基于遥感技术的黑河下游水资源与生态环境研究
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摘要
本论文运用地下水模拟和遥感技术对黑河流域,特别是黑河下游内蒙古额济纳旗绿洲水资源和生态环境问题进行了研究。
通过详细地水文地质调查和收集大量资料,查明黑河流域上、中和下游水文地质概况;在此基础上对额济纳旗盆地地下水流场进行了数值模拟。论文在模拟过程中运用了遥感技术和地表能量平衡原理来计算额济纳盆地的地表蒸发蒸腾量。该方法解决了西北干旱区地下水资源计算时,难以准确确定地下水蒸发量分布的问题。
利用多源遥感数据对黑河流域特别是额济纳绿洲进行了植被监测,确定了近20年来黑河流域植被变化规律。提出等面积校正方法等新方法解决了用NOAA卫星数据监测植被时绿洲边界难确定的难点。
论文从地下水研究的角度提出了植被覆盖度的概念,将研究区地下水模拟计算结果和绿洲植被的遥感监测结果结合起来得到了最适宜额济纳绿洲植被生长的地下水位埋深为3.2～3.8m。通过对黑河年径流量、降雨量、高程等因素和绿洲的相关性分析得到一些结论:降雨对黑河下游额济纳绿洲植被的生长基本无影响;狼心山下泄水量是影响下游额济纳绿洲最重要的因素,下泄径流量和绿洲面积的关系式为:S=77.52~*Q+185.19;狼心山下泄水量不能低于3亿方/年,此流量是保持当前额济纳绿洲不致萎缩最少流量;当地绿洲植物主要生长在高程为930～950m的区域内。
In the recent about 20 years, the ecological environment of Heihe River Basin has been deteriorating obviously due to natural and human reasons. In this dissertation, by adopting numerical simulation combined with remote sensing technology, the problem of water resources and ecology environment in Heihe River Basin, especially in downstream of Heihe, are analyzed in detail.The hydrogeological conditions of Heihe River Basin are obtained through field investigation and data collection. And the groundwater depth is estimated by groundwater modeling technology.The changes of area covered by vegetation with time on the regional scale are monitored by use of multi-source satellite data. A new method, which is called Equal Area Method, is given to calculate the area of oasis in different years, and is applied to Ejina oasis in downstream of Heihe River. It is shown that the area of this oasis has decreased at the rate of 9.5 km~2/a in recent 14 years.The relationship between the oasis area and factors such as river flow rate, rainfall, altitude, slope and depth to groundwater are analyzed. The vegetation coverage rate is proposed to describe the relationship between the groundwater depth and the vegetation state and the following conclusions can be drawn: (1) There is a good linear relationship between the area of Ejina Oasis and runoff of Langxinshan mountain, when the runoff is lager than 3×10~8m~3/a. (2) There is little relationship between oasis and rainfall. (3) The oasis vegetation grows well if the altitude is between 930m and 950m a. s. 1. in the Ejina area. (4) The oasis vegetation also grows well if the depth to wroundwater is between 3.2 m and 3.8 m.
通过详细地水文地质调查和收集大量资料,查明黑河流域上、中和下游水文地质概况;在此基础上对额济纳旗盆地地下水流场进行了数值模拟。论文在模拟过程中运用了遥感技术和地表能量平衡原理来计算额济纳盆地的地表蒸发蒸腾量。该方法解决了西北干旱区地下水资源计算时,难以准确确定地下水蒸发量分布的问题。
利用多源遥感数据对黑河流域特别是额济纳绿洲进行了植被监测,确定了近20年来黑河流域植被变化规律。提出等面积校正方法等新方法解决了用NOAA卫星数据监测植被时绿洲边界难确定的难点。
论文从地下水研究的角度提出了植被覆盖度的概念,将研究区地下水模拟计算结果和绿洲植被的遥感监测结果结合起来得到了最适宜额济纳绿洲植被生长的地下水位埋深为3.2～3.8m。通过对黑河年径流量、降雨量、高程等因素和绿洲的相关性分析得到一些结论:降雨对黑河下游额济纳绿洲植被的生长基本无影响;狼心山下泄水量是影响下游额济纳绿洲最重要的因素,下泄径流量和绿洲面积的关系式为:S=77.52~*Q+185.19;狼心山下泄水量不能低于3亿方/年,此流量是保持当前额济纳绿洲不致萎缩最少流量;当地绿洲植物主要生长在高程为930～950m的区域内。
In the recent about 20 years, the ecological environment of Heihe River Basin has been deteriorating obviously due to natural and human reasons. In this dissertation, by adopting numerical simulation combined with remote sensing technology, the problem of water resources and ecology environment in Heihe River Basin, especially in downstream of Heihe, are analyzed in detail.The hydrogeological conditions of Heihe River Basin are obtained through field investigation and data collection. And the groundwater depth is estimated by groundwater modeling technology.The changes of area covered by vegetation with time on the regional scale are monitored by use of multi-source satellite data. A new method, which is called Equal Area Method, is given to calculate the area of oasis in different years, and is applied to Ejina oasis in downstream of Heihe River. It is shown that the area of this oasis has decreased at the rate of 9.5 km~2/a in recent 14 years.The relationship between the oasis area and factors such as river flow rate, rainfall, altitude, slope and depth to groundwater are analyzed. The vegetation coverage rate is proposed to describe the relationship between the groundwater depth and the vegetation state and the following conclusions can be drawn: (1) There is a good linear relationship between the area of Ejina Oasis and runoff of Langxinshan mountain, when the runoff is lager than 3×10~8m~3/a. (2) There is little relationship between oasis and rainfall. (3) The oasis vegetation grows well if the altitude is between 930m and 950m a. s. 1. in the Ejina area. (4) The oasis vegetation also grows well if the depth to wroundwater is between 3.2 m and 3.8 m.
引文
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