快速响应客户需求的产品族设计方法研究
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摘要
快速多变和不断细分的市场,以及多样化和个性化的客户需求,形成了新的动态竞争环境,使得大批量定制成为21世纪的主流生产模式。而基于产品族的设计是实现大批量定制生产的关键技术。产品族设计的目标是以尽可能快的速度和尽可能低的成本为客户提供满足其个性化、多样化需求的产品。围绕这一核心思想,本文从客户需求、产品族规划和产品族综合评价等方面进行了研究,论文主要包括以下几个方面:
■建立了基于多智能体的产品族设计体系结构模型。通过各子智能体之间的协同,得到了以客户定制化为核心的、产品多样性和通用性综合最优的优化设计结果。探讨了各子智能体的运行机制、关键技术和协同求解的过程。各子智能体通过其知识之间的关联和嵌套,协同获取全局最优解,并且可以通过更新和扩展子智能体提高设计系统的能力。
■为实现各智能体之间信息的智能交互,提出了基于本体表达的产品族数据模型,建立了网络物料清单,全面表达客户与产品族功能的关系、产品族零部件以及零部件之间的关系等.建立了产品族数据管理系统,以统一的表达方式反映产品族信息在产品族全生命周期各阶段的活动,实现了数据交互获取和数据库的维护功能。
■提出了基于本体表达的客户需求拓展和聚类模型。研究了客户需求的挖掘和预测方法。采用基于本体的全息语义方法表达客户需求以及需求之间的关系。根据客户现有需求和已有产品信息,从需求特征、特征属性,以及需求之间的关系对需求进行定性和定量的拓展。定性拓展为产品族横向系列提供需求,定量拓展为纵向系列提供需求。最后根据客户需求之间的差异进行客户需求聚类,以合理规划进行产品族设计的多样化种类和系列型谱。
■提出了基于客户需求多样性指标和产品族通用性指标的综合优化评价模型。分析了产品族内各变型之间的差异,以确定合理的多样化产品种类。研究了基于实例推理的相似产品成本估算方法。探讨了产品族综合通用性评价指标,在满足客户个性化、多样化的需求的同时,提高产品族模块、组件或零部件的通用化程度,达到降低成本目的。
■建立了基于灰色关联度和相似度的产品族模块聚类模型。以客户需求作为产品族模块聚类的出发点,以产品族综合评价目标最优为目的,对产品族内各产品变型的功能和结构进行关联度分析、相似度分析,通过聚类、合并和重组相关或相似模块,进行产品族模块化规划,在提高产品族通用性的同时提高模块性。
论文研究的学术意义在于丰富和完善产品族设计理论和方法,其工程应用价值在于其研究成果能够为企业快速响应客户多样化和个性化需求、降低产品成本,为有效地为实施大批量定制提供技术方法指导。
Rapid changing and constantly segmented market, as well as diversified and individualized customers' requirements, forms a new dynamic competitive environment and makes mass customization the mainstream production pattern in the 21~(st) century. And design based on product family is the key technology to implement mass customization. The objective of product family design is to provide customers individualized products as soon as possible with the lowest cost. Focusing on this scheme, customers' requirements analysis, planning and comprehensive evaluation of product family are put forward. The primary contributions are as follows.
First, research on methodology of product family planning. Analysis on difference between product family design and traditional single product design is carried out and a systematic structure model of product family design based on multi-agent is established. Through cooperation between the sub-agents, the optimal design taking customization as kernel and product diversity and commonality as optimization objective is implemented. And then the operation principle, key technology and cooperative solution are discussed. Agents cooperate with each other's through the relationship and nesting in knowledge to achieve the global optimization, and the system can be upgraded through renew and expand agent. The objective of global optimization is achieved through connecting and nesting between every sub-agent and the capability of the system is updated by renewing and extending the sub-agents.
Secondly, research on data management of product family design. In order to achieve intelligent intercommunion between the agents, a product family data model based on ontology is put forward and network bill of material is set up to express the relationship between customers and functions of product family as well as the relationship between parts of product family. The establishment of product family data management system manages to describe product family information during the stages in the entire life cycle of product family with a uniform expression, which implements data interactive exchange and maintenance of database.
Thirdly, research on the expansion and clustering analysis of customers' requirements based on ontology description. The method to mine and predict customers' requirements is proposed. Holographic semantics based on ontology is adopted to describe customers' requirements and the relationships between them. According to available customers' requirements and product information, quantitative and qualitative expansion of requirements is carried out in the aspects of requirement features, feature attributes and relationship between requirements. Qualitative expansion provides requirements for horizontal series while quantitative expansion does this for vertical series. Finally, in light of difference between customers' requirements, customers' requirements are clustered to reasonably plan diversified types and series for product family design.
Fourthly, research on product family synthesize evaluation. Comprehensive optimized evaluation model based on evaluation of diversity of customers' requirements and commonality of product family is presented. Difference in the product family is analyzed and then reasonable but diversified product types are determined. Furthermore, the method to estimate cost of similar products based on case-based-reasoning is put forward and evaluation on commonality of product family is conducted. Besides fulfilling the individualized and diversified requirements, the final objective to lower cost is achieved by enhancing the commonality index of modules, components and parts of product family.
Finally, research on clustering model of product family modules based on grey relational grade and similarities. By taking customers' requirements as the start of product family modules clustering, and taking the optimal result of comprehensive evaluation on product family as objective, analysis on relational grade and similar grade of function and structure of the products in the product family. Through clustering, combination and reorganization of similar modules, modularized planning of product family is carried out, which improves both the commonality and the modularity.
The main contribution of this dissertation is to enrich and ameliorate the theory and methodology of product family design. Its value in engineering application lies in the guidance to enterprise's rapid response to diversified and individualized customers' requirements, lowering product cost and effectively implementing mass customization.
■建立了基于多智能体的产品族设计体系结构模型。通过各子智能体之间的协同,得到了以客户定制化为核心的、产品多样性和通用性综合最优的优化设计结果。探讨了各子智能体的运行机制、关键技术和协同求解的过程。各子智能体通过其知识之间的关联和嵌套,协同获取全局最优解,并且可以通过更新和扩展子智能体提高设计系统的能力。
■为实现各智能体之间信息的智能交互,提出了基于本体表达的产品族数据模型,建立了网络物料清单,全面表达客户与产品族功能的关系、产品族零部件以及零部件之间的关系等.建立了产品族数据管理系统,以统一的表达方式反映产品族信息在产品族全生命周期各阶段的活动,实现了数据交互获取和数据库的维护功能。
■提出了基于本体表达的客户需求拓展和聚类模型。研究了客户需求的挖掘和预测方法。采用基于本体的全息语义方法表达客户需求以及需求之间的关系。根据客户现有需求和已有产品信息,从需求特征、特征属性,以及需求之间的关系对需求进行定性和定量的拓展。定性拓展为产品族横向系列提供需求,定量拓展为纵向系列提供需求。最后根据客户需求之间的差异进行客户需求聚类,以合理规划进行产品族设计的多样化种类和系列型谱。
■提出了基于客户需求多样性指标和产品族通用性指标的综合优化评价模型。分析了产品族内各变型之间的差异,以确定合理的多样化产品种类。研究了基于实例推理的相似产品成本估算方法。探讨了产品族综合通用性评价指标,在满足客户个性化、多样化的需求的同时,提高产品族模块、组件或零部件的通用化程度,达到降低成本目的。
■建立了基于灰色关联度和相似度的产品族模块聚类模型。以客户需求作为产品族模块聚类的出发点,以产品族综合评价目标最优为目的,对产品族内各产品变型的功能和结构进行关联度分析、相似度分析,通过聚类、合并和重组相关或相似模块,进行产品族模块化规划,在提高产品族通用性的同时提高模块性。
论文研究的学术意义在于丰富和完善产品族设计理论和方法,其工程应用价值在于其研究成果能够为企业快速响应客户多样化和个性化需求、降低产品成本,为有效地为实施大批量定制提供技术方法指导。
Rapid changing and constantly segmented market, as well as diversified and individualized customers' requirements, forms a new dynamic competitive environment and makes mass customization the mainstream production pattern in the 21~(st) century. And design based on product family is the key technology to implement mass customization. The objective of product family design is to provide customers individualized products as soon as possible with the lowest cost. Focusing on this scheme, customers' requirements analysis, planning and comprehensive evaluation of product family are put forward. The primary contributions are as follows.
First, research on methodology of product family planning. Analysis on difference between product family design and traditional single product design is carried out and a systematic structure model of product family design based on multi-agent is established. Through cooperation between the sub-agents, the optimal design taking customization as kernel and product diversity and commonality as optimization objective is implemented. And then the operation principle, key technology and cooperative solution are discussed. Agents cooperate with each other's through the relationship and nesting in knowledge to achieve the global optimization, and the system can be upgraded through renew and expand agent. The objective of global optimization is achieved through connecting and nesting between every sub-agent and the capability of the system is updated by renewing and extending the sub-agents.
Secondly, research on data management of product family design. In order to achieve intelligent intercommunion between the agents, a product family data model based on ontology is put forward and network bill of material is set up to express the relationship between customers and functions of product family as well as the relationship between parts of product family. The establishment of product family data management system manages to describe product family information during the stages in the entire life cycle of product family with a uniform expression, which implements data interactive exchange and maintenance of database.
Thirdly, research on the expansion and clustering analysis of customers' requirements based on ontology description. The method to mine and predict customers' requirements is proposed. Holographic semantics based on ontology is adopted to describe customers' requirements and the relationships between them. According to available customers' requirements and product information, quantitative and qualitative expansion of requirements is carried out in the aspects of requirement features, feature attributes and relationship between requirements. Qualitative expansion provides requirements for horizontal series while quantitative expansion does this for vertical series. Finally, in light of difference between customers' requirements, customers' requirements are clustered to reasonably plan diversified types and series for product family design.
Fourthly, research on product family synthesize evaluation. Comprehensive optimized evaluation model based on evaluation of diversity of customers' requirements and commonality of product family is presented. Difference in the product family is analyzed and then reasonable but diversified product types are determined. Furthermore, the method to estimate cost of similar products based on case-based-reasoning is put forward and evaluation on commonality of product family is conducted. Besides fulfilling the individualized and diversified requirements, the final objective to lower cost is achieved by enhancing the commonality index of modules, components and parts of product family.
Finally, research on clustering model of product family modules based on grey relational grade and similarities. By taking customers' requirements as the start of product family modules clustering, and taking the optimal result of comprehensive evaluation on product family as objective, analysis on relational grade and similar grade of function and structure of the products in the product family. Through clustering, combination and reorganization of similar modules, modularized planning of product family is carried out, which improves both the commonality and the modularity.
The main contribution of this dissertation is to enrich and ameliorate the theory and methodology of product family design. Its value in engineering application lies in the guidance to enterprise's rapid response to diversified and individualized customers' requirements, lowering product cost and effectively implementing mass customization.
引文
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