部分航路能见度不良情况下船舶进出港研究
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摘要
我国改革开放步伐的加快,又伴随着世界经济贸易的全球化和一体化进程,航运业得到了突飞猛进的发展。经济的快速发展通常伴随有一些不和谐的因素,甚至暗藏潜在的危机。航运业的空前繁荣带动了港口经济的发展,然而,港口作为航运业发展的平台尚未跟得上其前进的步伐,甚至制约其发展的进程。在港口资源有限的情况下,唯有在有限港口资源的科学利用上有所突破。
考虑到目前各大港口经常因为能见度不良而禁止船舶进出港,造成大量船舶集结,带来了后期的通航压力,阻碍了经济的高速发展。尤其是许多港口航道较长,能见度大小不均匀(部分航道弥天大雾,另一段航道却晴空万里)。港口从通航安全的角度出发,以能见度最差的航段为基准,做出通航限制,大大降低了港口资源的利用率。
宁波-舟山港是一典型多雾港口,而且航道较长(约40海里)、能见度严重不均匀。本文以此为例,结合港口能见度通航规定,根据港口的实际能见度情况和进出港船舶的特性,充分利用港口的现有资源,对港口的资源优化配置,包括合理利用助航标志、新增能见度监测设备和能见度监测点、充分利用AIS和VTS系统、建立能见度信息中心、建立港口导航与监测系统、对航路近期和远期规划、制定保障航行安全的措施等等,最终确定了宁波-舟山港能见度不良时船舶进出港的规范。
本文通过理论结合实际的方法,制定出宁波-舟山港能见度不良时船舶进出港的规范,有效解决了经济发展和船舶安全航行的矛盾。
With the accelerating pace of China's reform and opening up,and accompanied by the globalization and integration process of world economy and trade,the shipping industry has rapidly developed.The rapid development of economy is usually accompanied by a number of anharmonic factors and even potential hidden crisis.The unprecedent prosperity of shipping industry helped the development of port economy. However,as the platform for the shipping industry's development,port hasn't catched up with the pace of the development,and even constraints their advancing process.In the case of limited port resources,the only breakthrough lies on the scientific use of limited resources.
Presently,the major ports prohibite ships' inward and outward often because of the restricted visibility which results in a large number of ships assembled,brings the late navigable pressure,and thus hinder the rapid development of the economy.In particular,many ports have a longer sea channel and uneven level of Visibility(some parts of the channel are foggy while the others are cleared).Taking those factors into account and from the point of view of navigation security,port takes the segment of the worst visibility as the benchmark and makes shipping restrictions that greatly reduces the utilization of port resources.
Ningbo-Zhoushan Port is a typical foggy port with a longer waterways(about 40 nautical miles)and serious unbalanced visibility.Taking Ningbo-Zhoushan Port as an example,combied with the navigable regulation in case of visibility,according to the actual visibility.and the features of ships entering and leaving,making full use of existing port resources,optimizing the allocation of port resources which includs using navigational marks rationaly,adding visibility monitoring equipment and visibility monitoring points,making full use of AIS and VTS systems,establishing the information center of visibility,building the port navigation and surveillance systems, making short-term and long-term plans for routs,developing measures for the safety of navigation and so on,this paper finally set down the regulation for ships' entering and leaving in Ningbo-Zhoushan Port when in poor visibility.
Under the method of combing the theory and practice,this paper set down the regulation for ships' entering and leaving in Ningbo-Zhoushan Port when the visibility is poor that provides an effective solutionfor the contradictions beteween economic development and the safe navigation of ships.
考虑到目前各大港口经常因为能见度不良而禁止船舶进出港,造成大量船舶集结,带来了后期的通航压力,阻碍了经济的高速发展。尤其是许多港口航道较长,能见度大小不均匀(部分航道弥天大雾,另一段航道却晴空万里)。港口从通航安全的角度出发,以能见度最差的航段为基准,做出通航限制,大大降低了港口资源的利用率。
宁波-舟山港是一典型多雾港口,而且航道较长(约40海里)、能见度严重不均匀。本文以此为例,结合港口能见度通航规定,根据港口的实际能见度情况和进出港船舶的特性,充分利用港口的现有资源,对港口的资源优化配置,包括合理利用助航标志、新增能见度监测设备和能见度监测点、充分利用AIS和VTS系统、建立能见度信息中心、建立港口导航与监测系统、对航路近期和远期规划、制定保障航行安全的措施等等,最终确定了宁波-舟山港能见度不良时船舶进出港的规范。
本文通过理论结合实际的方法,制定出宁波-舟山港能见度不良时船舶进出港的规范,有效解决了经济发展和船舶安全航行的矛盾。
With the accelerating pace of China's reform and opening up,and accompanied by the globalization and integration process of world economy and trade,the shipping industry has rapidly developed.The rapid development of economy is usually accompanied by a number of anharmonic factors and even potential hidden crisis.The unprecedent prosperity of shipping industry helped the development of port economy. However,as the platform for the shipping industry's development,port hasn't catched up with the pace of the development,and even constraints their advancing process.In the case of limited port resources,the only breakthrough lies on the scientific use of limited resources.
Presently,the major ports prohibite ships' inward and outward often because of the restricted visibility which results in a large number of ships assembled,brings the late navigable pressure,and thus hinder the rapid development of the economy.In particular,many ports have a longer sea channel and uneven level of Visibility(some parts of the channel are foggy while the others are cleared).Taking those factors into account and from the point of view of navigation security,port takes the segment of the worst visibility as the benchmark and makes shipping restrictions that greatly reduces the utilization of port resources.
Ningbo-Zhoushan Port is a typical foggy port with a longer waterways(about 40 nautical miles)and serious unbalanced visibility.Taking Ningbo-Zhoushan Port as an example,combied with the navigable regulation in case of visibility,according to the actual visibility.and the features of ships entering and leaving,making full use of existing port resources,optimizing the allocation of port resources which includs using navigational marks rationaly,adding visibility monitoring equipment and visibility monitoring points,making full use of AIS and VTS systems,establishing the information center of visibility,building the port navigation and surveillance systems, making short-term and long-term plans for routs,developing measures for the safety of navigation and so on,this paper finally set down the regulation for ships' entering and leaving in Ningbo-Zhoushan Port when in poor visibility.
Under the method of combing the theory and practice,this paper set down the regulation for ships' entering and leaving in Ningbo-Zhoushan Port when the visibility is poor that provides an effective solutionfor the contradictions beteween economic development and the safe navigation of ships.
引文
[1]http://baike.baidu.com/view/136913.htm
[2]周立佳,刘永禄等.东南沿海海雾分布的统计与预报.航海技术.2005,4,23-24.
[3]陈家辉.航海气象学与海洋学.大连:大连海事大学出版社.1999.
[4]郭敬天.海雾形成与发展机制的观测分析与数值模拟研究:(博士论文).青岛:中国海洋大学,2008.
[5]纪延俊,王绪安,马国利等.雾中水滴对光散射的几种解释.滨州师专学报.2004,20(2),61-64.
[6]郝增周,潘德炉,龚芳等.海雾的遥感光学辐射特性.光学学报.2008,28(12),2420-2424.
[7]郭禹.航海学.大连:大连海事大学出版社.1998.
[8]中国沿海航行里程表.中国人民解放军航海保证部.
[9]李栖筠,张永宁等.中国主要远洋航线危险天气预报.大连:大连海事大学出版社.2005.
[10]何易培.浙江沿海及主要港口航行指南.大连:大连海事大学出版社.2008.
[11]何易培.浙江沿海及主要港口航行示意图.大连:大连海事大学出版社.2008.
[12]洪碧光.船舶操纵原理与技术.大连:大连海事大学出版社,2007.
[13]古文贤.船舶操纵.大连:大连海运学院出版社.1993.
[14]中国港口指南(第二册).中国人民解放军航海保证部.
[15]宁波海事局.调研资料.2008.
[16]长江航道局.航道工程学.北京:人民交通出版社,1993.
[17]程昌华.航道工程学.人民交通出版社.1999.
[18]中国航路指南(东海海区).中国人民解放军航海保证部.
[19]王英志.航标学.大连:大连海事大学出版社,1997.
[20]中国人民解放军航海保证部.港湾锚地地图集(舟山群岛附近).1987
[21]王容.船舶进出宁波港分道通航方案.宁波大学学报.2003,03.
[22]姜才兴.浅谈VTS与船舶雾航安全监管.中国水运.2007,5(7),15-17.
[23]刘桂云.宁波港AIS通信网络构建.水运工程.2004,01.
[24]李放,李志鹏.利用DGPS助航系统保障引航安全.中国航海.2002,2.
[25]杨兴忠.进出宁波港港口资料及航法.天津航海.2006,03.
[26]史国友,贾传荧.基于GPRS和电子海图的船舶导航与监控系统.中国航海,2003,4,63-65.
[27]于汝民.港口规划与建设.北京:人民交通出版社.2003.
[28]中华人民共和国海事局.通航管理.北京:人民交通出版社,2006.
[29]许广岩.关于开辟宁波-舟山第二通道的研究:(硕士论文).大连:大连海事大学,2007.
[30]杨晓东.新加坡港的通航管理及启示.航海技术,2007,5,21-22.
[31]韩理安.港口水工建筑物.北京:人民交通出版社.2001.
[32]中华人民共和国海事局.中国沿海内河水域船舶定线制河报告制.北京:人民交通出版社.2007.
[33]梁勤华.渤海水域船舶定线制的研究.大连:大连海事大学出版社.2008.
[34]绍强.疏浚虾峙门外航道,提高舟山宁波两港功能.港口纵横.1998.
[35]吴兆麟.海上交通工程.大连:大连海运学院出版社,1993.
[36]茅慧权.大型船舶能见度不良进出港口的安全操作.航海技术.2008,3.
[37]林庆元.能见度不良时进厦门东渡港的船舶操纵.航海技术.2005,3.
[38]张仁桥.以软实力打造宁波-舟山港.浙江经济.2006,03.
[39]方飚雄,郑道昌.减少雾中航行事故的若干对策.浙江海洋学院学报.2001,20(2).
[40]卢军.宁波-舟山纳入国家新一轮国家战略的研究报告.经济丛刊.2006,01.
[41]叶朗明,赵建峰.海雾的特点及预报.广东科技.2009,206.
[42]Hooft,J.P.,"The behaviour of a ship in head waves at restricted water depth",International Shipbuilding Progress,No.244,Vol.21,1974,pp.367.
[43]Proceedings of the 23~(rd) ITTC - Volume I,The Manoeuvring Committee,Final Report and Recommendations to the 23~(rd) ITTC,2002.
[44]Canadian Coast Guard,Fisheries and Oceans Canada,Canadian Waterways National Manoeuvring Guidelines,June,1999.
[45]Barrass,C.B.,"Ship squat-Areply",The Naval Architect,1981,pp.268-272.
[46]W.J.Kotsch.Weather for the Mariner.Annapolis,Maryland Naval Institute Press,1983.
[47]IEC/PAS61162-100.Single talker and multiple listeners-Extra requirements to IEC 61162-1 for the UAIS.International Electronic technical Commission,2002.
[48]IALA Guidelines on the Universal Automatic Identification System(AIS),Volume 1,Part I-Operational Issue Edition 1.1,December 2002.
[49]#12
[50]#12
[51]Meteorological Office.Meteorology at Sea.London:Her Majesty's Stationery Office,1983.
[52]R.Sanderson.Meteorolgy at Sea.London:Stanford Maritime,1982.
[53]Ocean Passages for the Word.England Somerset:Hydrographer of the Navy,1987.
[54]VTS guide for user maritime safety administration of P.R.C 1999.
[55]Cockcroft A N.Routeing in English Chanel.Journal of Navigation,1981,34(3):392-401.
[56]FujiiY,TannkaK.Ttrafic Capacity.Journal of Navigation,197l,24(4):543-552
[57]DUTTON'S Navigation & Piloting,the United States Naval Institute,1978.
[58]IMO Resolution A.817(19)Performance standards for ECDIS.1996.
[59]IHO S-52 Specification for chart content and display aspects of ECDIS.5rd edition.Monaco:IHB,1996.
[60]IHO S-57 Transfer standard for digital hydrogaphic data.Edition 3.Monaco:HIB,1996.
[2]周立佳,刘永禄等.东南沿海海雾分布的统计与预报.航海技术.2005,4,23-24.
[3]陈家辉.航海气象学与海洋学.大连:大连海事大学出版社.1999.
[4]郭敬天.海雾形成与发展机制的观测分析与数值模拟研究:(博士论文).青岛:中国海洋大学,2008.
[5]纪延俊,王绪安,马国利等.雾中水滴对光散射的几种解释.滨州师专学报.2004,20(2),61-64.
[6]郝增周,潘德炉,龚芳等.海雾的遥感光学辐射特性.光学学报.2008,28(12),2420-2424.
[7]郭禹.航海学.大连:大连海事大学出版社.1998.
[8]中国沿海航行里程表.中国人民解放军航海保证部.
[9]李栖筠,张永宁等.中国主要远洋航线危险天气预报.大连:大连海事大学出版社.2005.
[10]何易培.浙江沿海及主要港口航行指南.大连:大连海事大学出版社.2008.
[11]何易培.浙江沿海及主要港口航行示意图.大连:大连海事大学出版社.2008.
[12]洪碧光.船舶操纵原理与技术.大连:大连海事大学出版社,2007.
[13]古文贤.船舶操纵.大连:大连海运学院出版社.1993.
[14]中国港口指南(第二册).中国人民解放军航海保证部.
[15]宁波海事局.调研资料.2008.
[16]长江航道局.航道工程学.北京:人民交通出版社,1993.
[17]程昌华.航道工程学.人民交通出版社.1999.
[18]中国航路指南(东海海区).中国人民解放军航海保证部.
[19]王英志.航标学.大连:大连海事大学出版社,1997.
[20]中国人民解放军航海保证部.港湾锚地地图集(舟山群岛附近).1987
[21]王容.船舶进出宁波港分道通航方案.宁波大学学报.2003,03.
[22]姜才兴.浅谈VTS与船舶雾航安全监管.中国水运.2007,5(7),15-17.
[23]刘桂云.宁波港AIS通信网络构建.水运工程.2004,01.
[24]李放,李志鹏.利用DGPS助航系统保障引航安全.中国航海.2002,2.
[25]杨兴忠.进出宁波港港口资料及航法.天津航海.2006,03.
[26]史国友,贾传荧.基于GPRS和电子海图的船舶导航与监控系统.中国航海,2003,4,63-65.
[27]于汝民.港口规划与建设.北京:人民交通出版社.2003.
[28]中华人民共和国海事局.通航管理.北京:人民交通出版社,2006.
[29]许广岩.关于开辟宁波-舟山第二通道的研究:(硕士论文).大连:大连海事大学,2007.
[30]杨晓东.新加坡港的通航管理及启示.航海技术,2007,5,21-22.
[31]韩理安.港口水工建筑物.北京:人民交通出版社.2001.
[32]中华人民共和国海事局.中国沿海内河水域船舶定线制河报告制.北京:人民交通出版社.2007.
[33]梁勤华.渤海水域船舶定线制的研究.大连:大连海事大学出版社.2008.
[34]绍强.疏浚虾峙门外航道,提高舟山宁波两港功能.港口纵横.1998.
[35]吴兆麟.海上交通工程.大连:大连海运学院出版社,1993.
[36]茅慧权.大型船舶能见度不良进出港口的安全操作.航海技术.2008,3.
[37]林庆元.能见度不良时进厦门东渡港的船舶操纵.航海技术.2005,3.
[38]张仁桥.以软实力打造宁波-舟山港.浙江经济.2006,03.
[39]方飚雄,郑道昌.减少雾中航行事故的若干对策.浙江海洋学院学报.2001,20(2).
[40]卢军.宁波-舟山纳入国家新一轮国家战略的研究报告.经济丛刊.2006,01.
[41]叶朗明,赵建峰.海雾的特点及预报.广东科技.2009,206.
[42]Hooft,J.P.,"The behaviour of a ship in head waves at restricted water depth",International Shipbuilding Progress,No.244,Vol.21,1974,pp.367.
[43]Proceedings of the 23~(rd) ITTC - Volume I,The Manoeuvring Committee,Final Report and Recommendations to the 23~(rd) ITTC,2002.
[44]Canadian Coast Guard,Fisheries and Oceans Canada,Canadian Waterways National Manoeuvring Guidelines,June,1999.
[45]Barrass,C.B.,"Ship squat-Areply",The Naval Architect,1981,pp.268-272.
[46]W.J.Kotsch.Weather for the Mariner.Annapolis,Maryland Naval Institute Press,1983.
[47]IEC/PAS61162-100.Single talker and multiple listeners-Extra requirements to IEC 61162-1 for the UAIS.International Electronic technical Commission,2002.
[48]IALA Guidelines on the Universal Automatic Identification System(AIS),Volume 1,Part I-Operational Issue Edition 1.1,December 2002.
[49]#12
[50]#12
[51]Meteorological Office.Meteorology at Sea.London:Her Majesty's Stationery Office,1983.
[52]R.Sanderson.Meteorolgy at Sea.London:Stanford Maritime,1982.
[53]Ocean Passages for the Word.England Somerset:Hydrographer of the Navy,1987.
[54]VTS guide for user maritime safety administration of P.R.C 1999.
[55]Cockcroft A N.Routeing in English Chanel.Journal of Navigation,1981,34(3):392-401.
[56]FujiiY,TannkaK.Ttrafic Capacity.Journal of Navigation,197l,24(4):543-552
[57]DUTTON'S Navigation & Piloting,the United States Naval Institute,1978.
[58]IMO Resolution A.817(19)Performance standards for ECDIS.1996.
[59]IHO S-52 Specification for chart content and display aspects of ECDIS.5rd edition.Monaco:IHB,1996.
[60]IHO S-57 Transfer standard for digital hydrogaphic data.Edition 3.Monaco:HIB,1996.