泥页岩井壁稳定性研究
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摘要
泥页岩井壁稳定性研究一直是国内外钻井界十分关注而未能很好解决的工程难题，是目前制约我国油气田勘探开发速度的重要因素之一。泥页岩水化问题在研究井壁稳定过程中扮演着极其重要的角色，是绝大数井壁失稳的真正原因。因此深入研究泥页岩水化机理，并探索有效抑制泥页岩水化的方法具有极其重要的意义。
本论文的主要目的是对泥页岩井壁稳定性进行分析研究，尤其是水基钻井液与泥页岩地层接触后，水力势差、化学势差和温度差对井壁稳定性的影响。通过分析研究本论文的主要取得的研究成果包括以下几方面：①首先从泥页岩的组成及物理性质出发，系统分析了泥页岩水化的内在原因；②利用测井方法确定地层孔隙压力大小和水平主应力大小及方向；③利用试验方法和测井资料确定岩石弹性力学参数，用热扩散模型模拟吸附水扩散，结合质量守恒方程研究了井眼周围岩石吸附含水量的分布状况，并根据岩石力学参数与岩石含水量间的关系，研究了泥页岩水化对泥页岩岩石力学参数的影响；④研究了斜井井眼周围岩石应力分布情况，并建立数学模型进行泥页岩井壁纯力学稳定性分析；⑤利用非理想半渗透膜模型结合连续方程研究了溶质(离子)和溶剂(水分子)在压力势差和化学势差的驱动下，在钻进液与地层间的耦合流动，研究了井壁周围岩石孔隙流体溶质浓度、孔隙压力变化及分布情况，定量分析了溶质和溶剂的耦合流动对岩石应力分量的影响，并对泥页岩井壁稳定性进行力学化学耦合分析研究；⑥定量分析了钻井液与地层间温度差异对泥页岩井壁稳定性的影响。
The study on shale wellbore stability is the engineering problem which is fully concerned about and not solved well in drilling region both home and broad, and it is also a grand problem of hindering the exploring and exploiting velocity. The problem of shale hydration plays a very important role in the study on shale stability, which is the true reason of shale instability. Therefore, it is extremely important to study the mechanisms of shale hydration and search for efficient restraining measures.
The dissertation's main purpose is to study and analyze the shale wellbore stability, especially the effect of hydraulic difference, chemical potential and temperature after the drilling fluid coming into contact with shale formations. Through studying and analyzing, following are the major points and achievements presented in this dissertation: (1) systematically analyzing the internal factors of shale hydration by studying shale compositions and physical properties; (2)determining the pore pressure and horizontal stresses by means of logging method; (3) determining the rock mechanics parameters with experimentations and logging data, simulating water absorption diffusion with the thermal diffusion model, studying the moisture content of rock around the wellbore with the equation of mass conservation, studying the effect of shale hydration on rock mechanics parameters; (4)studying the distribution of rock stresses around the deviated hole, establishing the mathematical model and analyzing the wellbore stability; (5)studying the coupling flow of water and ions into and out of shale formations due to the difference in chemical and hydraulic potentials with the no ideal semi-permeable membrane and continuity equation, studying the change and distribution of ion density and pore pressure, quantitatively analyzing the influence of coupling flow on the rock stresses, and analyzing the shale stability; (6) quantitatively analyzing the effect of temperature difference between drilling fluid and formation on the shale stability.
本论文的主要目的是对泥页岩井壁稳定性进行分析研究，尤其是水基钻井液与泥页岩地层接触后，水力势差、化学势差和温度差对井壁稳定性的影响。通过分析研究本论文的主要取得的研究成果包括以下几方面：①首先从泥页岩的组成及物理性质出发，系统分析了泥页岩水化的内在原因；②利用测井方法确定地层孔隙压力大小和水平主应力大小及方向；③利用试验方法和测井资料确定岩石弹性力学参数，用热扩散模型模拟吸附水扩散，结合质量守恒方程研究了井眼周围岩石吸附含水量的分布状况，并根据岩石力学参数与岩石含水量间的关系，研究了泥页岩水化对泥页岩岩石力学参数的影响；④研究了斜井井眼周围岩石应力分布情况，并建立数学模型进行泥页岩井壁纯力学稳定性分析；⑤利用非理想半渗透膜模型结合连续方程研究了溶质(离子)和溶剂(水分子)在压力势差和化学势差的驱动下，在钻进液与地层间的耦合流动，研究了井壁周围岩石孔隙流体溶质浓度、孔隙压力变化及分布情况，定量分析了溶质和溶剂的耦合流动对岩石应力分量的影响，并对泥页岩井壁稳定性进行力学化学耦合分析研究；⑥定量分析了钻井液与地层间温度差异对泥页岩井壁稳定性的影响。
The study on shale wellbore stability is the engineering problem which is fully concerned about and not solved well in drilling region both home and broad, and it is also a grand problem of hindering the exploring and exploiting velocity. The problem of shale hydration plays a very important role in the study on shale stability, which is the true reason of shale instability. Therefore, it is extremely important to study the mechanisms of shale hydration and search for efficient restraining measures.
The dissertation's main purpose is to study and analyze the shale wellbore stability, especially the effect of hydraulic difference, chemical potential and temperature after the drilling fluid coming into contact with shale formations. Through studying and analyzing, following are the major points and achievements presented in this dissertation: (1) systematically analyzing the internal factors of shale hydration by studying shale compositions and physical properties; (2)determining the pore pressure and horizontal stresses by means of logging method; (3) determining the rock mechanics parameters with experimentations and logging data, simulating water absorption diffusion with the thermal diffusion model, studying the moisture content of rock around the wellbore with the equation of mass conservation, studying the effect of shale hydration on rock mechanics parameters; (4)studying the distribution of rock stresses around the deviated hole, establishing the mathematical model and analyzing the wellbore stability; (5)studying the coupling flow of water and ions into and out of shale formations due to the difference in chemical and hydraulic potentials with the no ideal semi-permeable membrane and continuity equation, studying the change and distribution of ion density and pore pressure, quantitatively analyzing the influence of coupling flow on the rock stresses, and analyzing the shale stability; (6) quantitatively analyzing the effect of temperature difference between drilling fluid and formation on the shale stability.
引文
[1] H.M.Westergard, Plastic State of Stress around a Deep Well, J.Boston Soc.Civil Eng.Jan.1940
[2] M.K.Hubbert and D.G.Willis, Mechanics of Hydraulic Fracting, J.P.T. (June 1957)
[3] C.Fairhurst, Measurement of In situ Rock Stress, with Particular Reference to Hydraulic Fracturing, Felsemechanik and ingenieurgeologie (1964) 2,129-143.
[4] K.Terzaghi, Theoretical Soil Mechanics, John Wiley&Sonic Ine, New York City (1943)
[5] M.M.Carroll, Mechanics Response of fluid saturated Porous Materials, Proc. 15th Intl.cong. Theoretical and Applied Mechanics Toronto (Aug.17-23, 1980)
[6] M.A.Biot, General Theory of Three-Dimensional Consolidation, J. App. Phys. (Ten.1941) 12,144-164
[7] M.A.Biot, Theory of Elasticity and Consolidation for a Porous Anisotropic Solid, J. App. Phys. (Feb.1955) 26, 182-185
[8] R.M.Bowen, Compressible Porous Media Models By Use of the Theory of Mixture, Intl. J. Eng. Science (1982) 20, 697-736
[9] Lubinski, A., the Theory of Elasticity for Porous Bodies Displaying a Strong Pore Structure, Proc. Second U. S. Natl. Cong. Applied Mechanics, ASME (1954) 247-256
[10] 孟英峰．泥页岩水化反应的系统仿真技术及其在油气田开发领域中的应用．博士论文，1997
[11] 邓虎．泥页岩水化失稳的理论模型及实验研究．博士论文，2004
[12] C.H.Yew, M.H.Chenevrt: Wellbore Stress Distribution Produced by Moisture Adsorption, SPE19536
[13] 黄荣樽等．泥页岩井壁稳定力学与化学的耦合研究．钻井液与完井液，1995年，3期
[14] A.H.Hale, F.K.Mody, Experimental Investigation of the influence of Chemical Potential, SPE23885
[15] F.K.Mody, A.H.Hale: A Borehole Stability Modal To Couple the Mechanics and Chemistry of Drilling fluid shale Interaction, SPE 25728
[16] Chee.P.Tan: Effect of Swelling and Hydrational Stress in Shales on Wellbore Stability, SPE 38057
[17] Hong Huang: Numerical simulation and Experimental Studies of Shale Interaction with Water-Base Drilling Fluid, SPE 47796
[18] 林雅琴等．粘土颗粒阳离子交换容量的测定．大庆石油学院学报，1981年4期
[19] 邱正松等．泥页岩比表面积测定方法研究．钻井液与完井液，1999年1期
[20] 李生林、张元一译．粘土类土和岩石的强度与变形性能．石油工业出版社，1985年
[21] 沈明道．粘土矿物及微组构与石油勘探．电子科技大学出版社，1993
[22] 刘向君，罗平亚．石油测井与井壁稳定．石油工业出版社
[23] 樊洪海．测井资料检测地层孔隙压力传统方法讨论．石油勘探与开发，2003年8月
[24] 梁红军等．利用声波时差检测地层孔隙压力的新方法．石油钻采工艺，1998年2期
[25] 蔡美峰．地应力测量原理和技术．北京：科学出版社，2002年
[26] 钟敬敏．春晓气田群定向井井壁稳定性研究．硕士论文
[27] 李英．川东飞仙关组地层压力测井解释方法研究．硕士论文
[28] 雷正义．砂泥岩井壁力学稳定性研究及软件编写．硕士论文
[29] Deere,. D.U.and Miller, R.P: Classification and Index Properties for Intact Rock, Technical report Air force Weapon Laboratory AFWL - TR- 65-116,1996
[30] Coates, D.R.and Denoo, S.A. Mechanical Properties Program Using Borehole Analysis and Mohr's circle, SPWLA Twcnty-seceng Annual Logging Symposiums Transaction (1951), P23-26
[31] 阎铁，李士斌．深部井眼岩石力学理论与实践．石油工业出版社，2002年，6月
[32] 王俊奎等．弹性固体力学．中国铁道出版社，1988年
[33] 徐芝纶．弹性力学．高等教育出版社，1987年
[34] 张青，杜静．岩石力学基础冲国铁道出版社出版，1997年
[35] Mondshine, T.C. New Technique Determines Oil-mud Salinity Needs in Shale Drilling. The Oil and Gas Journal, 1969,7,14
[36] T.C.Mondshine, J.D. Kercheville: Shale Dehydration Studies Point Way to Successful Gumbo-Shale Drilling. The Oil and Gas Journal, 1966,3,28
[37] Hale, A. H., Mody, F.K and Salisbury D.F. Experimental Investigation of the Influence of Chemical Potential on Wellbore Stability. IADCSPE Paper 23885, 1992
[38] Chenevert M E and Sharma A K, Permeability and Effective Pore Pressure of Shales .SPE Paper 21918, 1991
[39] Ballard, T.J, Beare, S.P and Lawless, T.A.Fundamentals of Shale Stabilization, Water Transport through Shales. SPE Paper 24974, 1992
[40] Bol G M, Borehole Stability in Shales. SPE Paper 24975, 1992 Simpson J P. Drilling Fluids-today and Tomorrow, Journal of Petroleum Technology, 1971, 11
[41] Van Oort E, Hale A. H and Mody F K. Critical Parameters in Modeling the Chemical Aspects of Borehole Stability in Shales and in Designing Improved Water-Based Shale Drilling Fluids. SPE 28309, 1994
[42] 杜德林，樊世忠等．水基流体中页岩的渗透水化．钻井液与完井液，1996，13(3)
[43] Fritz S J. Ideality of Clay Membrances in Osmotic Process: A Review. Clay and Clay Minerals, 1986, 34(2)
[44] 彭建伟．大庆油田水平井水基钻井液体系研究．硕士论文，2004年
[45] 王彬等．MEG水基钻井液的研究与应用．石油钻探技术．2005．33(2)
[46] 郑力会等．钻井液用仿磺化沥青防塌剂的性能与作用机理．油田化学，2005，22(2)
[47] Marshall, C.E.: The Physical Chemistry and mineralogy of Solid, John &Wiley Sons, Inc., New York (1964)
[48] Chenevert, M.E. and Pemot V: Control of Shale Swelling Pressures Using Inhabitive Water-Base Mud, SPE 49263
[49] Marshall, C.E., the Physical Chemistry and Mineralog of Solids, John & Wiley Sons, Inc., New York (1964)
[50] Chenvert, M.E. and Pcmot V.: Control of Shale Swelling Pressures Using Inhabitivc Water-base Muds, SPE 49263
[51] Wang, Y.L.Papamichos, E: Conductive Heat Flow and Thermally Induced Fluid Flow around a Well Bore in a Poroclastic Medium, Water Resources Research, 30 (12) (Dec, 1994) 3378-3384
[52] Rosana F.T.Lomba, M.E. Chenevert: The role of osmotic effects in fluid flow through shales, Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering 25(2000)25-35
[53] M.Yu, G.Chen, Chenevrt: Chemical and Thermal Effects on Wellbore Stability of Shale formations, SPE 71366
[54] Eric Van Oort. Physico-Chemical Stabilization of Shales, SPE 37263
[55] Rosana F.T.Lomba, M.E.Chenevert: The ion-selective membrancc behavior of native shales, Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering 25(2000)9-23
[56] Guizhong Chen, A Study of Wellbore Stability in Shales Inducing Poroelastic, Chemical, and Thermal Effects, doctor paper August 2001
[57] Carlos Fernando Hunmbert Fonseca, Chemical-Mechanical Modelling of Wellbore Instability in Shales, doctor paper, May, 1998
[2] M.K.Hubbert and D.G.Willis, Mechanics of Hydraulic Fracting, J.P.T. (June 1957)
[3] C.Fairhurst, Measurement of In situ Rock Stress, with Particular Reference to Hydraulic Fracturing, Felsemechanik and ingenieurgeologie (1964) 2,129-143.
[4] K.Terzaghi, Theoretical Soil Mechanics, John Wiley&Sonic Ine, New York City (1943)
[5] M.M.Carroll, Mechanics Response of fluid saturated Porous Materials, Proc. 15th Intl.cong. Theoretical and Applied Mechanics Toronto (Aug.17-23, 1980)
[6] M.A.Biot, General Theory of Three-Dimensional Consolidation, J. App. Phys. (Ten.1941) 12,144-164
[7] M.A.Biot, Theory of Elasticity and Consolidation for a Porous Anisotropic Solid, J. App. Phys. (Feb.1955) 26, 182-185
[8] R.M.Bowen, Compressible Porous Media Models By Use of the Theory of Mixture, Intl. J. Eng. Science (1982) 20, 697-736
[9] Lubinski, A., the Theory of Elasticity for Porous Bodies Displaying a Strong Pore Structure, Proc. Second U. S. Natl. Cong. Applied Mechanics, ASME (1954) 247-256
[10] 孟英峰．泥页岩水化反应的系统仿真技术及其在油气田开发领域中的应用．博士论文，1997
[11] 邓虎．泥页岩水化失稳的理论模型及实验研究．博士论文，2004
[12] C.H.Yew, M.H.Chenevrt: Wellbore Stress Distribution Produced by Moisture Adsorption, SPE19536
[13] 黄荣樽等．泥页岩井壁稳定力学与化学的耦合研究．钻井液与完井液，1995年，3期
[14] A.H.Hale, F.K.Mody, Experimental Investigation of the influence of Chemical Potential, SPE23885
[15] F.K.Mody, A.H.Hale: A Borehole Stability Modal To Couple the Mechanics and Chemistry of Drilling fluid shale Interaction, SPE 25728
[16] Chee.P.Tan: Effect of Swelling and Hydrational Stress in Shales on Wellbore Stability, SPE 38057
[17] Hong Huang: Numerical simulation and Experimental Studies of Shale Interaction with Water-Base Drilling Fluid, SPE 47796
[18] 林雅琴等．粘土颗粒阳离子交换容量的测定．大庆石油学院学报，1981年4期
[19] 邱正松等．泥页岩比表面积测定方法研究．钻井液与完井液，1999年1期
[20] 李生林、张元一译．粘土类土和岩石的强度与变形性能．石油工业出版社，1985年
[21] 沈明道．粘土矿物及微组构与石油勘探．电子科技大学出版社，1993
[22] 刘向君，罗平亚．石油测井与井壁稳定．石油工业出版社
[23] 樊洪海．测井资料检测地层孔隙压力传统方法讨论．石油勘探与开发，2003年8月
[24] 梁红军等．利用声波时差检测地层孔隙压力的新方法．石油钻采工艺，1998年2期
[25] 蔡美峰．地应力测量原理和技术．北京：科学出版社，2002年
[26] 钟敬敏．春晓气田群定向井井壁稳定性研究．硕士论文
[27] 李英．川东飞仙关组地层压力测井解释方法研究．硕士论文
[28] 雷正义．砂泥岩井壁力学稳定性研究及软件编写．硕士论文
[29] Deere,. D.U.and Miller, R.P: Classification and Index Properties for Intact Rock, Technical report Air force Weapon Laboratory AFWL - TR- 65-116,1996
[30] Coates, D.R.and Denoo, S.A. Mechanical Properties Program Using Borehole Analysis and Mohr's circle, SPWLA Twcnty-seceng Annual Logging Symposiums Transaction (1951), P23-26
[31] 阎铁，李士斌．深部井眼岩石力学理论与实践．石油工业出版社，2002年，6月
[32] 王俊奎等．弹性固体力学．中国铁道出版社，1988年
[33] 徐芝纶．弹性力学．高等教育出版社，1987年
[34] 张青，杜静．岩石力学基础冲国铁道出版社出版，1997年
[35] Mondshine, T.C. New Technique Determines Oil-mud Salinity Needs in Shale Drilling. The Oil and Gas Journal, 1969,7,14
[36] T.C.Mondshine, J.D. Kercheville: Shale Dehydration Studies Point Way to Successful Gumbo-Shale Drilling. The Oil and Gas Journal, 1966,3,28
[37] Hale, A. H., Mody, F.K and Salisbury D.F. Experimental Investigation of the Influence of Chemical Potential on Wellbore Stability. IADCSPE Paper 23885, 1992
[38] Chenevert M E and Sharma A K, Permeability and Effective Pore Pressure of Shales .SPE Paper 21918, 1991
[39] Ballard, T.J, Beare, S.P and Lawless, T.A.Fundamentals of Shale Stabilization, Water Transport through Shales. SPE Paper 24974, 1992
[40] Bol G M, Borehole Stability in Shales. SPE Paper 24975, 1992 Simpson J P. Drilling Fluids-today and Tomorrow, Journal of Petroleum Technology, 1971, 11
[41] Van Oort E, Hale A. H and Mody F K. Critical Parameters in Modeling the Chemical Aspects of Borehole Stability in Shales and in Designing Improved Water-Based Shale Drilling Fluids. SPE 28309, 1994
[42] 杜德林，樊世忠等．水基流体中页岩的渗透水化．钻井液与完井液，1996，13(3)
[43] Fritz S J. Ideality of Clay Membrances in Osmotic Process: A Review. Clay and Clay Minerals, 1986, 34(2)
[44] 彭建伟．大庆油田水平井水基钻井液体系研究．硕士论文，2004年
[45] 王彬等．MEG水基钻井液的研究与应用．石油钻探技术．2005．33(2)
[46] 郑力会等．钻井液用仿磺化沥青防塌剂的性能与作用机理．油田化学，2005，22(2)
[47] Marshall, C.E.: The Physical Chemistry and mineralogy of Solid, John &Wiley Sons, Inc., New York (1964)
[48] Chenevert, M.E. and Pemot V: Control of Shale Swelling Pressures Using Inhabitive Water-Base Mud, SPE 49263
[49] Marshall, C.E., the Physical Chemistry and Mineralog of Solids, John & Wiley Sons, Inc., New York (1964)
[50] Chenvert, M.E. and Pcmot V.: Control of Shale Swelling Pressures Using Inhabitivc Water-base Muds, SPE 49263
[51] Wang, Y.L.Papamichos, E: Conductive Heat Flow and Thermally Induced Fluid Flow around a Well Bore in a Poroclastic Medium, Water Resources Research, 30 (12) (Dec, 1994) 3378-3384
[52] Rosana F.T.Lomba, M.E. Chenevert: The role of osmotic effects in fluid flow through shales, Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering 25(2000)25-35
[53] M.Yu, G.Chen, Chenevrt: Chemical and Thermal Effects on Wellbore Stability of Shale formations, SPE 71366
[54] Eric Van Oort. Physico-Chemical Stabilization of Shales, SPE 37263
[55] Rosana F.T.Lomba, M.E.Chenevert: The ion-selective membrancc behavior of native shales, Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering 25(2000)9-23
[56] Guizhong Chen, A Study of Wellbore Stability in Shales Inducing Poroelastic, Chemical, and Thermal Effects, doctor paper August 2001
[57] Carlos Fernando Hunmbert Fonseca, Chemical-Mechanical Modelling of Wellbore Instability in Shales, doctor paper, May, 1998