低密度泡沫塑料的结构及其力学行为研究
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摘要
泡沫塑料具有密度低,比弹性模量高,比强度高的优点,是一种理想的轻质结构材料;同时,这种材料还具有良好的振动和冲击能量吸收性能,是目前应用最普遍的缓冲包装材料之一,尤以发泡聚苯乙烯(文中简称EPS)、发泡聚乙烯(文中简称EPE)两种材料应用最广。尽管由于“绿色包装“浪潮的兴起,泡沫塑料在包装中的应用受到很大冲击,但随着新型泡沫塑料产品的应用、各种泡沫塑料回收技术的发展,这种综合性能最好、价格优势最明显的缓冲材料还是在产品保护包装中发挥着十分重要的作用。在充分利用其优良性能的前提下,尽可能地减少用量、减少成型过程中的能量消耗以及研究易于废弃处理的新型发泡塑料等,已成为当前泡沫塑料研究的热点。
本课题从泡沫塑料的发泡原理和成型工艺出发,分析了几种常用泡沫塑料的发泡工艺参数及其影响因素;研究了材料的细观结构特点,并以此为基础,结合三种常用泡沫塑料的性能试验探讨了泡沫塑料的力-变形关系,基于试验数据和Avalle、Rusch和Gibson理论,完善了泡沫塑料的应力-应变关系模型。研究了泡沫塑料的单轴压缩性能、应变率、蠕变性能以及跌落冲击压缩性能等指标与其发泡倍率、成型密度、细观结构参数的关系;讨论了压缩速率对测试结果的影响;通过试验和理论分析,研究了发泡聚丙烯的振动传递性能,结果表明,运用谐波平衡法对基于三次非线性刚度理论的EPP材料振动传递特性的求解与试验数据较好吻合。
本课题的研究完善了泡沫塑料的应力-应变关系模型,研究了基于能量吸收效率的缓冲材料密度选择的方法,有一定创新。研究结果对使用泡沫塑料进行科学、准确的缓冲设计具有一定的指导意义;也有助于从泡沫塑料的发泡工艺参数出发,探索提升材料缓冲性能的途径。
Low-density foamed plastic is the ideal structural material for cushioning packaging because it’s the higher rate modulus of elasticity, high strength and light weight. At the same time, such material also has a good vibration, and shock absorption capacity of energy, is the most common packaging materials, especially foam polystyrene, polyethylene foam. Though with the tide of "green packaging", the use of foamed plastic was been effected, but practice proved that it is currently the most effective cushioning material. Therefore, in the process of using their excellent performance, designer should reduce material’s consumption as far as possible, reduce the energy consumption during their molding process, reduce the treatment cost of the waste and develop the new foam friendly to environment.
The microscopic structure of commonly used foam plastics’and the impact of factors on the microscopic structure of materials has been discussed from the issue of foam molding process, take it as the basis for study of the foam compression force - deformation, as well as related performance ratio with the foam forming density, the relationship between the micro structural parameters. Discussed the compression rate on the test results, as well as the impact of the creep properties of materials through the vibration of polypropylene foam transmission performance testing of the materials and obtained the nonlinear vibration transmission characteristic curve of EPP.
The study results of the foamed plastic could be used as a guiding for the scientific and accurate design of the buffer for cushioning. At the same time the results are helpful for seeking best techniques and process of upgrading the performance of the buffer cushion, and the determination of process parameters. Thus could under the guarantee packing effect premise to retrench the use of materials as far as possible.
本课题从泡沫塑料的发泡原理和成型工艺出发,分析了几种常用泡沫塑料的发泡工艺参数及其影响因素;研究了材料的细观结构特点,并以此为基础,结合三种常用泡沫塑料的性能试验探讨了泡沫塑料的力-变形关系,基于试验数据和Avalle、Rusch和Gibson理论,完善了泡沫塑料的应力-应变关系模型。研究了泡沫塑料的单轴压缩性能、应变率、蠕变性能以及跌落冲击压缩性能等指标与其发泡倍率、成型密度、细观结构参数的关系;讨论了压缩速率对测试结果的影响;通过试验和理论分析,研究了发泡聚丙烯的振动传递性能,结果表明,运用谐波平衡法对基于三次非线性刚度理论的EPP材料振动传递特性的求解与试验数据较好吻合。
本课题的研究完善了泡沫塑料的应力-应变关系模型,研究了基于能量吸收效率的缓冲材料密度选择的方法,有一定创新。研究结果对使用泡沫塑料进行科学、准确的缓冲设计具有一定的指导意义;也有助于从泡沫塑料的发泡工艺参数出发,探索提升材料缓冲性能的途径。
Low-density foamed plastic is the ideal structural material for cushioning packaging because it’s the higher rate modulus of elasticity, high strength and light weight. At the same time, such material also has a good vibration, and shock absorption capacity of energy, is the most common packaging materials, especially foam polystyrene, polyethylene foam. Though with the tide of "green packaging", the use of foamed plastic was been effected, but practice proved that it is currently the most effective cushioning material. Therefore, in the process of using their excellent performance, designer should reduce material’s consumption as far as possible, reduce the energy consumption during their molding process, reduce the treatment cost of the waste and develop the new foam friendly to environment.
The microscopic structure of commonly used foam plastics’and the impact of factors on the microscopic structure of materials has been discussed from the issue of foam molding process, take it as the basis for study of the foam compression force - deformation, as well as related performance ratio with the foam forming density, the relationship between the micro structural parameters. Discussed the compression rate on the test results, as well as the impact of the creep properties of materials through the vibration of polypropylene foam transmission performance testing of the materials and obtained the nonlinear vibration transmission characteristic curve of EPP.
The study results of the foamed plastic could be used as a guiding for the scientific and accurate design of the buffer for cushioning. At the same time the results are helpful for seeking best techniques and process of upgrading the performance of the buffer cushion, and the determination of process parameters. Thus could under the guarantee packing effect premise to retrench the use of materials as far as possible.
引文
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4.余同希、卢国兴.材料与结构的能量吸收[M].北京:化学工业出版社. 2005:14-18
5. Hiyard N.C. Mechanics of Cellular Plastics [M].Applied Sci Publisher. 1982:359-391
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25.童忠钫,胡强.采用泡沫衬垫的产品缓冲包装优化设计的研究[J].浙江大学学报:自然科学版,1994,28(1):41-48
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38. K. C. RUSCH. Load-Compression Behavior of Brittle Foams [J]. JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE ,1970,14:1263-1276
39.唐志玉,徐佩弦.塑料制品设计师指南[M].北京:国防工业出版社出版.1993:390
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41. Gibson L.J., Ashby M.F.刘培生译. Cellular Solids:Structures and Properties多孔固体结构与性能[M].清华大学出版社,2003:26-27
42. Luca Di Landro, Giuseppe Sala, Daniela Olivieri. Deformation mechanisms and energy absorption of polystyrene foams for protective helmets. Polymer Testing ,2002.21:217–228
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2.《化工百科全书》编辑委员会.树脂与塑料《化工百科全书》专业卷(上、下册)[M].化学工业出版社.2002:1197-1198
3.周文管、王喜顺.泡沫塑料主要力学性能及其力学模型[J].塑料科技2003(6):17-19,22
4.余同希、卢国兴.材料与结构的能量吸收[M].北京:化学工业出版社. 2005:14-18
5. Hiyard N.C. Mechanics of Cellular Plastics [M].Applied Sci Publisher. 1982:359-391
6. Gibson L.J., Ashby M.F.刘培生译. Cellular Solids: Structures and Properties多孔固体结构与性能[M].北京:清华大学出版社.2003
7.卢子兴.北京航空航天大学博士后研究工作报告, 1997
8.卢子兴,王仁等.微孔泡沫塑料力学行为的研究综述[J]力学进展. 2002,32(3):365-378
9.卢子兴,聚氨酯泡沫塑料冲击力学性能的实验研究[J].高分子材料科学与工程. 1995 ,11(6):79-81
10.卢子兴、赵明洁.泡沫塑料力学性能研究进展[J].力学与实践. 1998,20(2):1-9
11.徐涛,傅强.PUR/GF泡沫塑料的密度对微观结构及力学性能的影响[J].工程塑料应用. 2003,31(10).10-12
12.佟富强.包装件跌落的动力学分析[J].包装工程. 1998,19(3):8-10,24
13.关吉勋,泡沫塑料的成型工艺[J].四川化工与腐蚀控制.1998.3.4.5.6
14.杜骋,聚苯乙烯泡沫的特性及应用分析[J].东南大学学报(自然科学版),2001,31(3):138-142
15.吴功平,缓冲包装的跌落冲击及其参数方程[J].包装工程.1994.(2):52-56
16.朱向荣,EPS动力特性试验研究[J].岩土工程学报. 2005,27(11):1253-1256
17.余本农,平幼妹.加载速度对聚苯乙烯缓冲材料静态压缩特性的影响[J].包装工程, 1995,16(5):10-12
18.李书印,智文广等.常用缓冲衬垫设计曲线的分析[J].广东包装, 1996(3): (不详)
19.彭国勋,王瑞栋,郭延洪.缓冲包装动力学[M].湖南:湖南大学出版社.1989
20.彭国勋.运输包装[M].北京:印刷工业出版社.1989:
21.耿东伟,许文才,曹国荣.膨胀珍珠岩衬垫缓冲特性的研究[J].包装工程.2005,26(11) 68-69
22.钱汉英等.塑料加工实用技术问答[M].机械工业出版社.2004:142-143
23.周祥兴.塑料包装材料成型与彩印工艺[M].北京:中国物质出版社.1997:273
24.吴舜英,徐敬一.泡沫塑料成型第二版[M].北京:化学工业出版社.1999:44-45
25.童忠钫,胡强.采用泡沫衬垫的产品缓冲包装优化设计的研究[J].浙江大学学报:自然科学版,1994,28(1):41-48
26.胡强,唐录成.聚氨酯泡沫塑料复模量参数的测试和识别[J].包装工程,1995,16(3):11-15
27.曲通馨,张德信.绝热材料与绝热工程实用手册[M].西安:中国建材工业出版社.1998:248-249
28.徐同考.塑料基础与加工工艺[M].河北:河北科学技术出版社.1989:286-290
29.姜继圣,罗玉萍,兰翔.新型建筑绝热、吸声材料[M].化学工业出版社.2002:172-173
30.张军.橡塑制材料及应用[M].北京:化学工业出版社:178-179
31.王正玲,傅建翎.带结构的EPS防震包装材料动特性研究[J].包装工程. 1991,6(2):1-5
32.向红.对泡沫塑料落锤冲击试验的解析[J].包装工程.2002,(3):16-19
33.周祥兴.塑料包装材料成型与彩印工艺[M].北京:中国物质出版社.1997:07
34. F. Iannace, S. Iannace, G. Caprino, L. Nicolais.Prediction of impact properties of polyolefin foams [J]. Polymer Testing .2001,20:643–647
35.北京市塑料工业公司.塑料成型工艺[M].北京:中国轻工业出版社.2006:574-578
36.钱志屏.泡沫塑料[M].中国石化出版社. 1998:75-78
37. H.X.ZHU,J.F.KNOTT and N. J. MILLS.ANALYSIS OF THE ELASTIC PROPERTIES OF OPEN-CELL FOAMS WITH TETRAKAIDECAHEDRAL CELLS [J]. Mech. Phys. Solids,1994,57(3):319-343
38. K. C. RUSCH. Load-Compression Behavior of Brittle Foams [J]. JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE ,1970,14:1263-1276
39.唐志玉,徐佩弦.塑料制品设计师指南[M].北京:国防工业出版社出版.1993:390
40.钱志屏.泡沫塑料[M].北京:中国石化出版社,1998:78-80
41. Gibson L.J., Ashby M.F.刘培生译. Cellular Solids:Structures and Properties多孔固体结构与性能[M].清华大学出版社,2003:26-27
42. Luca Di Landro, Giuseppe Sala, Daniela Olivieri. Deformation mechanisms and energy absorption of polystyrene foams for protective helmets. Polymer Testing ,2002.21:217–228
43.唐志玉,徐佩弦.塑料制品设计师指南[M].北京:国防工业出版社出版.1993:391-392
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