温度对花岗岩力学性能影响实验研究及井壁稳定性的分析
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摘要
随着科学技术的不断进步，钻探技术的日益成熟，使得钻井深度逐步增加。同时由于深部的地层环境为高温高压，因此处于深部的地层其物理力学性质的等都会发生相应的改变，从而使得对于井壁稳定性问题的研究显得非常重要。
本文通过研究温度对深部地质钻井中所钻遇的花岗岩地层的影响进行研究，主要是通过将所取的花岗岩试样加温冷却后，测量其纵波波速的变化情况，从而利用细观理论的间接试验法得出温度的变化对花岗岩内部结构、微细裂纹的扩展所带来的影响。其次，将加温冷却后的花岗岩试样分别进行岩石的单轴和常规三轴试验，从而得出温度对花岗岩的力学性质的影响，并且依据试验所得到的相关数据，整理出一些力学参数与温度的变化关系，为后期关于井壁稳定性进行数值模拟时提供相应的参数选择依据。最后，基于先前的试验研究及得到的相关规律，通过利用ANSYS数值模拟软件对于实际钻井过程中，钻井液在环空循环过程中对井壁及其围岩的影响进行了相关的模拟。
本文通过利用细观力学试验的间接试验方法-超声波，得到了试样在加温前后其纵波波速会发生很大的变化，从而认为温度的升高使得花岗岩内部的微裂纹发生了扩展、贯通，岩石的内部结构发生了改变。其次，依据岩石的单轴和常规三轴试验，得到温度对花岗岩力学性质具有很大的影响，其中包括：弹性模量、峰值应力、内摩擦角、粘聚力等。最后，通过数值模拟得出，在实际钻井过程中，关于井壁稳定性问题的研究时，不仅要考虑地层原有的地应力作用，同时也要考虑钻井液的液柱压力，而且钻井液在环空中循环时，对井壁及其围岩的温度也会产生很大的影响。同时，温度的变化也会给井壁及其围岩的力学性质及其稳定性带来相关的影响。
With the progress of science and technology, the drilling technology becomesmore and more sophisticated. In the deep strata, the environment is high temperatureand high pressure. At the same time, the physical and mechanical properties of deepstrata will change, the wellbore stability is very important.
In the deep drilling, the deep granite formation will be impact by the temperature.In this paper, the granite sample are taken to heat and cold, and measure P-wavevelocity, then using the indirect test method of the microscopic theory to know thechange of internal structure of granite and the impact of micro-crack propagation.Secondly, the heating and cooling of the granite specimens are taken to make theuniaxial and the triaxial tests. From the tests, the impact of temperature on themechanical properties of granite can been knew, and the temperature change inrelationship between the corresponding parameters will been getting. Then, we canuse the experiment reports to choose the parameters of numerical simulate. Finally,based on the previous pilot study and the relevant law, the circulation process ofdrilling fluid in the actual drilling will been simulated by ansys numerical software.
Through the use of ultrasound method, the wave velocity of the heating andcooling samples vary greatly, so we can believe that there are great relationship withthe micro-crack extending, linking and temperature. Simultaneously, the internalstructure of rock has been changed. Second, according to the reports of tests, themechanical properties of granite are effect by the temperature, such as elastic modulus,peak stress, internal friction, cohesive force, and so on. Third, not only the originalstrata of ground stresses be considered, but also the fluid column pressure of thedrilling fluid taken into account. At the same time, the effect of temperature betweenthe drilling fluid that in the ring of air circulation and the borehole and its surroundingrock should been taken into considered. Because, the change of temperature will madethe mechanical properties of the borehole and its surrounding rock will be changed,and the wellbore been unstable.
本文通过研究温度对深部地质钻井中所钻遇的花岗岩地层的影响进行研究，主要是通过将所取的花岗岩试样加温冷却后，测量其纵波波速的变化情况，从而利用细观理论的间接试验法得出温度的变化对花岗岩内部结构、微细裂纹的扩展所带来的影响。其次，将加温冷却后的花岗岩试样分别进行岩石的单轴和常规三轴试验，从而得出温度对花岗岩的力学性质的影响，并且依据试验所得到的相关数据，整理出一些力学参数与温度的变化关系，为后期关于井壁稳定性进行数值模拟时提供相应的参数选择依据。最后，基于先前的试验研究及得到的相关规律，通过利用ANSYS数值模拟软件对于实际钻井过程中，钻井液在环空循环过程中对井壁及其围岩的影响进行了相关的模拟。
本文通过利用细观力学试验的间接试验方法-超声波，得到了试样在加温前后其纵波波速会发生很大的变化，从而认为温度的升高使得花岗岩内部的微裂纹发生了扩展、贯通，岩石的内部结构发生了改变。其次，依据岩石的单轴和常规三轴试验，得到温度对花岗岩力学性质具有很大的影响，其中包括：弹性模量、峰值应力、内摩擦角、粘聚力等。最后，通过数值模拟得出，在实际钻井过程中，关于井壁稳定性问题的研究时，不仅要考虑地层原有的地应力作用，同时也要考虑钻井液的液柱压力，而且钻井液在环空中循环时，对井壁及其围岩的温度也会产生很大的影响。同时，温度的变化也会给井壁及其围岩的力学性质及其稳定性带来相关的影响。
With the progress of science and technology, the drilling technology becomesmore and more sophisticated. In the deep strata, the environment is high temperatureand high pressure. At the same time, the physical and mechanical properties of deepstrata will change, the wellbore stability is very important.
In the deep drilling, the deep granite formation will be impact by the temperature.In this paper, the granite sample are taken to heat and cold, and measure P-wavevelocity, then using the indirect test method of the microscopic theory to know thechange of internal structure of granite and the impact of micro-crack propagation.Secondly, the heating and cooling of the granite specimens are taken to make theuniaxial and the triaxial tests. From the tests, the impact of temperature on themechanical properties of granite can been knew, and the temperature change inrelationship between the corresponding parameters will been getting. Then, we canuse the experiment reports to choose the parameters of numerical simulate. Finally,based on the previous pilot study and the relevant law, the circulation process ofdrilling fluid in the actual drilling will been simulated by ansys numerical software.
Through the use of ultrasound method, the wave velocity of the heating andcooling samples vary greatly, so we can believe that there are great relationship withthe micro-crack extending, linking and temperature. Simultaneously, the internalstructure of rock has been changed. Second, according to the reports of tests, themechanical properties of granite are effect by the temperature, such as elastic modulus,peak stress, internal friction, cohesive force, and so on. Third, not only the originalstrata of ground stresses be considered, but also the fluid column pressure of thedrilling fluid taken into account. At the same time, the effect of temperature betweenthe drilling fluid that in the ring of air circulation and the borehole and its surroundingrock should been taken into considered. Because, the change of temperature will madethe mechanical properties of the borehole and its surrounding rock will be changed,and the wellbore been unstable.
引文
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Cuss R J, Rutter E H, Holloway R.F. Experimental Observation of the Mechanics of BoreholeFailure in Porous sandstone[J]. International Journal of Rock Mechanics&Mining Sciences,2003,40:747-761.
Chen G. Z, Chenevert M E, Sharma M. M, etal. A Study of Wellbore Stability in Shales IncludingPoroelastic, Chemical, and Thermal effects[J]. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering2003,38:167-176.
Darot M, Reuschle T. Acoustic Wave Velocity and Permeability Evolution During Pressure Cycleson a Thermally Cracked Granite[J]. International Journal of Rock Mechanics&Mining Sciences,2000,37:1019-1026.
Ding D Y. Coupled Simulation of Near-Wellbore and Reservoir Models[J]. Journal of PetroleumScience and Engineering,2011,76:21-36.
Fairhurst C. The Phenomenon of Rock Splitting Parallel to a Free Surface Under CompressiveStress[J]. Proceedings1stCongress of the International Society of Rock Mechanics, Lisbon,1968.Gentzis T, Deisman N, Chalaturnyk R. J. Effect of Drilling Fluids on Coal Permeability: Impact onHorizontal Wellbore Stability[J]. International Journal of Coal Geology,2009,78:177-191.
Hubbert M K and Willis D G. Mechanics of Hydraulic Fracturing [J]. Journal of PetroleumTechnology,1957:153-168.
Homand E F., Houpert R. Thermally Induced Microcracking in Granites: Characterization andAnalysis[J]. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences&GeomechanicsAbstracts,1989,26(2):125-134.
Johnson B, Gangi A F, Handin J. Thermal Cracking of Rock Subject to Slow, UniformTemperature Changes[C]. Proceedings19thUS Symposium Rock Mechanics,1978:259-267.
Maury V, Guenot A. Aquitaine E. Practical Advantages of Mud Cooling Systems for Drilling[J].Society of Petroleum Engineers,1995,10:42-48.
Mckenzie C K, Stacy G P, Gladwin M T. Ultrasonic Characteristics of a Rock Mass. InternationalJournal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences&Geomechanics Abstracts,1982,19(1):25-30.
Miura K, Okui Yoshiaki, Horii H. Micromechanics-Based Prediction of Creep Failure of hardRock for Long-Term Safety of High-Level Radioactive Waste Disposal System[J]. Mechanics ofMaterials,2003,35:587-601.
Nawrocki P A, Dusseault M B, Bratli R K. Assessment of Some Semi-Analytical Models forNon-linear Modelling of Borehole Stresses [J].International Journal of Rock Mechanics andMining Sciences and Geomechanics,1996,35:522.
Nguyen V X, Abousleiman Y N, Hoang S K. Analyses of Wellbore Instability on Drilling ThroughChemically Active Fractured-Rock Formations[J]. Society of Petroleum Engineers,2009:283-301.
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