缝隙电磁散射的算法研究
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摘要
随着雷达散射截面(RCS)减缩技术的发展，缝隙对目标散射行为的影响日益突出。
本文通过不同的模型研究分析了缝隙电磁散射的多种基本算法，包括二维无限长窄缝的准静态公式、基于积分方程和矩量法的二维缝隙的散射分析、有限长直缝散射计算的物理基公式及准静态近似结合行波散射计算三维缝隙的散射等，并通过算例，讨论了这些算法的特点。论文重点研究了FDTD算法在无限大导电平面上缝隙的散射计算中的应用，该算法对入射波和平面反射波进行了处理和修正，最终，在FDTD散射公式中只计算缝隙的散射。经过验证，与未修正FDTD算法的结果相比，该算法的精度明显得以提高。
With the increasing development of Radar Cross Section(RCS) reduction techniques, scattering from the slots or grooves have provided more important contribution to a target's scattering behavior.
Some basic methods about the slot's electromagnetic scattering are studied and analyzed in this thesis. These methods include the quasi-static approximation formulation applied in 2-d infinite long slot, the 2-d slot scattering analysis based on integral equation and the Method of Moments, a physical basis formulation for a finite-length trough, and a quasi-static approximation combined with travel wave's scattering calculated scattering from a 3-d crack. Through many examples, these methods' characteristics are discussed. In this paper, the emphasis is the application of the FDTD arithmetic in slot's scattering. This method modifies incidence wave and the reflected wave from conducted plane, and that result in the FDTD scattering formulations are only about the scattering field of slot. After validation, the modified has obviously improved the basic FDTD arithmetic's precision.
本文通过不同的模型研究分析了缝隙电磁散射的多种基本算法，包括二维无限长窄缝的准静态公式、基于积分方程和矩量法的二维缝隙的散射分析、有限长直缝散射计算的物理基公式及准静态近似结合行波散射计算三维缝隙的散射等，并通过算例，讨论了这些算法的特点。论文重点研究了FDTD算法在无限大导电平面上缝隙的散射计算中的应用，该算法对入射波和平面反射波进行了处理和修正，最终，在FDTD散射公式中只计算缝隙的散射。经过验证，与未修正FDTD算法的结果相比，该算法的精度明显得以提高。
With the increasing development of Radar Cross Section(RCS) reduction techniques, scattering from the slots or grooves have provided more important contribution to a target's scattering behavior.
Some basic methods about the slot's electromagnetic scattering are studied and analyzed in this thesis. These methods include the quasi-static approximation formulation applied in 2-d infinite long slot, the 2-d slot scattering analysis based on integral equation and the Method of Moments, a physical basis formulation for a finite-length trough, and a quasi-static approximation combined with travel wave's scattering calculated scattering from a 3-d crack. Through many examples, these methods' characteristics are discussed. In this paper, the emphasis is the application of the FDTD arithmetic in slot's scattering. This method modifies incidence wave and the reflected wave from conducted plane, and that result in the FDTD scattering formulations are only about the scattering field of slot. After validation, the modified has obviously improved the basic FDTD arithmetic's precision.
引文
1．葛德彪、阎玉波．电磁波时域有限差分方法．西安电子科技大学出版社，2002
2．侯新宇、万伟、万国宾．导电平面上槽与缝的散射．电波科学学刊，1995，10(1，2)，131—137
3．侯新宇、万伟．理想导电平面上凹槽和缝隙的电磁散射研究．中国国防科学技术报告，2000．
4. K. Barkeshli and J. L. Volakis, "Scattering from narrow grooves and slits," J. Electromag. Waves and Appl., 1992, 6(4): 459～474.
5. T. B. A. Senior and J. L. Volakis, "Scattering by gaps and cracks," J. IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., 1989, 37(6): 744～750.
6. T. B. A. Senior and John R. Natzke, "Scattering by a narrow gap," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., vol. 38, pp. 1102-1110, July 1990
7. Allen K. Dominek and Harry T. Shamansky and Nan Wang, "Scattering from Three-Dimensional Cracks," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., vol. 37, no. 5, May 1989
8. J M Jin, Sean S. Ni, Shung-Wu Lee. Hybridization of SBR and FEM for Scattering by Large Bodies with Crack and Cavities [J]. IEEE Trans, 1995, AP 43(10): 1130-1139
9．聂小春，葛德彪等．计算开槽电大目标电磁散射的IPO—MoM混合法[J]．西安：西安电子科技大学学报，1999，26(1)：13-17
10. Jeng S. K., "Scattering from a Cavity-Backed slit in a ground plane-TE case," IEEE trans on AP, 1990, 38(10): 1523-1529
11. R. Luebbers and C. Penney, " Scattering from apertures in infinite ground planes using FDTD," IEEE trans. Antennas Propagat., vol. 45, no. 5, pp. 731-736, 1994
12．丁卫平、徐金平．带有腔体或槽缝的电大尺寸目标电磁散射特性分析．电子学报，2002，6，Vol．30，No．6
13．张振利、倪维立．缝隙及其与边缘的相互作用对目标散射的影响．电波科学学报，2001，09，Vol．16，No．3
14. Douglas J. Riley, C. David Turner, "Hybrid Thin-Slot Algorithm for the analysis of Narrow Apertures in FDTD Calculations," IEEE trans. Antennas Propagat., vol. 43, no. 10, pp. 1130-1139, 1995
15. H. Shamansky, A. Dominek, N. Wang, "A Physical Basis Formulation for the Electromagnetic Backscattering by a Finite-Length Rectangular Trough in a Ground Plane," IEEE trans. Antennas Propagat., vol. 41, no. 4, pp. 397-402, 1993
16. X. Zhu, J. Jin, "Approximate Calculation of Scattered Field from Three-Dimensional Narrow Cracks," [J] Electromagnetic Waves and Applications, Vol. 13, 3-24, 1999
17. J. M. Jin, J. L. Volakis, "TM scattering by an inhomogeneously filled aperture in a thick conducting plane," IEEE, trans, vol. 137, no. 3, pp. 153-159, 1990
18. J. M. Jin, J. L. Volakis, "TE scattering by an inhomogeneously filled aperture in a thick conducting plane," IEEE, trans, vol. 38, no. 8, pp. 1280-1286, 1990
19. K. Barkeshli, J. L. Volakis, "TE Scattering by a Two Dimensional Groove in a Ground Plane Using Higher Order Boundary Conditions," IEEE, Trans. Vol. 38, no. 9 1421-1428, 1990
20. K. W. White, Eric Michielssen, Raj Mittra, "Approximating the Scattering by a Material-Filled 2-D Trough in an Infinite Plane Using the Impedance Boundary Condition," IEEE Trans. Vol. 41, no. 2, pp. 146-153, 1993
21．阮颖铮等编著．雷达截面与隐身技术，国防工业出版社，1998．
22．E．F．克拉特等[美]，阮颖铮泽．雷达散射截面—预估、测量和缩减，电子工业出版社，北京1988．
24．黄学刚．时域有限差分法及其在电磁兼容中的应用，成都电子科技大学硕士论文，2001．
25．李建周．雷达散射截面算法研究及应用，西北工业大学硕士论文，2002．
26．郝彬．应用与时域有限差分法的完全匹配层吸收边界，西安电子科技大学硕士论文，1999
26. T. B. A. SENIOR, Some Extensions of Babinet's Principle in Electromagnetic Theory, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., vol. AP-25, no. 3, pp. 417-420, May 1977.
27. R. F. Harrington and J. R. Maultz, "Generalized network formulateon for aperture problems," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., vol. AP-24, pp. 870-873, Nov. 1976.
28. M. I. Herman and J. L. Volakis, "High frequency scattering by a resistive strip and extensions to conductive and impedence strip," Radio Sci., vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 335-349, 1987
29．R．F．哈林登著．孟侃译，正弦电磁波，上海科学技术出版社．
30．高本庆．时域有限差分法FDTD Method，国防工业出版社，北京，1995．3
31. Barkeshli, K., and J. L. Volakis, "Scattering from narrow rectangular filled grooves," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., Vol. AP-39, 804-810, June 1991.
32. Shore, R. A. and A. D. Yaghjian, "Incremental diffraction coefficients for planar surfaces," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., Vol. AP-36, 55-70, January 1988.
33. Knott, E. F., "The relationship between Mitzner's ILDC and Michaeli's equivalent currents," IEEE Trans. Antennas Proqagat., Vol. AP-33, 112-114, January 1985.
34. C. M. Butler, Y. Rahmat-Samii, and R. Mittra, "Electromagnetic penetration through apertures in conducting surfaces," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., vol. 14, pp. 82-93, Jan. 1978
35. T. K. Sarker, "The application of the conjugate gradient method for a solution of operator equation arising in electromagnetics scattering from wire antennas," Radio Science, Vol. 19, no. 5, pp. 1156-1172, Sept. 1984
2．侯新宇、万伟、万国宾．导电平面上槽与缝的散射．电波科学学刊，1995，10(1，2)，131—137
3．侯新宇、万伟．理想导电平面上凹槽和缝隙的电磁散射研究．中国国防科学技术报告，2000．
4. K. Barkeshli and J. L. Volakis, "Scattering from narrow grooves and slits," J. Electromag. Waves and Appl., 1992, 6(4): 459～474.
5. T. B. A. Senior and J. L. Volakis, "Scattering by gaps and cracks," J. IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., 1989, 37(6): 744～750.
6. T. B. A. Senior and John R. Natzke, "Scattering by a narrow gap," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., vol. 38, pp. 1102-1110, July 1990
7. Allen K. Dominek and Harry T. Shamansky and Nan Wang, "Scattering from Three-Dimensional Cracks," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., vol. 37, no. 5, May 1989
8. J M Jin, Sean S. Ni, Shung-Wu Lee. Hybridization of SBR and FEM for Scattering by Large Bodies with Crack and Cavities [J]. IEEE Trans, 1995, AP 43(10): 1130-1139
9．聂小春，葛德彪等．计算开槽电大目标电磁散射的IPO—MoM混合法[J]．西安：西安电子科技大学学报，1999，26(1)：13-17
10. Jeng S. K., "Scattering from a Cavity-Backed slit in a ground plane-TE case," IEEE trans on AP, 1990, 38(10): 1523-1529
11. R. Luebbers and C. Penney, " Scattering from apertures in infinite ground planes using FDTD," IEEE trans. Antennas Propagat., vol. 45, no. 5, pp. 731-736, 1994
12．丁卫平、徐金平．带有腔体或槽缝的电大尺寸目标电磁散射特性分析．电子学报，2002，6，Vol．30，No．6
13．张振利、倪维立．缝隙及其与边缘的相互作用对目标散射的影响．电波科学学报，2001，09，Vol．16，No．3
14. Douglas J. Riley, C. David Turner, "Hybrid Thin-Slot Algorithm for the analysis of Narrow Apertures in FDTD Calculations," IEEE trans. Antennas Propagat., vol. 43, no. 10, pp. 1130-1139, 1995
15. H. Shamansky, A. Dominek, N. Wang, "A Physical Basis Formulation for the Electromagnetic Backscattering by a Finite-Length Rectangular Trough in a Ground Plane," IEEE trans. Antennas Propagat., vol. 41, no. 4, pp. 397-402, 1993
16. X. Zhu, J. Jin, "Approximate Calculation of Scattered Field from Three-Dimensional Narrow Cracks," [J] Electromagnetic Waves and Applications, Vol. 13, 3-24, 1999
17. J. M. Jin, J. L. Volakis, "TM scattering by an inhomogeneously filled aperture in a thick conducting plane," IEEE, trans, vol. 137, no. 3, pp. 153-159, 1990
18. J. M. Jin, J. L. Volakis, "TE scattering by an inhomogeneously filled aperture in a thick conducting plane," IEEE, trans, vol. 38, no. 8, pp. 1280-1286, 1990
19. K. Barkeshli, J. L. Volakis, "TE Scattering by a Two Dimensional Groove in a Ground Plane Using Higher Order Boundary Conditions," IEEE, Trans. Vol. 38, no. 9 1421-1428, 1990
20. K. W. White, Eric Michielssen, Raj Mittra, "Approximating the Scattering by a Material-Filled 2-D Trough in an Infinite Plane Using the Impedance Boundary Condition," IEEE Trans. Vol. 41, no. 2, pp. 146-153, 1993
21．阮颖铮等编著．雷达截面与隐身技术，国防工业出版社，1998．
22．E．F．克拉特等[美]，阮颖铮泽．雷达散射截面—预估、测量和缩减，电子工业出版社，北京1988．
24．黄学刚．时域有限差分法及其在电磁兼容中的应用，成都电子科技大学硕士论文，2001．
25．李建周．雷达散射截面算法研究及应用，西北工业大学硕士论文，2002．
26．郝彬．应用与时域有限差分法的完全匹配层吸收边界，西安电子科技大学硕士论文，1999
26. T. B. A. SENIOR, Some Extensions of Babinet's Principle in Electromagnetic Theory, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., vol. AP-25, no. 3, pp. 417-420, May 1977.
27. R. F. Harrington and J. R. Maultz, "Generalized network formulateon for aperture problems," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., vol. AP-24, pp. 870-873, Nov. 1976.
28. M. I. Herman and J. L. Volakis, "High frequency scattering by a resistive strip and extensions to conductive and impedence strip," Radio Sci., vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 335-349, 1987
29．R．F．哈林登著．孟侃译，正弦电磁波，上海科学技术出版社．
30．高本庆．时域有限差分法FDTD Method，国防工业出版社，北京，1995．3
31. Barkeshli, K., and J. L. Volakis, "Scattering from narrow rectangular filled grooves," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., Vol. AP-39, 804-810, June 1991.
32. Shore, R. A. and A. D. Yaghjian, "Incremental diffraction coefficients for planar surfaces," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., Vol. AP-36, 55-70, January 1988.
33. Knott, E. F., "The relationship between Mitzner's ILDC and Michaeli's equivalent currents," IEEE Trans. Antennas Proqagat., Vol. AP-33, 112-114, January 1985.
34. C. M. Butler, Y. Rahmat-Samii, and R. Mittra, "Electromagnetic penetration through apertures in conducting surfaces," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., vol. 14, pp. 82-93, Jan. 1978
35. T. K. Sarker, "The application of the conjugate gradient method for a solution of operator equation arising in electromagnetics scattering from wire antennas," Radio Science, Vol. 19, no. 5, pp. 1156-1172, Sept. 1984