景观破碎化对东北虎主要猎物种群影响模拟
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摘要
景观破碎化威胁着野生动物的生存和发展,是导致物种濒危和灭绝的根本原因。在破碎景观中,同时伴随着景观形态的破碎和生态功能的破碎(生境质量下降),同时又增加了野生动物被捕杀和盗猎的风险,这些因子相互交织在一起共同影响野生动物种群发展。研究景观破碎化对野生动物种群的影响,探讨制约其发展的关键影响因子,是野生动物保护和管理最基础也是最重要的研究内容之一。空间直观种群模型将现实生境和种群动态结合在一起,采用基于个体的模拟途径,综合了动物个体与生境之间的交互过程,在模拟和预测景观破碎化对动物影响方面具有突出的优势。
本文以东北虎主要猎物种群马鹿、野猪和狍子的生物学特性为基础,结合3S技术、数据库技术和计算机语言开发了空间直观种群模型(LAPS,Landscape-level Animal PopulaitonSimulator),完达山东部地区和珲春自然保护区模拟值和观测值的比较表明,空间直观种群模型(LAPS)能很好的模拟破碎景观中东北虎主要猎物种群的动态。以完达山东部地区为例,设置不同程度的意外死亡率、环境容纳量和景观形态破碎情景,通过LAPS模型的模拟运行,探讨人为盗猎和捕杀、生境质量下降和景观形态破碎对东北虎主要猎物种群的影响。本次模拟研究主要取得以下的成果和进展:
1.人为盗猎捕杀等非法行为引起的意外死亡事件是限制东北虎主要猎物种群发展的关键因子。在不同的景观形态破碎和生境质量下降组合情景中,人为捕杀和盗猎对马鹿、野猪和狍子种群动态均具有显著的影响,是引起种群数量下降的主要原因。较高的意外死亡率引起东北虎主要猎物种群的明显下降,随着意外死亡率的减小,种群数量逐渐得到上升和恢复。因此,在研究区破碎景观中,控制和降低人为盗猎引起的意外死亡事件是东北虎主要猎物种群保护和恢复的关键措施。
2.相较于以生境质量下降为主要特征的景观功能破碎,景观形态破碎对东北虎主要猎物种群动态具有更大的影响,因此应将保护的重点放在恢复景观空间格局上,保证足够的适宜生境面积,降低斑块形状的复杂性。本次模拟结果表明生境质量下降对破碎景观中马鹿和狍子种群没有显著影响,不是引起马鹿和狍子种群下降的主要原因。在各个景观形态破碎情景中,环境容纳量仅在个别意外死亡率情景中对野猪种群有显著影响,但这种显著的影响没有明显的规律性,生境质量下降对野猪的影响比较复杂。在各种组合情景中,景观形态破碎对马鹿和狍子种群没有显著影响,不是引起马鹿和狍子种群动态变化的重要因素。在意外死亡率较大的情况下,景观形态破碎对野猪种群没有显著影响,在意外死亡率较小的情况下,景观形态破碎对野猪种群动态具有显著的影响。破碎景观中强烈的人为盗猎活动掩盖或削弱了景观形态破碎对野猪种群的影响,随着人为盗猎强度的减弱,景观形态破碎对野猪种群的影响作用逐渐显现出来。
3.景观破碎化对东北虎主要猎物种群的影响表现出物种差别,通常马鹿和狍子对景观破碎化表现出一定的耐受性,种群响应外界干扰具有一定的稳定性;而野猪具有较大的敏感性和波动性,干扰减轻时种群恢复迅速,干扰增强时种群下降明显,因此在东北虎主要猎物种群保护过程中要考虑物种差别,要针对不同物种对景观破碎化的响应特点区别对待。
4.在完达山东部地区,破碎景观中的东北虎主要猎物种群集群主要分布在研究区最大的、连通性最好的阔叶混交林生境斑块内。虽然完达山东部地区景观处于破碎状态,但研究区最大的斑块仍然是阔叶混交林,几乎覆盖整个研究区,空间连通性较好。研究区最大的阔叶林生境斑块承载了大部分的东北虎主要猎物种群集群,在各种模拟情景中,东北虎主要猎物种群集群均主要分布在这个最大的生境斑块内。保护研究区最大的适宜生境斑块,阻止其进一步破碎是东北虎及其主要猎物种群保护和恢复的基础保障。
本次模拟研究结果为东北虎及其主要猎物种群的保护和恢复提供了重要的依据,同时也为其他地区的野生动物保护工作提供了参考。
Landscape fragmentation is the most important factor which threatened survival and development of wildlife,and it is the essential reason for the for endangered species and species extinction.There are landscape configuration fragmentation and ecological function fragmentation (habitat quality degradation) during landscape fragmentation process,at the same time the risks of hunting and poaching of wildlife by human was increased.These interlocking factors influence population development of wildlife together.Studying the effects of landscape fragmentation on wildlife population and discussing the key factors restricted wildlife population development are one of the most basic and important research contents of wildlife protection and management. Realistic habitat and population dynamics are combined based on individual in a spatially explicit population model.A spatially explicit population model has significant advantage in simulating and forecasting the effects of landscape fragmentation on wildlife by simulating population dynamics on a habitat map.
Based on ecological characteristics of Amur tiger's main prey-----red deer(Cervus elaphus), wild boar(Sus scrofa) and roe deer(Capreolus capreolus),and combined with 3S technology, data-base technology and computer language,a spatially explicit population model(LAPS, Landscape-level Animal Populaiton Simulator) was developed.The Comparison between simulated and observed values in the East of China's Wanda Mountains and the Hunchun Natural Reserve demonstrated that spatially explicit pupulation model(LAPS) simulated the effects of landscape fragmentationon on population dynamics of the Amur tiger's main prey very well. Taking the EWM for example,setting various scenarios of incidental mortality,environmental Carrying capacity and landscape configuration fragmentation,through running the LAPS model,the effects of hunting and poaching,habitat degradation and landscape configuration fragmentation on the Amur tiger's main prey were disscused.The conclusion and progress of the research are as follows:
1.Incidental mortality events induced by illegal activities mainly refering to hunting and poaching are the key factors restricting population development of the Amur tiger's main prey. Under different combined scenarios of landscape configuration fragmentation and habitat quality degradation,hunting and poaching had significant influence on population dynamics of red deer, wild boar and roe deer,which was the main reason for prey's population decline.Population size of the Amur tiger's main prey were declined dramaticlly under higher incidental mortality,and population size increased and recovered gradually with incidental mortality decrease.Therefore, controlling and reducing the incidental mortality events induced by hunting and poaching is the pivotal step to protect and recover the Amur tiger's main prey in fragmented landscape of research area.
2.Compared to the landscape ecological fragmentation who's main feature is the habitat quality degradation,landscape configuration fragmentation had more effects on population dynamics of the Amur tiger's main prey.Hence protective measure should be emphasized on recovering landscape spatial pattern,ensuring enough suitability habitat area and minishing complexity of patch figure.Simulation results showed that habitat quality degradation had no obviouse effects on red deer and roe deer population dynamics in fragmented landscape,which was't the main reason for the declination of red deer and roe deer population.Environmental carrying capacity had distinct effects on wild boar populaiton in several incidental mortality scenarios under various landscape configuration fragmentation scenarios,but clear rule were not found during that progress.We can conclud that the effects of environmental carrying capacity on wild boar are complicated relatively.The effects of landscape configuration fragmentation on red deer and roe deer population were not significant under various combineded scenarios.Landscape configuration fragmentation didn't mainly contribute to population dynamics of red deer and roe deer.Landscape configuration fragmentation didn't have obvious effects on wild boar population under higher incidental mortality scenarios,but had obvious effects under slighter incidental mortality scenarios.The effects of landscape configuration fragmentation on wild boar population were weakened and concealed by strong hunting and poaching in fragmented landscape,so the effects were emerged gradually with weakening of incidental mortality.
3.The effects of landscape fragmentation on the Amur tiger's main prey are difference in species.Response of red deer and roe deer to landscape fragmentation usually showed more tolerance and stability,that of wild boar showed more sensitivity and fluctuation.Wild boar population recovered rapidly when disturbance were weakened,and population decreased obviously when disturbance were increased.Therefore species differences should be considered during the protective process of the Amur tiger's main prey and should be treated differently.
4.Simulated ungulates blocks mainly distributed in the most largest broad-leaved forest patch with the best connectivity in the EWM.Although landscape was fragmented in the EWM,the habitat type of the most largest patch is broad-leaved forest all the same,which almost cover wholly research area and has better connectivity.The most largest broad-leaved forest patch in research area carried most ungulates blocks.Ungulates blocks all mainly distributed in the most largest patch under various simulation scenarios.Protecting the largest suitable habitat patch and preventing its fragmentation process are the basic guarantee for protection and recovery of the Amur tiger and its prey.
The simulation results provide important evidence for protection and recovery of the Amur tiger and its prey,at the same time,this paper provides reference for wildlife protection in other areas.
本文以东北虎主要猎物种群马鹿、野猪和狍子的生物学特性为基础,结合3S技术、数据库技术和计算机语言开发了空间直观种群模型(LAPS,Landscape-level Animal PopulaitonSimulator),完达山东部地区和珲春自然保护区模拟值和观测值的比较表明,空间直观种群模型(LAPS)能很好的模拟破碎景观中东北虎主要猎物种群的动态。以完达山东部地区为例,设置不同程度的意外死亡率、环境容纳量和景观形态破碎情景,通过LAPS模型的模拟运行,探讨人为盗猎和捕杀、生境质量下降和景观形态破碎对东北虎主要猎物种群的影响。本次模拟研究主要取得以下的成果和进展:
1.人为盗猎捕杀等非法行为引起的意外死亡事件是限制东北虎主要猎物种群发展的关键因子。在不同的景观形态破碎和生境质量下降组合情景中,人为捕杀和盗猎对马鹿、野猪和狍子种群动态均具有显著的影响,是引起种群数量下降的主要原因。较高的意外死亡率引起东北虎主要猎物种群的明显下降,随着意外死亡率的减小,种群数量逐渐得到上升和恢复。因此,在研究区破碎景观中,控制和降低人为盗猎引起的意外死亡事件是东北虎主要猎物种群保护和恢复的关键措施。
2.相较于以生境质量下降为主要特征的景观功能破碎,景观形态破碎对东北虎主要猎物种群动态具有更大的影响,因此应将保护的重点放在恢复景观空间格局上,保证足够的适宜生境面积,降低斑块形状的复杂性。本次模拟结果表明生境质量下降对破碎景观中马鹿和狍子种群没有显著影响,不是引起马鹿和狍子种群下降的主要原因。在各个景观形态破碎情景中,环境容纳量仅在个别意外死亡率情景中对野猪种群有显著影响,但这种显著的影响没有明显的规律性,生境质量下降对野猪的影响比较复杂。在各种组合情景中,景观形态破碎对马鹿和狍子种群没有显著影响,不是引起马鹿和狍子种群动态变化的重要因素。在意外死亡率较大的情况下,景观形态破碎对野猪种群没有显著影响,在意外死亡率较小的情况下,景观形态破碎对野猪种群动态具有显著的影响。破碎景观中强烈的人为盗猎活动掩盖或削弱了景观形态破碎对野猪种群的影响,随着人为盗猎强度的减弱,景观形态破碎对野猪种群的影响作用逐渐显现出来。
3.景观破碎化对东北虎主要猎物种群的影响表现出物种差别,通常马鹿和狍子对景观破碎化表现出一定的耐受性,种群响应外界干扰具有一定的稳定性;而野猪具有较大的敏感性和波动性,干扰减轻时种群恢复迅速,干扰增强时种群下降明显,因此在东北虎主要猎物种群保护过程中要考虑物种差别,要针对不同物种对景观破碎化的响应特点区别对待。
4.在完达山东部地区,破碎景观中的东北虎主要猎物种群集群主要分布在研究区最大的、连通性最好的阔叶混交林生境斑块内。虽然完达山东部地区景观处于破碎状态,但研究区最大的斑块仍然是阔叶混交林,几乎覆盖整个研究区,空间连通性较好。研究区最大的阔叶林生境斑块承载了大部分的东北虎主要猎物种群集群,在各种模拟情景中,东北虎主要猎物种群集群均主要分布在这个最大的生境斑块内。保护研究区最大的适宜生境斑块,阻止其进一步破碎是东北虎及其主要猎物种群保护和恢复的基础保障。
本次模拟研究结果为东北虎及其主要猎物种群的保护和恢复提供了重要的依据,同时也为其他地区的野生动物保护工作提供了参考。
Landscape fragmentation is the most important factor which threatened survival and development of wildlife,and it is the essential reason for the for endangered species and species extinction.There are landscape configuration fragmentation and ecological function fragmentation (habitat quality degradation) during landscape fragmentation process,at the same time the risks of hunting and poaching of wildlife by human was increased.These interlocking factors influence population development of wildlife together.Studying the effects of landscape fragmentation on wildlife population and discussing the key factors restricted wildlife population development are one of the most basic and important research contents of wildlife protection and management. Realistic habitat and population dynamics are combined based on individual in a spatially explicit population model.A spatially explicit population model has significant advantage in simulating and forecasting the effects of landscape fragmentation on wildlife by simulating population dynamics on a habitat map.
Based on ecological characteristics of Amur tiger's main prey-----red deer(Cervus elaphus), wild boar(Sus scrofa) and roe deer(Capreolus capreolus),and combined with 3S technology, data-base technology and computer language,a spatially explicit population model(LAPS, Landscape-level Animal Populaiton Simulator) was developed.The Comparison between simulated and observed values in the East of China's Wanda Mountains and the Hunchun Natural Reserve demonstrated that spatially explicit pupulation model(LAPS) simulated the effects of landscape fragmentationon on population dynamics of the Amur tiger's main prey very well. Taking the EWM for example,setting various scenarios of incidental mortality,environmental Carrying capacity and landscape configuration fragmentation,through running the LAPS model,the effects of hunting and poaching,habitat degradation and landscape configuration fragmentation on the Amur tiger's main prey were disscused.The conclusion and progress of the research are as follows:
1.Incidental mortality events induced by illegal activities mainly refering to hunting and poaching are the key factors restricting population development of the Amur tiger's main prey. Under different combined scenarios of landscape configuration fragmentation and habitat quality degradation,hunting and poaching had significant influence on population dynamics of red deer, wild boar and roe deer,which was the main reason for prey's population decline.Population size of the Amur tiger's main prey were declined dramaticlly under higher incidental mortality,and population size increased and recovered gradually with incidental mortality decrease.Therefore, controlling and reducing the incidental mortality events induced by hunting and poaching is the pivotal step to protect and recover the Amur tiger's main prey in fragmented landscape of research area.
2.Compared to the landscape ecological fragmentation who's main feature is the habitat quality degradation,landscape configuration fragmentation had more effects on population dynamics of the Amur tiger's main prey.Hence protective measure should be emphasized on recovering landscape spatial pattern,ensuring enough suitability habitat area and minishing complexity of patch figure.Simulation results showed that habitat quality degradation had no obviouse effects on red deer and roe deer population dynamics in fragmented landscape,which was't the main reason for the declination of red deer and roe deer population.Environmental carrying capacity had distinct effects on wild boar populaiton in several incidental mortality scenarios under various landscape configuration fragmentation scenarios,but clear rule were not found during that progress.We can conclud that the effects of environmental carrying capacity on wild boar are complicated relatively.The effects of landscape configuration fragmentation on red deer and roe deer population were not significant under various combineded scenarios.Landscape configuration fragmentation didn't mainly contribute to population dynamics of red deer and roe deer.Landscape configuration fragmentation didn't have obvious effects on wild boar population under higher incidental mortality scenarios,but had obvious effects under slighter incidental mortality scenarios.The effects of landscape configuration fragmentation on wild boar population were weakened and concealed by strong hunting and poaching in fragmented landscape,so the effects were emerged gradually with weakening of incidental mortality.
3.The effects of landscape fragmentation on the Amur tiger's main prey are difference in species.Response of red deer and roe deer to landscape fragmentation usually showed more tolerance and stability,that of wild boar showed more sensitivity and fluctuation.Wild boar population recovered rapidly when disturbance were weakened,and population decreased obviously when disturbance were increased.Therefore species differences should be considered during the protective process of the Amur tiger's main prey and should be treated differently.
4.Simulated ungulates blocks mainly distributed in the most largest broad-leaved forest patch with the best connectivity in the EWM.Although landscape was fragmented in the EWM,the habitat type of the most largest patch is broad-leaved forest all the same,which almost cover wholly research area and has better connectivity.The most largest broad-leaved forest patch in research area carried most ungulates blocks.Ungulates blocks all mainly distributed in the most largest patch under various simulation scenarios.Protecting the largest suitable habitat patch and preventing its fragmentation process are the basic guarantee for protection and recovery of the Amur tiger and its prey.
The simulation results provide important evidence for protection and recovery of the Amur tiger and its prey,at the same time,this paper provides reference for wildlife protection in other areas.
引文
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