单片开洞钢板剪力墙的结构设计理论与方法研究
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摘要
通过实际大震的检验证明，钢板剪力墙结构为现今存在的最优抗震耗能结构体系。由于要满足建筑的使用功能，难免要求在钢板墙上开设多种样式的洞口，本文以单片开洞薄板墙为研究对象，系统研究了多种开洞薄板墙的受力特性，主要包括以下内容：
1、对现存的开洞钢板墙按部位的不同划分为SW-Ce、SW-Be、SW-Bo、SW-Co四类形式，从开洞钢板墙中有、无边缘构件的存在入手进行分析，通过两者的抗剪极限承载力及结构延性确认边缘构件存在的必要性。采用经典力学的分析方法对SW-Ce型钢板墙的边缘构件受力进行求解，得到经典解析解后推广应用至其他开洞钢板墙的边缘构件，以此为依据提供了边缘构件强度计算的方法。
2、采用有限元软件对上述四种开洞钢板墙建立精致模型，以准确模拟不同开洞形式下钢板墙的受力性能，通过静力分析提出影响开洞钢板墙受力的主要因素，除普通钢板墙的影响因素外，主要由洞口水平偏心率（η_1）与墙板水平截面开洞率（η2）两个因素所决定，通过大量算例证明上述两因素均与开洞钢板墙的极限承载力与延性呈一定的线性关系。
3、从施工角度分析焊接作用对开洞钢板墙受力性能的影响，分析了不同的施焊顺序造成结构自身应力与变形的不同，得到开洞钢板墙的最佳焊接顺序，并提出减小焊接不利影响的施焊工艺；通过具体算例可知，考虑焊接作用对结构的抗剪极限承载力降低约5%，且结构的延性有所降低，证明焊接作用对开洞钢板墙的受力性能是不可忽略的因素；考虑施工过程中由于钢板墙几乎同步或稍微滞后于结构主体施工，结构主体的轴向压缩导致钢板墙产生轴向预压作用，通过对开洞钢板墙最大层压缩比的分析可知，由施工顺序造成钢板墙承受的轴向预压作用等同于初始缺陷产生的影响。
4、对四种开洞钢板墙的受力结果与相同状况下的无洞口钢板墙进行比较可知，由于边缘构件的存在导致开洞钢板墙的抗剪极限承载力高于普通无洞钢板墙，且随边缘构件数量的增加其承载力也逐步提高，但承载力的提高是以结构的延性降低为代价；无洞口钢板墙的延性远优于相同状况下的开洞钢板墙，且其塑性强化阶段没有出现类似开洞钢板墙应力-应变曲线存在的明显下降段。
5、为了不降低开洞钢板墙的水平抗剪能力，提出洞口侧面补强钢板的计算方法，并通过大量算例验证采用补强后的开洞钢板墙，其抗剪承载力没有降低，为开洞钢板墙计算模型（USMO模型）的提出做了铺垫。
6、边缘构件在开洞钢板墙中处于重要的地位，直接影响到开洞钢板墙的极限承载力与延性指标，如边缘构件刚度选取过大则会招致过大的地震力而导致结构延性性能下降，如刚度过小则不能提供足够的锚固力以实现内填板拉力带的形成，故通过对开洞钢板墙中的计算各种参数进行变化，提炼出边缘构件刚度对结构初始刚度的影响，以观察边缘构件参与抗侧的份额来判断其经济、合理的刚度范围，最终确定I_c/I_(co)处于6~8范围内时，为最优的边缘构件的刚度比值。
7、对现有钢板墙最佳计算模型USM进行研究分析，考虑开洞钢板墙中边缘构件的存在对其抗剪极限承载力及延性的影响，并对USM模型进行修正，提出适用于开洞钢板墙的USMO计算模型，其形式同USM模型，均由剪切作用部分与拉力场部分所组成，不同的是在拉力场部分增设一压力杆，以模拟洞口处边缘构件的存在导致结构承载力提高而延性下降的问题，剪切作用部分由于前述最小安全板厚的补强作用而无变化。
8、通过对单片开洞钢板墙的的非线性单级与多级滞回分析，发现由于边缘构件的存在而使开洞薄板墙没有出现明显的捏缩现象，变换多种参数以确定各种因素对开洞钢板墙受力性能的影响；通过考察开洞钢板墙的能量耗算系数、承载力退化系数等检验其在往复荷载作用下的耗能能力及承载力的稳定性，最终提出开洞钢板墙的骨架曲线。
9、观察开洞钢板墙滞回分析全过程，明确提出开洞钢板墙在受力破坏时存在的两种不同的形态，并对此两种破坏形态进行分析，提出为满足多道抗震设防的概念设计要求，应采用第I类破坏形态的延性设计，而应避免第II类破坏形态所带来的滞后型延性设计。
10、总结开洞钢板墙的基本设计流程，对一12层的单榀开洞钢板墙框架进行初步设计（SW-Ce型），在满足各项设计指标的情况下，采用三条实际地震波对其进行多遇地震与罕遇地震分析，以验证开洞钢板墙的可靠性，并提取整体模型的顶层及底层侧向位移，以说明开洞钢板墙在罕遇地震作用下是安全可靠的。
论文的研究成果可为钢板剪力墙结构的理论研究与抗震设计提供有价值的数据和参考依据。
Through tests under actual severe earthquakes, steel plate shear wall is proved tobe one of the best anti-seismic structure systems. But sometimes in order to satisfyarchitectural funtions., various openings are inevitable.So in this paper, the mechanicalperformances of various thin wall shear walls with openings are investigated. Mainpoints in this paper include:
1. According to the position of openings,all existing steel plate shear walls withopenings are classified into four types: SW-Ce, SW-Be, SW-Bo and SW-Co.First of all,differences are researched between shear wall with edge members and that withoutedge members.By comparing their ultimate bearing capacity and ductility, we canjudge whether edge members are necessary. With the help of classical mechanics, thispaper researches the stressing situation of edge members in SW-Ce. Then this paperextendes the classical results to other types of shear walls with openings. In the end,the strength calculation method for edge members is summarized.
2. Exact models of the former4kinds of steel walls with opening are built byFEM to simulate of the force of steel walls with different openings. The static analysispoints out that, in additional to the factors of normal steel walls, the horizoantleccentricity (η_1) and the horizoantl opening rate (η2) are the most important factorswhich affect the performance of steel walls. A large number of examples show that theformer two factors are proportional to the ultimate load and the ductility of walls.
3. In order to find out the effect of welding to Steel Plate Shear Wall withOpenings in construction, different stress and deformation in strucure caused bydifferent welding process are studied. An optimum welding process is obtained in result and a technique that can decrease the welding effect is proposed simutaneously.It is tested that the cultimate shearing load decrease by5%considering the weldingeffect and the structure ductility decreased considerably. So the welding effect can notbe ommited in loading of steel plate shear wall with openings. Considering the steelplate wall is built at the same time with structure or lagged behind, the steel plate wallis prepressed for the axial pression in structure, and the prepression caused byconstruction process is equal to the intial defect through the analysis of maximumstorey compression ratio in steel plate shear wall with openings.
4. Capareing the results of the4kinds of steel walls with the one without openingunder the same condition, it is found out that, the ultimate load of walls with opening ismuch larger than normal walls without opening because of the edge members, andmore edge members means higher ultimate load. However, the ductility reduces withedge members for the ductility of normal walls is much better than that with openings,besides, the stress-strain curve of walls with opening decreases clearly while thenormal walls do not.
5. Additional steel plates next to the opening are needed to impove resistanceability of horizoantl shear force, and the formula is proposed at the same time. A largenumber of examples show that resistance ability of horizoantl shear force is notreduced because of additional plates, which provide the base of steel walls of openingmodel (USMO).
6. The edge members are very important in the model of steel walls, which have adirect effect to the ultimate load and ductility. Edge members with high stiffness willlead to high seismic effect and brittle damage, while ones with low stiffness cannotprovide enough anchoring force, which is an important cause of the tension beltformation of infill plate. Through studying these parameters, the effect of edgemembers to the initial stiffness of components could be proposed, which can be used tofind the resist-horizoantl-force ratio of edge members and economic scope of stiffness.It is found that the best scope of stiffness ratio is I_c/I_(co)=6~8.
7. Investigating for the best USM model and considering the influence of edgemembers for the ultimate strength and ductility for the steel shear wall with holes，Imodified the USM model and advanced USMO model.The two models are all made upof the shear field and the tension field. The only difference between the USMO and theUSM model is the compression bar in the tension field.The compression bar simulatesthe increasing ultimate load and the decreasing ductility for the adding of edgemembers，and the shear field doesn’t change for the strengthening of the minimum safe thickness panel.
8. Investigating for the nonlinear monotonic and cyclic analysis of the steel shearwall with openings，the analysis results hasn’t the shrinking phenomenon.And theresult shows the influences of many parameters for the uniqueperformance.Investigating the Energy dissipation coefficient and Strength degradationcoefficient，I advanced the skeleton curve for the steel shear wall with openings.
9. Analyzing the hysterrisis curve，there are two types of failure models.The firstmodel is ductile failure， and the second model is lag ductile failure. Aftercomprehensive analysis for the two failure models，the project should adopt the firstmodel and avoid the second model on the basis of multi-channel seismic fortificationconcept design.
10. A one-bay12-story steel shear wall model with openings has been carried outto demonstrate the unique performances，and the model meets various design indexs.The model is analyzed by elastoplastic seismic time-history analysis under threepractical seismic waves to demonstrate the reliability. And the lateral displacement ofthe top floor show that the model is in acceptable reliability level.
The research offers valuable datas and references for the theory research andseismic design of the steel shear wall.
1、对现存的开洞钢板墙按部位的不同划分为SW-Ce、SW-Be、SW-Bo、SW-Co四类形式，从开洞钢板墙中有、无边缘构件的存在入手进行分析，通过两者的抗剪极限承载力及结构延性确认边缘构件存在的必要性。采用经典力学的分析方法对SW-Ce型钢板墙的边缘构件受力进行求解，得到经典解析解后推广应用至其他开洞钢板墙的边缘构件，以此为依据提供了边缘构件强度计算的方法。
2、采用有限元软件对上述四种开洞钢板墙建立精致模型，以准确模拟不同开洞形式下钢板墙的受力性能，通过静力分析提出影响开洞钢板墙受力的主要因素，除普通钢板墙的影响因素外，主要由洞口水平偏心率（η_1）与墙板水平截面开洞率（η2）两个因素所决定，通过大量算例证明上述两因素均与开洞钢板墙的极限承载力与延性呈一定的线性关系。
3、从施工角度分析焊接作用对开洞钢板墙受力性能的影响，分析了不同的施焊顺序造成结构自身应力与变形的不同，得到开洞钢板墙的最佳焊接顺序，并提出减小焊接不利影响的施焊工艺；通过具体算例可知，考虑焊接作用对结构的抗剪极限承载力降低约5%，且结构的延性有所降低，证明焊接作用对开洞钢板墙的受力性能是不可忽略的因素；考虑施工过程中由于钢板墙几乎同步或稍微滞后于结构主体施工，结构主体的轴向压缩导致钢板墙产生轴向预压作用，通过对开洞钢板墙最大层压缩比的分析可知，由施工顺序造成钢板墙承受的轴向预压作用等同于初始缺陷产生的影响。
4、对四种开洞钢板墙的受力结果与相同状况下的无洞口钢板墙进行比较可知，由于边缘构件的存在导致开洞钢板墙的抗剪极限承载力高于普通无洞钢板墙，且随边缘构件数量的增加其承载力也逐步提高，但承载力的提高是以结构的延性降低为代价；无洞口钢板墙的延性远优于相同状况下的开洞钢板墙，且其塑性强化阶段没有出现类似开洞钢板墙应力-应变曲线存在的明显下降段。
5、为了不降低开洞钢板墙的水平抗剪能力，提出洞口侧面补强钢板的计算方法，并通过大量算例验证采用补强后的开洞钢板墙，其抗剪承载力没有降低，为开洞钢板墙计算模型（USMO模型）的提出做了铺垫。
6、边缘构件在开洞钢板墙中处于重要的地位，直接影响到开洞钢板墙的极限承载力与延性指标，如边缘构件刚度选取过大则会招致过大的地震力而导致结构延性性能下降，如刚度过小则不能提供足够的锚固力以实现内填板拉力带的形成，故通过对开洞钢板墙中的计算各种参数进行变化，提炼出边缘构件刚度对结构初始刚度的影响，以观察边缘构件参与抗侧的份额来判断其经济、合理的刚度范围，最终确定I_c/I_(co)处于6~8范围内时，为最优的边缘构件的刚度比值。
7、对现有钢板墙最佳计算模型USM进行研究分析，考虑开洞钢板墙中边缘构件的存在对其抗剪极限承载力及延性的影响，并对USM模型进行修正，提出适用于开洞钢板墙的USMO计算模型，其形式同USM模型，均由剪切作用部分与拉力场部分所组成，不同的是在拉力场部分增设一压力杆，以模拟洞口处边缘构件的存在导致结构承载力提高而延性下降的问题，剪切作用部分由于前述最小安全板厚的补强作用而无变化。
8、通过对单片开洞钢板墙的的非线性单级与多级滞回分析，发现由于边缘构件的存在而使开洞薄板墙没有出现明显的捏缩现象，变换多种参数以确定各种因素对开洞钢板墙受力性能的影响；通过考察开洞钢板墙的能量耗算系数、承载力退化系数等检验其在往复荷载作用下的耗能能力及承载力的稳定性，最终提出开洞钢板墙的骨架曲线。
9、观察开洞钢板墙滞回分析全过程，明确提出开洞钢板墙在受力破坏时存在的两种不同的形态，并对此两种破坏形态进行分析，提出为满足多道抗震设防的概念设计要求，应采用第I类破坏形态的延性设计，而应避免第II类破坏形态所带来的滞后型延性设计。
10、总结开洞钢板墙的基本设计流程，对一12层的单榀开洞钢板墙框架进行初步设计（SW-Ce型），在满足各项设计指标的情况下，采用三条实际地震波对其进行多遇地震与罕遇地震分析，以验证开洞钢板墙的可靠性，并提取整体模型的顶层及底层侧向位移，以说明开洞钢板墙在罕遇地震作用下是安全可靠的。
论文的研究成果可为钢板剪力墙结构的理论研究与抗震设计提供有价值的数据和参考依据。
Through tests under actual severe earthquakes, steel plate shear wall is proved tobe one of the best anti-seismic structure systems. But sometimes in order to satisfyarchitectural funtions., various openings are inevitable.So in this paper, the mechanicalperformances of various thin wall shear walls with openings are investigated. Mainpoints in this paper include:
1. According to the position of openings,all existing steel plate shear walls withopenings are classified into four types: SW-Ce, SW-Be, SW-Bo and SW-Co.First of all,differences are researched between shear wall with edge members and that withoutedge members.By comparing their ultimate bearing capacity and ductility, we canjudge whether edge members are necessary. With the help of classical mechanics, thispaper researches the stressing situation of edge members in SW-Ce. Then this paperextendes the classical results to other types of shear walls with openings. In the end,the strength calculation method for edge members is summarized.
2. Exact models of the former4kinds of steel walls with opening are built byFEM to simulate of the force of steel walls with different openings. The static analysispoints out that, in additional to the factors of normal steel walls, the horizoantleccentricity (η_1) and the horizoantl opening rate (η2) are the most important factorswhich affect the performance of steel walls. A large number of examples show that theformer two factors are proportional to the ultimate load and the ductility of walls.
3. In order to find out the effect of welding to Steel Plate Shear Wall withOpenings in construction, different stress and deformation in strucure caused bydifferent welding process are studied. An optimum welding process is obtained in result and a technique that can decrease the welding effect is proposed simutaneously.It is tested that the cultimate shearing load decrease by5%considering the weldingeffect and the structure ductility decreased considerably. So the welding effect can notbe ommited in loading of steel plate shear wall with openings. Considering the steelplate wall is built at the same time with structure or lagged behind, the steel plate wallis prepressed for the axial pression in structure, and the prepression caused byconstruction process is equal to the intial defect through the analysis of maximumstorey compression ratio in steel plate shear wall with openings.
4. Capareing the results of the4kinds of steel walls with the one without openingunder the same condition, it is found out that, the ultimate load of walls with opening ismuch larger than normal walls without opening because of the edge members, andmore edge members means higher ultimate load. However, the ductility reduces withedge members for the ductility of normal walls is much better than that with openings,besides, the stress-strain curve of walls with opening decreases clearly while thenormal walls do not.
5. Additional steel plates next to the opening are needed to impove resistanceability of horizoantl shear force, and the formula is proposed at the same time. A largenumber of examples show that resistance ability of horizoantl shear force is notreduced because of additional plates, which provide the base of steel walls of openingmodel (USMO).
6. The edge members are very important in the model of steel walls, which have adirect effect to the ultimate load and ductility. Edge members with high stiffness willlead to high seismic effect and brittle damage, while ones with low stiffness cannotprovide enough anchoring force, which is an important cause of the tension beltformation of infill plate. Through studying these parameters, the effect of edgemembers to the initial stiffness of components could be proposed, which can be used tofind the resist-horizoantl-force ratio of edge members and economic scope of stiffness.It is found that the best scope of stiffness ratio is I_c/I_(co)=6~8.
7. Investigating for the best USM model and considering the influence of edgemembers for the ultimate strength and ductility for the steel shear wall with holes，Imodified the USM model and advanced USMO model.The two models are all made upof the shear field and the tension field. The only difference between the USMO and theUSM model is the compression bar in the tension field.The compression bar simulatesthe increasing ultimate load and the decreasing ductility for the adding of edgemembers，and the shear field doesn’t change for the strengthening of the minimum safe thickness panel.
8. Investigating for the nonlinear monotonic and cyclic analysis of the steel shearwall with openings，the analysis results hasn’t the shrinking phenomenon.And theresult shows the influences of many parameters for the uniqueperformance.Investigating the Energy dissipation coefficient and Strength degradationcoefficient，I advanced the skeleton curve for the steel shear wall with openings.
9. Analyzing the hysterrisis curve，there are two types of failure models.The firstmodel is ductile failure， and the second model is lag ductile failure. Aftercomprehensive analysis for the two failure models，the project should adopt the firstmodel and avoid the second model on the basis of multi-channel seismic fortificationconcept design.
10. A one-bay12-story steel shear wall model with openings has been carried outto demonstrate the unique performances，and the model meets various design indexs.The model is analyzed by elastoplastic seismic time-history analysis under threepractical seismic waves to demonstrate the reliability. And the lateral displacement ofthe top floor show that the model is in acceptable reliability level.
The research offers valuable datas and references for the theory research andseismic design of the steel shear wall.
引文
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