商品差异化与社会福利增进研究
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摘要
在人类社会发展的相当长的时期内,经济增长是社会福利增进的助推器。当经济增长到一定阶段,人均占有和消费物质财富达到相当规模,一方面,边际效用递减规律的作用加强,经济增长对于社会福利增进的推动作用减弱；另一方面,经济增长所衍生的外部不经济性凸现,人们的生活日益严重地受到环境污染、能源短缺、精神空虚等问题的困扰,效用满足程度降低,社会福利水平下降,经济增长对社会福利增进的正面作用正在部分甚至全部被其外部不经济所造成的负面影响所抵消。既从经济增长的视角去探寻与发掘社会福利增进的源泉与途径,也从新的更广阔的视角去探寻与发掘社会福利增进的源泉与途径,无疑是正确、明智的选择。
无论是马克思主义政治经济学,还是西方经济学,对商品经济形态的研究,均以对商品的高度抽象为前提。这一抽象对理论研究而言无疑是必需的,但也要看到,正是这一抽象,使人们忽略了商品千姿万态的个性化存在和商品从单一形态到差异化形态发展过程中所蕴含的巨大福利效益。本文将迈克尔·波特的差异化战略管理思想引入社会福利增进的经济学研究框架,指出当人均国民收入达到一定阶段,差异化商品种类的丰富及其与消费需求匹配结构的优化,必将成为推动社会福利持续增进的首要力量。本文由五部分内容构成。
第一部分,基于对社会福利学以人为本的价值观基础的剖析,揭示旧福利经济学、新福利经济学、现代福利经济学、心理学、行为经济学、外部性理论、现代产权理论、环境经济学、二元经济理论、核心竞争优势理论等对社会福利增进研究的贡献与启示。
第二部分,区分商品所具有的满足大众消费者的一般性效用与满足少数消费者个性化需求的差异性效用；辨析消费者对商品两种效用的不同需求规律；分别消费者对差异性商品不存在偏好、存在偏好等情形,阐明差异性商品需求量与其价格变动关系的特性；基于对差异化商品市场特性和张伯伦垄断竞争理论局限性的分析,提出“最适差异化空问”范畴,并通过数学模型的构建对差异化商品生产厂商获得长期超额利润的可能性及其条件进行探讨。
第三部分,通过对商品差异化可弱化边际效用递减规律、可丰富消费者的选择行为、可激发消费者新的欲望与想象等作用的论证,阐明差异化商品消费的福利效应；通过对商品差异化与要素利用率、劳动生产率、全要素生产率关系的剖析,阐明差异化商品生产的福利效应；通过对信息对称和非对称条件下的差异化商品交换可实现帕累托改进的论证,阐明差异化商品交换的福利效应；通过对商品差异化的研发成本、营销成本、附加服务成本、交易成本、学习成本与机会成本的系统分析,阐明通过商品差异化增进社会福利所需支付的代价。
第四部分,创造性地提出服务圈理论,在依据该理论对服务业进行科学分类、功能定位和阐明服务业发展与商品差异化关系的基础上,运用实证分析等方法就服务业发展对生产要素产出效率提高、生产要素配置结构优化、国民收入分配结构改善、交易成本与运营成本节约,进而对社会福利增进的作用进行探讨；借助服务商目标客户群体的交叉程度、服务商与目标客户群体信息对称程度两大指标,对服务商之间的差异化博弈模式进行研究。
第五部分,基于对商品差异化放大市场失灵、降低规模效益等负面效应的分析,通过对商品差异化与零配件标准化关系的论述,阐明实现差异化商品生产规模优化的途径；通过对真实性差异化与虚假性差异化、显性差异化与隐性差异化、长期性差异化与短期性差异化、高附加值差异化与低附加值差异化、低端差异化与高端差异化等关系的论述,阐明增加商品差异化有效供给的道路；通过对商品差异化战略实施与宏观管理关系的论述,阐明区域差异化战略的设计思路与科学架构。
In a long period of time during the development of human society, economic growth has been a booster to enhance social welfare. However, economic growth to a certain stage may have some negative effectiveness on social welfare when the material wealth per person possessed and consumed reaches to a certain scale. On the one hand, the promotional effectiveness of economic growth to social welfare may be weakened with the law of diminishing marginal utility being strengthened; on the other hand, economic growth may cause some issues such as external diseconomies, environmental pollution, energy shortages and spiritual emptiness which can influence human life seriously and further result in decreased effectiveness of satisfaction and reduced social welfare. Nowadays, the negative effectiveness of economic growth has overwhelmed its positive effectiveness to social welfare enhancement. It is wise to discover the source and explore the means of social welfare from both economic growth perspective and other new broader perspectives.
Whether in the Marxist political economy or in the economics, the economic form of commodity has been researched with the premise that commodity is highly abstract. The abstract is no doubt necessary to establish the theory. However, because of the abstract the individual existence of commodities and the enormous welfare benefits achieved during the process where the commodity being transformed from a single form to differentiated forms are ignored. This paper introduces Michael Porter's concept of differentiation strategy to the economic research framework of social welfare improvement, and then points out that the richness of differentiated commodities and the optimization of consumer demand matching structure will become primary force to continuously promote social welfare when per capita income reaches a certain stage. The paper is made up of five parts.
In the first part, theories on people-oriented Social Welfare are analyzed; development of neo-classical welfare economics and modern welfare economics is overviewed; contributions of psychology, behavioral economics, externality theory, modern property rights theory, environmental economics, dual economic theory, and the core competitive advantage theory to social welfare improvement are revealed.
In the second part, commodity's general utility with which common needs of mass consumers are satisfied and commodity's diverse utility with which individual needs of minority consumers are satisfied are differentiated; distinguished laws of these two types of utility are analyzed; characteristics of the demand of differentiated commodity and relationship between price changes given that consumer has or has not a preference for differentiated commodity are examined; the theory of "optimal differentiated space" are proposed based on the Chamberlain's theory of monopolistic competition and the commodity market characteristics; followed the theory of "optimal differentiated space", mathematical model is constructed to explore the possibility and conditions of long-term excess profits that manufacturers can achieve.
In the third part, why greater consumption welfare effects can be achieved from differentiated commodities than from non-differentiated commodities is explained considering that differentiation can weaken the law of diminishing marginal utility and enhance consumers' welfare level by providing consumers with better choices and stimulating new desires; why greater production welfare effects can be achieved from differentiated commodities than from non-differentiated commodities is explained based on the analysis of the relationship between commodity differentiation and production factors utilization, labor productivity and total factor productivity; why greater transaction welfare effects can be achieved from differentiated commodities than from non-differentiated commodities is explained considering that the exchange of differentiated commodity can lead to Pareto improvement whether market information is symmetric or asymmetric; the cost of commodity differentiation is clarified based on systematical analysis of R&D costs, marketing costs, additional service costs, transaction costs, learning costs and the opportunity cost.
In the fourth part, the service circle theory is creatively proposed; the services section is scientific divided into different areas and its function is clearly positioned; the relationship between services section development and commodity differentiation is clarified; and then empirical methods are applied to prove the contributions of the development of services section to the efficiency of production factors, the structure optimization of production factors allocation, the improvement of national income distribution structure, the transaction cost and operating cost savings, and further the social welfare improvement; the differentiated game model is studied two indicators including the indicator of cross-level and the indicator of information symmetry related to service providers and target customer groups.
In the fifth part, some negative influences of commodity differentiation such as its augmenting the market failure and its decreasing the scale effects are analyzed; the relationship between commodity differentiation and parts standardization are discussed; approach to optimal production scale of differentiated commodity is clarified; relationships between genuine differentiation and false differentiation, between dominant differentiation and recessive differentiation, between long-term differentiation and short-term differentiation, between high value-added differentiation and low value-added differentiation, and between high-end market differentiation and low-end market differentiation are examined; the way to increase the effective supply of commodity differentiation is pointed out; designing thoughts and scientific framework of the regional differentiation strategy are clarified after discussing on the relationship between the implementation of the differentiation strategy and government's macro-management.
无论是马克思主义政治经济学,还是西方经济学,对商品经济形态的研究,均以对商品的高度抽象为前提。这一抽象对理论研究而言无疑是必需的,但也要看到,正是这一抽象,使人们忽略了商品千姿万态的个性化存在和商品从单一形态到差异化形态发展过程中所蕴含的巨大福利效益。本文将迈克尔·波特的差异化战略管理思想引入社会福利增进的经济学研究框架,指出当人均国民收入达到一定阶段,差异化商品种类的丰富及其与消费需求匹配结构的优化,必将成为推动社会福利持续增进的首要力量。本文由五部分内容构成。
第一部分,基于对社会福利学以人为本的价值观基础的剖析,揭示旧福利经济学、新福利经济学、现代福利经济学、心理学、行为经济学、外部性理论、现代产权理论、环境经济学、二元经济理论、核心竞争优势理论等对社会福利增进研究的贡献与启示。
第二部分,区分商品所具有的满足大众消费者的一般性效用与满足少数消费者个性化需求的差异性效用；辨析消费者对商品两种效用的不同需求规律；分别消费者对差异性商品不存在偏好、存在偏好等情形,阐明差异性商品需求量与其价格变动关系的特性；基于对差异化商品市场特性和张伯伦垄断竞争理论局限性的分析,提出“最适差异化空问”范畴,并通过数学模型的构建对差异化商品生产厂商获得长期超额利润的可能性及其条件进行探讨。
第三部分,通过对商品差异化可弱化边际效用递减规律、可丰富消费者的选择行为、可激发消费者新的欲望与想象等作用的论证,阐明差异化商品消费的福利效应；通过对商品差异化与要素利用率、劳动生产率、全要素生产率关系的剖析,阐明差异化商品生产的福利效应；通过对信息对称和非对称条件下的差异化商品交换可实现帕累托改进的论证,阐明差异化商品交换的福利效应；通过对商品差异化的研发成本、营销成本、附加服务成本、交易成本、学习成本与机会成本的系统分析,阐明通过商品差异化增进社会福利所需支付的代价。
第四部分,创造性地提出服务圈理论,在依据该理论对服务业进行科学分类、功能定位和阐明服务业发展与商品差异化关系的基础上,运用实证分析等方法就服务业发展对生产要素产出效率提高、生产要素配置结构优化、国民收入分配结构改善、交易成本与运营成本节约,进而对社会福利增进的作用进行探讨；借助服务商目标客户群体的交叉程度、服务商与目标客户群体信息对称程度两大指标,对服务商之间的差异化博弈模式进行研究。
第五部分,基于对商品差异化放大市场失灵、降低规模效益等负面效应的分析,通过对商品差异化与零配件标准化关系的论述,阐明实现差异化商品生产规模优化的途径；通过对真实性差异化与虚假性差异化、显性差异化与隐性差异化、长期性差异化与短期性差异化、高附加值差异化与低附加值差异化、低端差异化与高端差异化等关系的论述,阐明增加商品差异化有效供给的道路；通过对商品差异化战略实施与宏观管理关系的论述,阐明区域差异化战略的设计思路与科学架构。
In a long period of time during the development of human society, economic growth has been a booster to enhance social welfare. However, economic growth to a certain stage may have some negative effectiveness on social welfare when the material wealth per person possessed and consumed reaches to a certain scale. On the one hand, the promotional effectiveness of economic growth to social welfare may be weakened with the law of diminishing marginal utility being strengthened; on the other hand, economic growth may cause some issues such as external diseconomies, environmental pollution, energy shortages and spiritual emptiness which can influence human life seriously and further result in decreased effectiveness of satisfaction and reduced social welfare. Nowadays, the negative effectiveness of economic growth has overwhelmed its positive effectiveness to social welfare enhancement. It is wise to discover the source and explore the means of social welfare from both economic growth perspective and other new broader perspectives.
Whether in the Marxist political economy or in the economics, the economic form of commodity has been researched with the premise that commodity is highly abstract. The abstract is no doubt necessary to establish the theory. However, because of the abstract the individual existence of commodities and the enormous welfare benefits achieved during the process where the commodity being transformed from a single form to differentiated forms are ignored. This paper introduces Michael Porter's concept of differentiation strategy to the economic research framework of social welfare improvement, and then points out that the richness of differentiated commodities and the optimization of consumer demand matching structure will become primary force to continuously promote social welfare when per capita income reaches a certain stage. The paper is made up of five parts.
In the first part, theories on people-oriented Social Welfare are analyzed; development of neo-classical welfare economics and modern welfare economics is overviewed; contributions of psychology, behavioral economics, externality theory, modern property rights theory, environmental economics, dual economic theory, and the core competitive advantage theory to social welfare improvement are revealed.
In the second part, commodity's general utility with which common needs of mass consumers are satisfied and commodity's diverse utility with which individual needs of minority consumers are satisfied are differentiated; distinguished laws of these two types of utility are analyzed; characteristics of the demand of differentiated commodity and relationship between price changes given that consumer has or has not a preference for differentiated commodity are examined; the theory of "optimal differentiated space" are proposed based on the Chamberlain's theory of monopolistic competition and the commodity market characteristics; followed the theory of "optimal differentiated space", mathematical model is constructed to explore the possibility and conditions of long-term excess profits that manufacturers can achieve.
In the third part, why greater consumption welfare effects can be achieved from differentiated commodities than from non-differentiated commodities is explained considering that differentiation can weaken the law of diminishing marginal utility and enhance consumers' welfare level by providing consumers with better choices and stimulating new desires; why greater production welfare effects can be achieved from differentiated commodities than from non-differentiated commodities is explained based on the analysis of the relationship between commodity differentiation and production factors utilization, labor productivity and total factor productivity; why greater transaction welfare effects can be achieved from differentiated commodities than from non-differentiated commodities is explained considering that the exchange of differentiated commodity can lead to Pareto improvement whether market information is symmetric or asymmetric; the cost of commodity differentiation is clarified based on systematical analysis of R&D costs, marketing costs, additional service costs, transaction costs, learning costs and the opportunity cost.
In the fourth part, the service circle theory is creatively proposed; the services section is scientific divided into different areas and its function is clearly positioned; the relationship between services section development and commodity differentiation is clarified; and then empirical methods are applied to prove the contributions of the development of services section to the efficiency of production factors, the structure optimization of production factors allocation, the improvement of national income distribution structure, the transaction cost and operating cost savings, and further the social welfare improvement; the differentiated game model is studied two indicators including the indicator of cross-level and the indicator of information symmetry related to service providers and target customer groups.
In the fifth part, some negative influences of commodity differentiation such as its augmenting the market failure and its decreasing the scale effects are analyzed; the relationship between commodity differentiation and parts standardization are discussed; approach to optimal production scale of differentiated commodity is clarified; relationships between genuine differentiation and false differentiation, between dominant differentiation and recessive differentiation, between long-term differentiation and short-term differentiation, between high value-added differentiation and low value-added differentiation, and between high-end market differentiation and low-end market differentiation are examined; the way to increase the effective supply of commodity differentiation is pointed out; designing thoughts and scientific framework of the regional differentiation strategy are clarified after discussing on the relationship between the implementation of the differentiation strategy and government's macro-management.
引文
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