单多普勒雷达风场反演（VAD）技术的研究
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摘要
多普勒雷达资料的应用，关键之一在于发展风场反演技术。因为多普勒雷达探测到的仅仅是风矢量在径向上的分量。多普勒雷达探测到的径向风场资料必须通过一定的数学方法手段才能得到可用的二维、三维风场。
本文第一章概述了多普勒雷达的应用，分析了各种多普勒雷达风场反演技术并对风场反演技术进行总结和展望。第二章详细介绍了多普勒雷达资料的预处理方法。统计结果表明经过预处理后能较好的减少RMS。第三章在几种VAD算法中选择了一种较好的算法，分别用实际业务中使用的两种实施策略：单仰角VAD方法和多仰角VAD方法进行风场反演，比较了这两种算法的反演结果，并提出了融合这两种方法优点的自适应仰角取样策略。结果表明本文提出的自适应VAD方法结合了前两种VAD方法的优点，能得到更实用的结果。
由于VAD方法只是揭示了平均风矢量从低空到高空的演变，得到的是各个高度层上的平均风场，无法得知各个高度层上的水平风场。在一定的假设条件下，通过VAP或UW技术等其它方法反演获取二维风场。本文第四章中运用UW方法进行二维风场的个例反演试验。结果表明UW方法能反演出各高度层上部分二维风场信息。
The key development of the wind retrieval technique is the application of Doppler radar data. A Doppler radar only measures the component of the velocity in the line of sight, the so-called radial velocity. Radial velocity data is not straightforward to interpret, some further processing is required before it can be presented to users. And structure of the wind field which we obtained with Doppler radar is not the real wind field; it should be converted into two or three-dimension wind field through some methods.
Chapter one in this paper gives brief applications of Doppler radar, analyses the techniques of wind retrieval; The Second part introduce the methods of Dealiasing; Using VAD technique, the environmental wind can be extracted. During actual operation, there are two kinds of practice strategies, one is single-elevation VAD method, and the other is multi-elevation VAD method. There are different between those two methods. Self-adjust elevation VAD methods proposed combine the merits of front two methods. Those methods are discussed in the third part to find out the different, and self-adjust elevation VAD methods can get more valuable wind information.
The changes of mean wind from low-level to high-level can be show from VAD technique. We can get the mean wind of certain level only, but no the distributing at different azimuth .So we maybe ignored some local -system. If we want to know the distribution of wind, we could use Velocity Azimuth Processing (VAP) method or Uniform Wind (UW) technique etc. to get the two-dimensional wind field. Finally experimentation to retrieval two-dimensional wind field using UW technique was carried out It is showed mat wind character can be extracted through this method
本文第一章概述了多普勒雷达的应用，分析了各种多普勒雷达风场反演技术并对风场反演技术进行总结和展望。第二章详细介绍了多普勒雷达资料的预处理方法。统计结果表明经过预处理后能较好的减少RMS。第三章在几种VAD算法中选择了一种较好的算法，分别用实际业务中使用的两种实施策略：单仰角VAD方法和多仰角VAD方法进行风场反演，比较了这两种算法的反演结果，并提出了融合这两种方法优点的自适应仰角取样策略。结果表明本文提出的自适应VAD方法结合了前两种VAD方法的优点，能得到更实用的结果。
由于VAD方法只是揭示了平均风矢量从低空到高空的演变，得到的是各个高度层上的平均风场，无法得知各个高度层上的水平风场。在一定的假设条件下，通过VAP或UW技术等其它方法反演获取二维风场。本文第四章中运用UW方法进行二维风场的个例反演试验。结果表明UW方法能反演出各高度层上部分二维风场信息。
The key development of the wind retrieval technique is the application of Doppler radar data. A Doppler radar only measures the component of the velocity in the line of sight, the so-called radial velocity. Radial velocity data is not straightforward to interpret, some further processing is required before it can be presented to users. And structure of the wind field which we obtained with Doppler radar is not the real wind field; it should be converted into two or three-dimension wind field through some methods.
Chapter one in this paper gives brief applications of Doppler radar, analyses the techniques of wind retrieval; The Second part introduce the methods of Dealiasing; Using VAD technique, the environmental wind can be extracted. During actual operation, there are two kinds of practice strategies, one is single-elevation VAD method, and the other is multi-elevation VAD method. There are different between those two methods. Self-adjust elevation VAD methods proposed combine the merits of front two methods. Those methods are discussed in the third part to find out the different, and self-adjust elevation VAD methods can get more valuable wind information.
The changes of mean wind from low-level to high-level can be show from VAD technique. We can get the mean wind of certain level only, but no the distributing at different azimuth .So we maybe ignored some local -system. If we want to know the distribution of wind, we could use Velocity Azimuth Processing (VAP) method or Uniform Wind (UW) technique etc. to get the two-dimensional wind field. Finally experimentation to retrieval two-dimensional wind field using UW technique was carried out It is showed mat wind character can be extracted through this method
引文
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[2] Browing K A, Welxer R A. The determination of kinematic properties of a wind field using Doppler radar. J. Appl. Meteor. 1968, 7:105-113
[3] Easterbrook C C, Estimating Horizontal Wind Fileds by Two-Dimensional Curve Fitting of single-Doppler Radar Measurements. Preprints 16th Radar Meteorology Conf. Houston,Amer. Meteor. Sci. 1975.214-219
[4] Waldtenfel P and Corbin H. On the analysis of single-Doppler radar data. J.Appl. Meteor. 1979, 18:532-542
[5] Robert Rabin, Dusan Zrnix, Subsynoptic-scale vertical wind revealed by dual Doppler radar and VAD analysis. J Atmos, Sci ,1980, 37(8):644-654
[6] Matejika,T. & Srivastava, R C. Improved version of the extended velocity-azimuth display analysis of single-Doppler radar data, J. Atmos. Oceanic Tech. 8,452～466 1991
[7] 万蓉，汤达章，张鹏。吴书君两种VAD算法的比较及其应用．南京气象学院学报25(5)2002．10 648-655
[8] Thomas Matejka, Srivastava. An improved version of the extended velocity-azimuth display analysis of single-Doppler radar data. J Atmos Oceanic Techno, 1991, 8(4):453—466.
[9] Koscielny A J. Doviak R J and Rabin R. Statisticl considerations in the estimation of divergence from single-Doppler radar and application to pretorm boundary layer observations. J. Appl. Meteor. 1982, 21:197-210
[10] Laroche S,Isztar Z. Retrieval of horizontal wind field from single-Doppler observations.In:American Meteorol Society Proceeding 24th Conference on Radar Meteor. American, Tallahassee, 1989,425-428
[11] Rinehart R E, Garvey E T, Three-dimensional storm motion detection by conventional weather radar. Nature, 1978,273(5660):287-289
[12] Wilson J W, Weckwerth T M, Vivekanandan J, et al. Boundary layer clear-air radar echoes: Origin of echoes and accuracy of derived winds. J Atmos Oceanic Tech, 1994,11(5):184-206
[13] 忻翎艳，汤达章．由VVP探测技术提取风场信息的方法．气象科学1990，10(4)：401-405
[14]陶祖钰．从单Doppler速度场反演风矢量的VAP方法．气象学报1992，50：81-90
[15]白洁，陶祖钰。多普勒雷达风场反演VAP方法的预处理．应用气象学报，2000，11(1)21—26
[16]陶祖钰．以单多普勒雷达观测资料反演冷锋流场的试验．热带气象学报，1995(2)：142-149
[17]白洁，周晓波，王立琨，陶祖钰 多普勒雷达VAD技术扩展的误差分析 北京大学学报(自然科学版)2001.1 37(1) 48-54
[18]陶祖钰．关于Doppler雷达VAD技术的讨论．应用气象学报 1995,6(1)：109-113
[19]吴绍荣，徐宝祥，周秀骥．同化方法反演单多普勒水平风场．大气遥感技术论文集．1997，22—27
[20]姜海燕，葛润生．一种新的单部多普勒天气雷达反演技术．应用气象学报．1997,8(2)：219—223
[21]彭红，葛润生．单部多普勒天气雷达对降水中垂直流场结构的探测研究．应用气象学报．1995,6(1)：422—427
[22]Liou Y C, Gal-Chen T and Lilly D K. Retrievals of wind Temperature and Pressure from Single-Doppler Radar and Numerical Model Preprints 25th Int. Conf. on Radar Meteor. 1995,151-166
[23]Sun J Z. Flicker D W and Lilly D K. Recovery of three-dimensional wind and temperature fields from simulated single-Doppler radar data. J. Atmos. Sci. 1991,48(6):876-890
[24]Kapitza H. Numerical experiments with the adjoint of a nonhydrostatic mesoscale model Mon.Wea.Rev. 1991,119:2993-3011
[25]Qiu C J and Xu Q A. Simple adjoints methods of wind analysis for single-Doppler data. J. Atmos.Oceanic Tech. 1992,9:588-598
[26]Xu Q, Qiu C J and Yu J X. Adjoint-method retrievals of low-altitude wind fields from single-Doppler reflectivity measured during Phonex-Ⅱ. J. Ammos. Oceanic Tech. 1994,11:275-288
[27]Chong jianqiu, Qin Xu. Least squares retrieval of mieroburst winds from single-Doppler data. Mon.Wea. Rev. 1996,124(6):1132-1144
[28]Gal-Chen T and Zhang J. On the Optimal Use of Reflectivities and Single-Doppler Velocities to Deduce 3D Motions. Preprints 26th Int. Conf. on Radar Meteor. 1993,414-416
[29] Zhang J, Gal-Chen T. Single-Doppler wind retrieval in the moving frame of reference. J Atmos Sci, 1996,53(18):2609-2623
[30] Shapiro A, Ellis S and Shaw J. Single-Doppler velocity retrievals with Phoenix Ⅱ data: Clear air and microburst wind retrievals in the planetary boundary layer. J. Atmos. Sci. 1995, 52:1265-1287
[31] 谢志辉，丑纪范 大气动力学方程组全局分析的研究进展．地球科学进展，1994,14(2)：133-139
[32] Qiu C J, Xu Q. A simple Adjoint-method retrievals of low-altitude wind fields from single-Doppler reflectivity measured during Phoenix Ⅱ. J Atmos. Oceanic Tech, 1992,9(5):588-598
[33] Xu Qin, Qiu C J. Simple adjoint methods for single-Doppler wind analysis with a strong constraint of mass conservation. J Atmos. Oceanic Tech, 1994,11:289-298
[34] 邱崇践，Qin Xu. 由单Doppler雷达资料反演水平风场的简单共轭函数方法的改进方案．应用气象学报，1996,7(4)：421—430
[35] 罗云峰 关于大气科学“十五”优先领域的思考．地球科学进展，2000，15(6)：753—754
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