M].Chicago:The University of Chicago Press,1981
[2]Aniceto,C.Orbeta.Globalization and Employment:The Impact of Trade and Structure in The Philippines[J].PIDS,2002
[3]Arndt,Sven W.Super-Specialization and the Gains from Trade[J].Contemporary Policy Issues,Western Economic Association,1998b
[4]Bernard,Andrew B.& J.Bradford Jensen,Exporters.Skill Upgrading and the Wage Gap[J].Journal of International Economics,1997,(2):3-32
[5]Bin Xu.Trade Liberalization,Wage Inequality and Endogenously Determined Nontraded Goods[J].Journal of International Economies,2003,60(3):417-431
[6]Deardorff,Alan V.Ricardian.Fragmentation in Simple Trade Models[J].North American Journal of Economics and Finance,2001,(12):121-137
[7]Deardorff,Alan V.Ricardian.Comparative Advantage with Intermediate Inputs[J].North American Journal of Economies and Finance,2005,(16):11-34
[8]Driver,C.,Kilpatriek & A.&Naisbitt,B.The Employment Effects of UK Manufacturing Trade Expansion with the EEC and the Newly Industrializing Countries[J].European Economics Review,1986,Vol.30(2):427-438
[9]D.Sehurnacher.North-South Trade and Shifts in Employment:A Comparative Analysis of Six European Community Countries[J].International Labour Review,1984,123,(3):333-348
[10]Douglas A.Irwin & Marko Tervio.Does Trade Raise Income? Evidence.from the Twentieth Century[J].Journal of International Economics,2002,(58):1-18.
[11]Ethier,Wilfred J..Internationally Decreasing Costs and World Trade[J].Journal of International Economies,1982,(4):11-34
[12]Fisher,E.Growth,Trade and International Transfers[J].Journal of International Economies,1995,(39):332-345
[13]Grossman,Gene M.& Helpman,Elhanan.Outsourcing in a Global Economy[R].NBER Working Paper,2002a:8728
[14]Grossman,Gene M.& Helpman,Elhanan.Outsourcing versus FDI in Industry Equilibrium[R].NBER Working Paper,2002b:9300
[15]Harald Beyer,Patricio Rojas & Rodrigo Vergara.Trade liberalization and Wage Inequality[J].Journal of Development Economics,1999,(59):103-123
[16]Hummels,D & Rapoport,Dt.Vertical Specialization and Changing Natures of World Trade[J].Federal Reserve Bank of New York Economic Policy Review,1998,Vol.14(2):73-105
[17]Hummels,D,J.Ishii & K.Yi.The Nature and Growth of Vertical Specialization in World Trade[J].Journal of International Economies,2001,Vol.54(1):2695-2740
[18]Kuznets.Economic Growth and Income Inequality[J].American Economic Review,1945,(45):1-28
[19]Learner,E.E..What's the Use of Factor Contents?[J].Journal of International Economics,2000,(50):17-49.
[20]Marta Noguera & Marc Siscartb.Trade Raises Income:A Precise and Robust Result[J].Journal of International Economies,2005,(65):447-460
[21]Mathew J.Slaughter,Trade Liberalization and Per Capita Income Convergence:a difference-in-difference analysis[J].Journal of International Economics,2001,(55):203-228
[22]Messerlin,P.A..The Impact of Trade and Capital Movements on Labour:Evidence on the French Case[J].DECD Economic Studies,1995,(24):90-124
[23]Michael P.Dooley,David Folkerts-Landau & Peter Garber.Direct Investment,Rising Real Wages and the Absorption of Excess Labor in the Periphery[R].NBER working paper,2004,(6):10626
[24]Paolo Manasse & Alessandro Turrini.Trade,wages,and Superstars[J].Journal of International Economics,2001,(54):97-117
[25]Paul.R.Krugman.Technology,Trade and Factor Prices[J].Journal of International Economies,2000,(50):51-71.
[26]Peter Egger & Robert Stehrer.International Outsourcing and the Skill—Specific Wage Bill in Eastern Europe[J].The World Economy,2003,Vol.26(1):61-72
[27]Robert Feenstra & Cordon Hanson.Global Production Sharing and Rising Inequality:A Survey of Trade and Wages[R].NBER working paper,2001,(6):72-83
[28]Robert Feenstra & Cordon Hanson.Globalization,Outsourcing,and Wage Inequality[J].American Economic Review,American Economic Association,1996,Vol.86(2):240-45
[29]Robert Feenstra & Cordon Hanson.Productivity Measurement and the Impact of Trade and Technology on Wages:Estimate for the U.S.,1972-1990[R].NBER working paper,1997,(6):6052
[30]Robertson,Ramond.Trade Liberalization and Wage Inequality:Lesson from the Mexican Experience[J].World Development,2000,23(6):827-849
[31]Sanyal,Kalyan & Ronald W.Jones.The Theory of Trade in Middle Products[J].American Economic Review,1983,(3):16-31
[32]Roberto A.De Santis.Wage Inequality in the United Kingdom:Trade and/or Technology[J].The World Economy,2003,(26):893-909
[33]T.Huw Edwards,John Whalley.Short and Long Run Decompositions of OECD Wage Inequality Changes[R].NBER working paper,2002,(10):9265
[34]Wood,A.How Trade Hurt Unskilled Workers[J].Journal of Economic Perspectives,1995,(3):57-80
[35]Wood,A.The Factor Content of North-South Trade in Manufactures Reconsidered[M].Journal of Economic Perspectives,1991,(127):719-743
[36]Yeats,A.J.Just How Big is Global Production Sharing?[C].Manuscript,World Bank,1998
[37]高越.产品内分工与中国加工贸易的结构升级[J].北京:对外经贸实务,2006,(2):3-6
[38][美]格罗斯曼,赫尔普曼.全球经济中的创新与增长[M].北京:中国人民出版社,2003
[39]赵伟,严建苗.国际贸易:理论政策与现实问题[M].东北财经大学出版社,2003
[40]何璋,覃东海.开放程度与收人分配不平等问题—以中国为例[J].世界经济研究,2003,(4):56-60
[41]胡昭玲.国际垂直专业化分工与贸易:研究综述[J].南开经济研究,2006,(5):
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