基于遥感与GIS的生态环境质量评价
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摘要
“南水北调”是我国一项具有战略意义的工程,其中,西线工程可以从根本上解决西北六省的水资源短缺问题,对西部大开发实施有重要意义。本论文以南水北调西线一期工程的主要调水河流――雅砻江流域为研究区,应用自然生态综合指数模型,对该研究区的生态环境质量进行了评价。
通过实地调查和收集大量资料,选取了植被指数、土地覆盖类型、年积温、年降水和海拔高度等五个指标作为参评因子。利用主成分分析法,计算了各参评因子的权重系数,运用遥感和地理信息系统的图象处理和空间分析功能,在此基础上建立生态综合指数模型,评价研究区的生态环境质量现状,将本研究区划分为三级,并得出以下结论:
(1)研究区的自然生态环境以二级区为主,自然生态环境质量较好;海拔高度主要集中在(3800～4300m,研究区的低中海拔阶段);植被覆盖以高植被覆盖为主;年积温集中在(2457～3284℃);年降水较为分散,从南到北逐渐减少;土地覆盖类型以草甸草地为主。
(2)自然生态环境的空间分布有明显差异,南部最好,中间段次之,北部最差;其变化趋势与年积温、年降水和植被覆盖变化趋势一致。
(3)自然生态环境垂直分布差异明显,中海拔为主,环境质量较好;低海拔主要分布在雅砻江沿岸,环境质量最好;高海拔环境所占比例不到10%,环境质量最差。本研究区――雅砻江流域面积宽广,海拔较高,地势凶险,且区内交通条件非常不便。传统的自然生态环境评价方法需要耗费大量的人力、物力及财力。本文利用遥感获取数据的及时性和GIS的空间分析优势,对研究区生态环境质量现状进行研究,可以为南水北调西线调水河流区的生态环境质量评价提供了一种快速、准确的方法,为南水北调西线工程的实施提供一定的理论依据。
“South-to-North Water Transfer”is an important and strategic project in our country. while the West Route Project of South to North Water Transfer can ultimately solves water shortage_for the six provinces in West China, with importance for the Development of the West Regions. In this paper, Yalongjiang River is selected, which is one of the improtant rivers in the West Route Scheme of South to North Water Transfer Project. Then use an integrated model of eco-environment quality to evaluate the Eco-environment quality of Yalongjiang River.
Through investigating and collecting datum, five significant indices are abstracted, includeing vegetation coverage degree, altitude, land coverage, annual accumulated temperature and annual rainfall. When selecting the indeces, RS and GIS are made full use, and PCA is used to calculate the weight of every index. Based on these indices, an integrated evaluation model of eco-environment quality is builded. With the model, the study region is evaluated and divided into three grades. the results are :(1)The study region is dominated by second grade, the eco-environment quality is good. The altitude is between 3800m and 4300m; High vegetation coverage is prevailed; Annual accumulated temperature is between 2457 and 3284℃; Annual average rain is dispersed, becoming fewer and fewer form South to North ; Grass and Mesdow is the important land coverage.(2) The horiziontal distribution of the eco-enviroment quality showes evident regional difference, the best is in the south of this region,the second is the middle, the worst is in the north, which has the same changing trend with annual average rain, annual accumulated temperature and vegetation coverage. (3) The vertical difference of eco-enviroment quality is evident, the middle altitude region is dominated, eco-environment quality is good ; the low altitude region is distributed along the Yalongjiang River, eco-environment quality is the best, the high altitude region accounts for less than 10%, eco-environment quality is the worst.
The study region―YaLongjiang River, has vast area, hight altiude, dangerous hypsography and inconvenient traffic, therefore, the traditional method for evaluation of Eco-environment quality needs plenty of manpower, materials and money .In this paper, RS is used to get new datum timely, while GIS to do spatial analysis. a qucik and exact method is bulided for evaluating the Eco-environment quality and theoretical foundation for the implement of the West Route Project of South to North Water Transfer .
通过实地调查和收集大量资料,选取了植被指数、土地覆盖类型、年积温、年降水和海拔高度等五个指标作为参评因子。利用主成分分析法,计算了各参评因子的权重系数,运用遥感和地理信息系统的图象处理和空间分析功能,在此基础上建立生态综合指数模型,评价研究区的生态环境质量现状,将本研究区划分为三级,并得出以下结论:
(1)研究区的自然生态环境以二级区为主,自然生态环境质量较好;海拔高度主要集中在(3800～4300m,研究区的低中海拔阶段);植被覆盖以高植被覆盖为主;年积温集中在(2457～3284℃);年降水较为分散,从南到北逐渐减少;土地覆盖类型以草甸草地为主。
(2)自然生态环境的空间分布有明显差异,南部最好,中间段次之,北部最差;其变化趋势与年积温、年降水和植被覆盖变化趋势一致。
(3)自然生态环境垂直分布差异明显,中海拔为主,环境质量较好;低海拔主要分布在雅砻江沿岸,环境质量最好;高海拔环境所占比例不到10%,环境质量最差。本研究区――雅砻江流域面积宽广,海拔较高,地势凶险,且区内交通条件非常不便。传统的自然生态环境评价方法需要耗费大量的人力、物力及财力。本文利用遥感获取数据的及时性和GIS的空间分析优势,对研究区生态环境质量现状进行研究,可以为南水北调西线调水河流区的生态环境质量评价提供了一种快速、准确的方法,为南水北调西线工程的实施提供一定的理论依据。
“South-to-North Water Transfer”is an important and strategic project in our country. while the West Route Project of South to North Water Transfer can ultimately solves water shortage_for the six provinces in West China, with importance for the Development of the West Regions. In this paper, Yalongjiang River is selected, which is one of the improtant rivers in the West Route Scheme of South to North Water Transfer Project. Then use an integrated model of eco-environment quality to evaluate the Eco-environment quality of Yalongjiang River.
Through investigating and collecting datum, five significant indices are abstracted, includeing vegetation coverage degree, altitude, land coverage, annual accumulated temperature and annual rainfall. When selecting the indeces, RS and GIS are made full use, and PCA is used to calculate the weight of every index. Based on these indices, an integrated evaluation model of eco-environment quality is builded. With the model, the study region is evaluated and divided into three grades. the results are :(1)The study region is dominated by second grade, the eco-environment quality is good. The altitude is between 3800m and 4300m; High vegetation coverage is prevailed; Annual accumulated temperature is between 2457 and 3284℃; Annual average rain is dispersed, becoming fewer and fewer form South to North ; Grass and Mesdow is the important land coverage.(2) The horiziontal distribution of the eco-enviroment quality showes evident regional difference, the best is in the south of this region,the second is the middle, the worst is in the north, which has the same changing trend with annual average rain, annual accumulated temperature and vegetation coverage. (3) The vertical difference of eco-enviroment quality is evident, the middle altitude region is dominated, eco-environment quality is good ; the low altitude region is distributed along the Yalongjiang River, eco-environment quality is the best, the high altitude region accounts for less than 10%, eco-environment quality is the worst.
The study region―YaLongjiang River, has vast area, hight altiude, dangerous hypsography and inconvenient traffic, therefore, the traditional method for evaluation of Eco-environment quality needs plenty of manpower, materials and money .In this paper, RS is used to get new datum timely, while GIS to do spatial analysis. a qucik and exact method is bulided for evaluating the Eco-environment quality and theoretical foundation for the implement of the West Route Project of South to North Water Transfer .
引文
[1]Anselin A, Meire P M,Anselin L. Multicriteria techniques in ecological evaluation: an example using the analytical hierarchy process[J].Biol.Conserv.1989,49(3):215-229.
[2]Klung P,Taylor M,.microncomputer-based-sysytem for multicriteria environmental impacts evaluation of urban road networks.Comput.Environ[J].Urban Syst. 1998,22(5):425-446.
[3]Parinet B, Lhote A, Legube B. Principal computer analysis: an appropriate tool for water quality evaluation and management-application to a tropical lake system.Ecol[J].Model, 2004,178: 295-311.
[4]Wotling G, Bouvier C, Danloux J, et al,. Regionalization of extreme precipitation distribution using the pricipal components of the topographical environment [J]. Hydrol. 2000, 233 : 86-101.
[5]Ainong L, Angsheng W, Liang S L,et al . Eco-environmental vulnerability evaluation in mountainous region using remote sensing and GIS--A case study in the upper reaches of Minjiang River, China [J] . Ecological Modelling, 2006, 192: 175-187.
[6] Nathalie P . Using the satellite-derived ndvi to assess ecological responses to environment change[J] . Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 2005, 20 (9) : 503-510.
[7] Ren J P, Li Z Y, Jiang C H. Uncertain Relation Suited to Overfitting of BP Neural Network[J]. Journal of Electronic Science and Technology of China. 2004, 2(1) : 53-57.
[8] Kenneth R Castleman. Digital Image Processing [M]. American : Prentice Hall, 1996.
[9]李晓秀.北京山区生态环境质量评价体系初探[J].自然资源, 1997, 5:31-35.
[10]叶亚平,刘鲁军.中国省域生态环境质量评价指标系统研究[J].环境科学研究,2000,13(3):33-36.
[11]刘鲁军,叶亚平.县城生态环境质量考评方法研究[J].环境监测管理与技术, 2000 ,12(4):13-17.
[12] 赵英时.遥感应用分析原理与方法[M]. 北京:科学出版社, 2003.
[13] 美国环保局 emap. http:// www.epa.gov/emap/.
[14] 国家环保总局科技司. 环境遥感应用“十一五”. 2004.
[15] 郭凯, 孙陪新,刘卫国. 利用遥感影像软件 ENVI 提取植被指数[J]. 红外,2005,5:13-26.
[16] 汪易森, 杨元月. 中国南水北调工程.人民长江, 2005, 36(7):2-5.
[17] 党安荣, 王晓东. ERDAS IMAGING 遥感图像处理方法[M]北京:清华大学出版社,2003.124-125.
[18]李洪义, 史舟, 郭亚东等. 基于遥感与 GIS 技术的福建省生态环境质量评价[J].遥感技术与应用, 2006, 21(1):49-54.
[19]万本太, 张建辉, 董贵华等.中国生态环境质量评价研究[M]. 北京:中国环境科学出版 社,2003.
[20]夏军. 区域水环境及生态环境质量评价.多极关联评估理论及应用[M].武汉:武汉水利水电大学出版社, 1999, 144-150.
[21]周华荣,潘伯荣,海热提,等. 新疆生态环境现状综合评价研究[J].干旱区地理, 2001. 24(1) 23-29 .
[22]王振华,马海州,周笃珺, 等. Rs 和 Gis 支持下的自然生态环境评价[J].盐湖研究,2007,15(1):1-4.
[23]马荣华, 胡孟春, 庞志书,等. 海南岛生态环境质量分析评价[J].农村生态环境, 2000,16(4):11-14.
[24]李如忠. 巢湖流域生态环境质量评价初步研究[J]. 合肥工业大学学报(自然科学版), 2001, 24(5): 997-999.
[25]朱晓华, 杨秀春, 谢志仁. 江苏省生态环境质量动态评价研究[J]. 经济地理, 2002, 22(1):97-100.
[26]屠玉麟, 何谋军, 贺秋华. 贵州省生态环境质量综合评价方法研究[J].贵州师范大学学报(自然科学版).2001, 19(3):7-10.
[27]郑宗清. 广州城市生态环境质量研究[J]. 陕西师大学报(自然科学版).1995, 23(9):134-137.
[28]朱述龙, 张占睦. 遥感图象获取与分析[M]. 北京:科学出版社, 2002.
[29]李祚泳. 城市综合环境质量的物元分析评价[J]. 环境科学. 1995, 16(5) :76-78
[30]李群. 济南南部山区生态功能保护区生态环境评价指标体系研究[C]. 济南市 2005 年学术年会论文集. 2005: 50-53.
[31]梅安新, 彭望碌, 秦其明 等.遥感概论[M] .北京:高等教育出版社,2001.
[32]徐燕,周华荣. 初论我国生态环境质量评价研究进展[J]. 干旱区地理. 2003, 26 (2):166-172
[33]赵传松. 山东半岛城市群生态环境评价与可持续发展能力建设[D].优秀硕士学位论文 2006:2-2.
[34]叶文虎, 张月娥. 论环境科学中的一些基本概念[J]. 中国人口资源与环境.1993,3(4) :14-18.
[35]朱东红. 晋西北地区生态环境质量评价研究[D]. 硕士学位论文: 21-21.
[36] 潘桂棠 , 刘宝珺 . 南水北调西线工程面临的挑战与对策 [J]. 国土资源科技管理.2006,23:1-4.
[37]徐建华.现代地理学中的数学方法[M]. 高等教育出版社. 2002,84-93.
[38]李祚泳.环境监测优化布点的人工神经网络模型[J].中国环境科学,1997,17(1):27-29.
[39]水利部.黄河水利委员会勘测规划设计研究院.环境影响分析[M].南水北调西线工程规划专题报告.2001,3:4-4.
[40]邓聚龙.灰色系统基本方法[M]. 武汉:华中理工大学出版社.1987:50-140.
[2]Klung P,Taylor M,.microncomputer-based-sysytem for multicriteria environmental impacts evaluation of urban road networks.Comput.Environ[J].Urban Syst. 1998,22(5):425-446.
[3]Parinet B, Lhote A, Legube B. Principal computer analysis: an appropriate tool for water quality evaluation and management-application to a tropical lake system.Ecol[J].Model, 2004,178: 295-311.
[4]Wotling G, Bouvier C, Danloux J, et al,. Regionalization of extreme precipitation distribution using the pricipal components of the topographical environment [J]. Hydrol. 2000, 233 : 86-101.
[5]Ainong L, Angsheng W, Liang S L,et al . Eco-environmental vulnerability evaluation in mountainous region using remote sensing and GIS--A case study in the upper reaches of Minjiang River, China [J] . Ecological Modelling, 2006, 192: 175-187.
[6] Nathalie P . Using the satellite-derived ndvi to assess ecological responses to environment change[J] . Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 2005, 20 (9) : 503-510.
[7] Ren J P, Li Z Y, Jiang C H. Uncertain Relation Suited to Overfitting of BP Neural Network[J]. Journal of Electronic Science and Technology of China. 2004, 2(1) : 53-57.
[8] Kenneth R Castleman. Digital Image Processing [M]. American : Prentice Hall, 1996.
[9]李晓秀.北京山区生态环境质量评价体系初探[J].自然资源, 1997, 5:31-35.
[10]叶亚平,刘鲁军.中国省域生态环境质量评价指标系统研究[J].环境科学研究,2000,13(3):33-36.
[11]刘鲁军,叶亚平.县城生态环境质量考评方法研究[J].环境监测管理与技术, 2000 ,12(4):13-17.
[12] 赵英时.遥感应用分析原理与方法[M]. 北京:科学出版社, 2003.
[13] 美国环保局 emap. http:// www.epa.gov/emap/.
[14] 国家环保总局科技司. 环境遥感应用“十一五”. 2004.
[15] 郭凯, 孙陪新,刘卫国. 利用遥感影像软件 ENVI 提取植被指数[J]. 红外,2005,5:13-26.
[16] 汪易森, 杨元月. 中国南水北调工程.人民长江, 2005, 36(7):2-5.
[17] 党安荣, 王晓东. ERDAS IMAGING 遥感图像处理方法[M]北京:清华大学出版社,2003.124-125.
[18]李洪义, 史舟, 郭亚东等. 基于遥感与 GIS 技术的福建省生态环境质量评价[J].遥感技术与应用, 2006, 21(1):49-54.
[19]万本太, 张建辉, 董贵华等.中国生态环境质量评价研究[M]. 北京:中国环境科学出版 社,2003.
[20]夏军. 区域水环境及生态环境质量评价.多极关联评估理论及应用[M].武汉:武汉水利水电大学出版社, 1999, 144-150.
[21]周华荣,潘伯荣,海热提,等. 新疆生态环境现状综合评价研究[J].干旱区地理, 2001. 24(1) 23-29 .
[22]王振华,马海州,周笃珺, 等. Rs 和 Gis 支持下的自然生态环境评价[J].盐湖研究,2007,15(1):1-4.
[23]马荣华, 胡孟春, 庞志书,等. 海南岛生态环境质量分析评价[J].农村生态环境, 2000,16(4):11-14.
[24]李如忠. 巢湖流域生态环境质量评价初步研究[J]. 合肥工业大学学报(自然科学版), 2001, 24(5): 997-999.
[25]朱晓华, 杨秀春, 谢志仁. 江苏省生态环境质量动态评价研究[J]. 经济地理, 2002, 22(1):97-100.
[26]屠玉麟, 何谋军, 贺秋华. 贵州省生态环境质量综合评价方法研究[J].贵州师范大学学报(自然科学版).2001, 19(3):7-10.
[27]郑宗清. 广州城市生态环境质量研究[J]. 陕西师大学报(自然科学版).1995, 23(9):134-137.
[28]朱述龙, 张占睦. 遥感图象获取与分析[M]. 北京:科学出版社, 2002.
[29]李祚泳. 城市综合环境质量的物元分析评价[J]. 环境科学. 1995, 16(5) :76-78
[30]李群. 济南南部山区生态功能保护区生态环境评价指标体系研究[C]. 济南市 2005 年学术年会论文集. 2005: 50-53.
[31]梅安新, 彭望碌, 秦其明 等.遥感概论[M] .北京:高等教育出版社,2001.
[32]徐燕,周华荣. 初论我国生态环境质量评价研究进展[J]. 干旱区地理. 2003, 26 (2):166-172
[33]赵传松. 山东半岛城市群生态环境评价与可持续发展能力建设[D].优秀硕士学位论文 2006:2-2.
[34]叶文虎, 张月娥. 论环境科学中的一些基本概念[J]. 中国人口资源与环境.1993,3(4) :14-18.
[35]朱东红. 晋西北地区生态环境质量评价研究[D]. 硕士学位论文: 21-21.
[36] 潘桂棠 , 刘宝珺 . 南水北调西线工程面临的挑战与对策 [J]. 国土资源科技管理.2006,23:1-4.
[37]徐建华.现代地理学中的数学方法[M]. 高等教育出版社. 2002,84-93.
[38]李祚泳.环境监测优化布点的人工神经网络模型[J].中国环境科学,1997,17(1):27-29.
[39]水利部.黄河水利委员会勘测规划设计研究院.环境影响分析[M].南水北调西线工程规划专题报告.2001,3:4-4.
[40]邓聚龙.灰色系统基本方法[M]. 武汉:华中理工大学出版社.1987:50-140.