关角隧道运营通风防灾技术研究
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摘要
关角隧道是世界上罕见的高海拔地区特长铁路隧道,对于其运营通风及防灾救援问题,国内外尚无相似经验可以借鉴。相对于一般隧道,高海拔地区特长铁路隧道有其特点,如高海拔特长铁路隧道内的污染物累积问题、活塞风引入新鲜空气长度问题、通风极限长度问题、通风风机效率问题以及防灾救援问题等。
本文通过对国内外资料调研,获得国内外运营隧道内污染物实测数据支持,针对现有标准对于高海拔地区的空缺,制定运营隧道内空气卫生环境的推荐值,确定关角隧道地区有害气体排放标准及控制标准建议值。研究表明在高海拔地区,机车排放的有害气体浓度和碳烟浓度较平原地区增加,并且有害气体对人体的危害在高海拔地区更为严重。
根据关角隧道实际情况,利用所收集的气象资料,对关角隧道自然风影响及活塞风影响进行研究,并建立关角隧道通风计算模型,通过三维数值模拟和应用网络通风理论,经过对比优化解决电力机车牵引隧道极限通风长度和关角隧道在运营阶段机械通风设置问题；通过对隧道内纵向通风系统中射流风机设置的不同形式进行模拟计算,确定了隧道内射流风机效率最高时的最佳风机布置形式；通过对隧道内自然风和活塞风计算,确定了关角隧道换气次数。
对于关角隧道防灾救援问题,本文通过对不同火灾场景下的数值模拟和人员疏散模拟,总结出不同火灾规模和不同救援横通道数量下火灾发展变化的规律,确定关角隧道现有的防灾救援设计是否能满足要求。
Guanjiao super-long railway tunnel is unusual at high altitudes in the world, there is a lack of experience at operation ventilation and disaster prevention of super-long railway tunnel at high altitudes. Compared with usual tunnels, Guanjiao tunnel has its characteristics, such as accumulation of contamination in tunnel, the length of fresh air brought in by train piston wind, the utmost length of tunnel ventilation, the efficiency of ventilation, disaster prevention and relief problems, and so on.
The author of this issue undertook a survey of field measurement data refer to accumulation of contamination in operated tunnels in the world. In order to fill up the vacant in the standard in existence at high altitudes, this thesis aims at put forward a set of recommendations of air circumstance and harmful gases emission control regulations in operated tunnels at high altitudes, especially in Guanjiao tunnel. It is indicate that harmful gases and soot concentration emitted by engine increase at high altitudes, and the harm to body of pollutes is more severe.
This thesis makes scientific researches on the effect of natural wind and piston wind in Guanjiao tunnel according to its actual meteorological circumstance. Utilizing 3D numerical simulation and ventilation net work theory based on ventilation calculating model of Guanjiao tunnel, through comparison optimization to figure out a set of problems such as the utmost length of electric railway tunnel ventilation and the mechanical ventilation settings in operation phases of Guanjiao tunnel. Through numerical simulation calculation, deciding fresh air exchanges rates and optimal installation of jet fans in Guanjiao tunnel.
As to disaster prevention and relief of Guanjiao tunnel, using numerical simulation software to simulate the fire scenarios and personnel evacuation under different conditions, summarizing the development law of fire under different fire scale with different evacuation adits, to ascertain whether the existing disaster prevention and relief design of Guanjiao tunnel can meet the need.
本文通过对国内外资料调研,获得国内外运营隧道内污染物实测数据支持,针对现有标准对于高海拔地区的空缺,制定运营隧道内空气卫生环境的推荐值,确定关角隧道地区有害气体排放标准及控制标准建议值。研究表明在高海拔地区,机车排放的有害气体浓度和碳烟浓度较平原地区增加,并且有害气体对人体的危害在高海拔地区更为严重。
根据关角隧道实际情况,利用所收集的气象资料,对关角隧道自然风影响及活塞风影响进行研究,并建立关角隧道通风计算模型,通过三维数值模拟和应用网络通风理论,经过对比优化解决电力机车牵引隧道极限通风长度和关角隧道在运营阶段机械通风设置问题；通过对隧道内纵向通风系统中射流风机设置的不同形式进行模拟计算,确定了隧道内射流风机效率最高时的最佳风机布置形式；通过对隧道内自然风和活塞风计算,确定了关角隧道换气次数。
对于关角隧道防灾救援问题,本文通过对不同火灾场景下的数值模拟和人员疏散模拟,总结出不同火灾规模和不同救援横通道数量下火灾发展变化的规律,确定关角隧道现有的防灾救援设计是否能满足要求。
Guanjiao super-long railway tunnel is unusual at high altitudes in the world, there is a lack of experience at operation ventilation and disaster prevention of super-long railway tunnel at high altitudes. Compared with usual tunnels, Guanjiao tunnel has its characteristics, such as accumulation of contamination in tunnel, the length of fresh air brought in by train piston wind, the utmost length of tunnel ventilation, the efficiency of ventilation, disaster prevention and relief problems, and so on.
The author of this issue undertook a survey of field measurement data refer to accumulation of contamination in operated tunnels in the world. In order to fill up the vacant in the standard in existence at high altitudes, this thesis aims at put forward a set of recommendations of air circumstance and harmful gases emission control regulations in operated tunnels at high altitudes, especially in Guanjiao tunnel. It is indicate that harmful gases and soot concentration emitted by engine increase at high altitudes, and the harm to body of pollutes is more severe.
This thesis makes scientific researches on the effect of natural wind and piston wind in Guanjiao tunnel according to its actual meteorological circumstance. Utilizing 3D numerical simulation and ventilation net work theory based on ventilation calculating model of Guanjiao tunnel, through comparison optimization to figure out a set of problems such as the utmost length of electric railway tunnel ventilation and the mechanical ventilation settings in operation phases of Guanjiao tunnel. Through numerical simulation calculation, deciding fresh air exchanges rates and optimal installation of jet fans in Guanjiao tunnel.
As to disaster prevention and relief of Guanjiao tunnel, using numerical simulation software to simulate the fire scenarios and personnel evacuation under different conditions, summarizing the development law of fire under different fire scale with different evacuation adits, to ascertain whether the existing disaster prevention and relief design of Guanjiao tunnel can meet the need.
引文
[1]中华人民共和国铁道部.铁路隧道运营通风设计规范(TB10068-2000) [S]北京：中国铁道出版社,2000.
[2]刘蓓.拉日线铁路隧道运营通风研究[D].成都：西南交通大学硕士学位论文.2005.
[3]王东,胡松涛,张瑜.青藏高原气候对旅客列车室内环境品质的影响[J].暖通空调.2005,35(5)：23-92.
[4]刘蓓,余南阳,赵海恒.青藏铁路隧道内有害气体浓度标准探讨[J].铁道劳动安全卫生与环保.2008,35(2)：83-86.
[5]施红生,任安绚,梁渤洲.青藏铁路运营期卫生保障策略[J].中国铁路.2006,(3)：23-28.
[6]赵亚林,蒋维武,林荫等.电气化双线运营隧道空气污染状况调查[J].铁道劳动安全卫生与环保.1998,25(3)：171-173.
[7]Noel de Nevers. Air Pollution Control Engineering[M]. McGrawHill Companies, Inc. 1995.
[8]D. Bergmann, S. Muller铁路柴油机的排放优化、废气再循环和废气后处理[J].吴平译.ETR.2006,No3：126-129.
[9]Peckham. Jack. Europe Finalizes Euro-6 Heavy-Duty Diesel Standards[J]. Diesel Fuel News,2009,(1).
[10]R. Marl, D. Friess, C. Schieber.“欧洲飞人”——西门子公司制造的环保型内燃机车[J].韩才元,吴雅丽译.ETR.2003,No1/2：48-53.
[11]村上浩一等.内燃动车环保评价系统[J].于筱迪,林航空译.RRR.2007,No8：22-25.
[12]吴旸,朱庚富.日本氮氧化物的排放标准研究[J].环境科学与管理.2008,33(11)：32-35.
[13]Ministry of the Environment. Government of Japan. Emission Regulations for Air Pollutants[S].1999.
[14]佐和隆光,王志轩译.日本的大气污染控制经验研讨委员会编.日本的大气污染控制经验[M].北京：中国电力出版社,2000：77-85.
[15]范厚彬,樊志华,董明刚.公路长隧道污染物的运移机理及一维解析分析[J].交通运输工程学报.2002,2(3)：57-59.
[16]Axel Bring, Tor-Goran Malmstrom. Carl Alex Boman. Simulation and measurement of road tunnel ventilation[J]. Tunneling and Underground Space Technology.1997.12(3): 417-424.
[17]李杰,孙三祥,王亚娥等.铁路隧道煤扬尘污染规律试验研究[J].兰州交通大学学报(自然科学版).2005,24(1)：52-54.
[18]施红生,赵亚林,任安绚.电气化隧道内有害气体污染的监测评价模式研究[J].中国铁道科学.2002,23(1)：126-130.
[19]杨秀竹,雷金山,王星华等.某铁路隧道空气细菌污染调查[J].环境监测管理与技术.2004,16(3)：21-22.
[20]刘丹,杨立中,于苏俊.运营隧道空气污染研究的现状与发展[J].铁道工程学报.2000,(4)：61-65.
[21]袁文忠.乌鞘岭特长铁路隧道空气环境质量调查分析[J].环境研究与监测.2009,22(1)：29-32.
[22]郝勇,孙健,王启峰等.重型车用柴油机排放法规及技术路线综述[J].内燃机与动力装置.2009,(3)：51-55.
[23]申立中,沈颖刚,毕玉华等.不同海拔高度下自然吸气和增压柴油机的燃烧过程[J].内燃机学报.2002,20(1)：49-52
[24]申立中,杨永忠,雷基林等.不同海拔下增压中冷柴油机性能和排放的研究[J].内燃机学报.2006,24(3)：250-255.
[25]申立中,沈颖刚,易宁等.柴油机运行在不同海拔地区的碳烟排放特性[J].内燃机工程.1997,18(4)：67-71.
[26]Uyehara O A. Diesel Combustion Temperature on Soot. SAE Paper 800969.
[27]Fujiwara Y and Fukazawa S. Growth and Combustion of Soot Particulate in the Exhaust of Diesel Engine. SAE Paper 800986.
[28]陈信,袁修干.人-机-环境系统工程生理学基础[M].北京：北京航空航天大学出版社,2000.
[29]格央.高原气候环境与人类健康[J].西藏科技.2006,(4)：50-51.
[30]Karl New, Damian M Bailey, Iain Campbell. Extremes of barometric pressure[J]. Anaesthesia & Intensive Care Medicine.2005,6(11):376-379.
[31]唐志新,杨鹏,吕文生.高原地下矿井下气体浓度标准探讨[J].金属矿山.2009,(5)：152-160.
[32]谢成范.青藏高原人体生理参值[M].北京：人民卫生出版社,1989.
[33]季学李,羌宁.空气污染控制工程[M].北京：化学工业出版社,2005.
[34]Martin Kraft, Thomas Eikmann, Andreas Kappos, et al., The German view:Effects of nitrogen dioxide on human health-derivation of health-related short-term and long-term values[J]. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health,2005, 208(4):305-318.
[35]铁道部劳动卫生研究所工业毒物研究室.关于运营隧道内空气中内燃机车废气容许浓度的建议[J].铁道劳动卫生通讯.1978,(1)：11-26.
[36]中华人民共和国卫生部.工作场所有害因素职业接触限值(GBZ 2-2007)[S].2007.
[37]张世杰,宋长平,李建国等.高原地区车间空气中CO卫生标准的研究[J].职业医学.1996,23(6)：37-38.
[38]Faruk Dincer, Tolga Elbir. Estimating national exhaust emissions from railway vehicles in Turkey[J]. Science of The Total Environment.2007,374(1):127-134.
[39]Chi-Ji Lin and Yew Khoy Chuah. A study on long tunnel smoke extraction strategies [J]. Tunneling and Underground Space Technology.2007,11.
[40]郑晋丽.介绍挪威道路隧道通风、污染设计准则[J].地下工程与隧道.1995,(2)：35-40.
[41]Fathi Tarada, Rudolf Bopp, Samuel Nyfeler, Kwang-Soo Jegal, Deog-Su Kim. Ventilation and Risk Control of the Young Dong Rail Tunnel in Korea. The First International Conference on Major Tunnel and Infrastructure Projects,22-24 May 2000, Taipei, Taiwan.
[42]中华人民共和国铁道部.铁路隧道设计规范(TB10003-2001) [S]北京：中国铁道出版社,2001.
[43]中华人民共和国铁道部.铁路工程设计防火规范(TB10063-99) [S]北京：中国铁道出版社,2000.
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[45]Sven J. Seirer, Volker Wetzig. Large scale fire tests with different railway overhead systems-experience by the test center[C]. In:Proceedings of the 33rd World Tunnel Congress 2007 in Prague.2007.
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[48]丁良平.高速铁路长大隧道列车火灾安全疏散研究[D].同济大学硕士学位论文.2008.
[49]陆绍中.高原条件下的运动能力[J].北京体育师范学院学报.1989,(2)：40-48.
[50]沈德功.高原环境对人体生理机能与运动能力的影响[J].西藏体育.1996,(2)：39-47.
[51]次旦晋美,米玛顿珠,卞力强.特高海拔运动生理研究[J].西藏大学学报.2000,15(2)：74-77.
[2]刘蓓.拉日线铁路隧道运营通风研究[D].成都：西南交通大学硕士学位论文.2005.
[3]王东,胡松涛,张瑜.青藏高原气候对旅客列车室内环境品质的影响[J].暖通空调.2005,35(5)：23-92.
[4]刘蓓,余南阳,赵海恒.青藏铁路隧道内有害气体浓度标准探讨[J].铁道劳动安全卫生与环保.2008,35(2)：83-86.
[5]施红生,任安绚,梁渤洲.青藏铁路运营期卫生保障策略[J].中国铁路.2006,(3)：23-28.
[6]赵亚林,蒋维武,林荫等.电气化双线运营隧道空气污染状况调查[J].铁道劳动安全卫生与环保.1998,25(3)：171-173.
[7]Noel de Nevers. Air Pollution Control Engineering[M]. McGrawHill Companies, Inc. 1995.
[8]D. Bergmann, S. Muller铁路柴油机的排放优化、废气再循环和废气后处理[J].吴平译.ETR.2006,No3：126-129.
[9]Peckham. Jack. Europe Finalizes Euro-6 Heavy-Duty Diesel Standards[J]. Diesel Fuel News,2009,(1).
[10]R. Marl, D. Friess, C. Schieber.“欧洲飞人”——西门子公司制造的环保型内燃机车[J].韩才元,吴雅丽译.ETR.2003,No1/2：48-53.
[11]村上浩一等.内燃动车环保评价系统[J].于筱迪,林航空译.RRR.2007,No8：22-25.
[12]吴旸,朱庚富.日本氮氧化物的排放标准研究[J].环境科学与管理.2008,33(11)：32-35.
[13]Ministry of the Environment. Government of Japan. Emission Regulations for Air Pollutants[S].1999.
[14]佐和隆光,王志轩译.日本的大气污染控制经验研讨委员会编.日本的大气污染控制经验[M].北京：中国电力出版社,2000：77-85.
[15]范厚彬,樊志华,董明刚.公路长隧道污染物的运移机理及一维解析分析[J].交通运输工程学报.2002,2(3)：57-59.
[16]Axel Bring, Tor-Goran Malmstrom. Carl Alex Boman. Simulation and measurement of road tunnel ventilation[J]. Tunneling and Underground Space Technology.1997.12(3): 417-424.
[17]李杰,孙三祥,王亚娥等.铁路隧道煤扬尘污染规律试验研究[J].兰州交通大学学报(自然科学版).2005,24(1)：52-54.
[18]施红生,赵亚林,任安绚.电气化隧道内有害气体污染的监测评价模式研究[J].中国铁道科学.2002,23(1)：126-130.
[19]杨秀竹,雷金山,王星华等.某铁路隧道空气细菌污染调查[J].环境监测管理与技术.2004,16(3)：21-22.
[20]刘丹,杨立中,于苏俊.运营隧道空气污染研究的现状与发展[J].铁道工程学报.2000,(4)：61-65.
[21]袁文忠.乌鞘岭特长铁路隧道空气环境质量调查分析[J].环境研究与监测.2009,22(1)：29-32.
[22]郝勇,孙健,王启峰等.重型车用柴油机排放法规及技术路线综述[J].内燃机与动力装置.2009,(3)：51-55.
[23]申立中,沈颖刚,毕玉华等.不同海拔高度下自然吸气和增压柴油机的燃烧过程[J].内燃机学报.2002,20(1)：49-52
[24]申立中,杨永忠,雷基林等.不同海拔下增压中冷柴油机性能和排放的研究[J].内燃机学报.2006,24(3)：250-255.
[25]申立中,沈颖刚,易宁等.柴油机运行在不同海拔地区的碳烟排放特性[J].内燃机工程.1997,18(4)：67-71.
[26]Uyehara O A. Diesel Combustion Temperature on Soot. SAE Paper 800969.
[27]Fujiwara Y and Fukazawa S. Growth and Combustion of Soot Particulate in the Exhaust of Diesel Engine. SAE Paper 800986.
[28]陈信,袁修干.人-机-环境系统工程生理学基础[M].北京：北京航空航天大学出版社,2000.
[29]格央.高原气候环境与人类健康[J].西藏科技.2006,(4)：50-51.
[30]Karl New, Damian M Bailey, Iain Campbell. Extremes of barometric pressure[J]. Anaesthesia & Intensive Care Medicine.2005,6(11):376-379.
[31]唐志新,杨鹏,吕文生.高原地下矿井下气体浓度标准探讨[J].金属矿山.2009,(5)：152-160.
[32]谢成范.青藏高原人体生理参值[M].北京：人民卫生出版社,1989.
[33]季学李,羌宁.空气污染控制工程[M].北京：化学工业出版社,2005.
[34]Martin Kraft, Thomas Eikmann, Andreas Kappos, et al., The German view:Effects of nitrogen dioxide on human health-derivation of health-related short-term and long-term values[J]. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health,2005, 208(4):305-318.
[35]铁道部劳动卫生研究所工业毒物研究室.关于运营隧道内空气中内燃机车废气容许浓度的建议[J].铁道劳动卫生通讯.1978,(1)：11-26.
[36]中华人民共和国卫生部.工作场所有害因素职业接触限值(GBZ 2-2007)[S].2007.
[37]张世杰,宋长平,李建国等.高原地区车间空气中CO卫生标准的研究[J].职业医学.1996,23(6)：37-38.
[38]Faruk Dincer, Tolga Elbir. Estimating national exhaust emissions from railway vehicles in Turkey[J]. Science of The Total Environment.2007,374(1):127-134.
[39]Chi-Ji Lin and Yew Khoy Chuah. A study on long tunnel smoke extraction strategies [J]. Tunneling and Underground Space Technology.2007,11.
[40]郑晋丽.介绍挪威道路隧道通风、污染设计准则[J].地下工程与隧道.1995,(2)：35-40.
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