尼洋河流域引水式电站泥沙问题分析及防治措施研究
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摘要
泥沙是各类水利工程中普遍存在的问题。在水电站的设计中,防沙、排沙设计是一项关键的技术课题,水电站防排沙效果的好坏直接关系到电站能否安全稳定运行、电站的经济效益和社会效益能否得到有效的发挥。而引水式电站由于其特殊的水能开发方式,更容易受到泥沙问题的影响,对防沙、排沙的要求也更高。
尼洋河是雅鲁藏布江左岸的一条大支流,流域内水能资源十分丰富,但开发利用甚少。目前主要在几条支流上做一些小规模的开发,且以引水式开发为主。从已建成电站的运行情况来看,普遍存在着较为严重的泥沙问题,且这些问题长期以来并未得到有效的解决,很多水电站直到今天仍是在“带病运行”,运行安全和供电安全无法得到保障。因此,在分析尼洋河流域现有引水式电站泥沙问题的基础上,提出有针对性的解决方案,无论是对已建电站,还是对拟建电站,都具有十分重要的意义。
2008年5月至2009年8月,采用实地调查、走访电站技术人员、查阅相关资料相结合的方式对尼洋河流域的多座引水式电站存在的泥沙问题进行了广泛的调查研究。调查显示,由于尼洋河径流量的年际变化和年平均含沙量的变化都不大,从而导致输沙量的年际变化较小,但输沙量年内分配的不均匀性较为突出,每年7～9三个月输沙量可占全年的76%～93%;流域内坡陡流急,洪水季节,水流携带砂石的能力倍增,大量推移质在河道宽阔或遇有阻碍的地方堆积下来,容易引起主流摆动或引水工程取水口的堵塞,严重威胁到电站的取水安全;相对于悬移质泥沙而言,流域内已建引水式电站的推移质泥沙问题更为严重,这种现象的产生既与流域内地形、地质和独特的水情、沙情特点有关,还与电站选址、防排沙设施的布置以及电站的运行维护有关。
针对尼洋河流域引水式电站主要存在的泥沙问题,提出了如流域水土流失治理、优化工程选址、合理布设防排沙体系等几个方面的相应解决措施。农牧学院教学实习电站的泥沙问题在尼洋河流域具有典型性,病害类型全面,泥沙危害严重,在分析电站泥沙问题产生的原因及病害特点的基础上,参考内地具有类似泥沙问题的电站的治理经验,认真比较各类防排沙设施的适应性和优缺点后,提出了建议性的解决方案,方案立足于维护、改建现有防排沙设施,以最小的投入获得最大的经济和社会效益。因基础资料匮乏,缺乏资金、技术支持,本研究只是探索性的,尼洋河流域引水式电站的泥沙治理研究有待进一步深入开展下去。
Sediment is the problem which exists in all kinds of Hydraulic engineering. the design of preventing and excluding sediment is a key technical subject in the hydroelectric power station design, effects of preventing and excluding sediment are related to the security and stabilization of operating, and exertion of the hydroelectric power station’s economic and social benefits. because of its unique development style, diversion type hydropower station are affected more easily by sediment problem, and the demand for preventing and excluding sediment is higher.
Niyang River is a major tributary of the left bank of Yaluzangbu River, Niyang River basin is rich in hydropower resources, but the development of hydropower resources is very limited. at present, some small-scale development are made mainly in several tributaries, and mainly in diversion type.some power stations which have been built have serious sediment problem, and these problems have not been effectively addressed for a long time, even today many station is still in the "ill run", security of operation and electricity supply can not be guaranteed. therefore, on the basis of analyzing existed sediment problem in power stations of Niyang River basin, either on the existing hydropower station, or on the built hydropower station, proposing targeted solutions are of great significance.
May 2008 to August 2009, on a combination of field surveys, visiting technicians of hydropower station, accessing to relevant information, i conducted a broad investigation to the existed sediment problem in the hydropower station of Niyang River basin. survey show that, as the changes of the annual runoff and the average sediment concentration is not large, leading to inter-annual changes in sediment yield smaller, but heterogeneity of sediment discharge during the year is very prominent, in July to September per year, the amount of sediment transport can be accounted for 76% to 93%; because of steep slope and rapid flow of the basin, in flood season, the capacity of carrying sand of water double, large bed-load accumulate in wide watercourse or the place in case of obstruction, and easily lead to mainstream swing or block the intake point of water diversion project, accordingly, seriously threat the leading water of hydropower station; compared to suspended load, bed load problem of hydropower station built is more serious, the phenomenon is not only with the basin topography, geology and unique water regime, sediment characteristics of the basin, but also with the location, layout, and operation and maintenance of anti-silt facilities of the power station.
Against the sediment problem existed in the diversion type hydropower station of Niyang River basin, propose corresponding measures to solve the sediment problem, such as watershed soil erosion control, works site optimization, rational arrangement of preventing and excluding sediment etc. sediment problem of the hydropower station for teaching and practicing belonging to College of Tibet Agriculture and Animal Husbandry in Niyang River basin is very typical, the types of sediment diseases is comprehensive, and the sediment harm is serious, on the basis of analyzing the causes of sediment problem and sediment disease characteristics, referring to the management experience of hydropower station with similar sediment problems in other provinces, after analyzing the advantages and disadvantages of all kinds of anti-silt facilities, propose suggestive solution to this issue, which is based on the maintenance, renovation of existed anti-silt facilities, with minimal input for maximum economic and social benefits. due to lack of basic data, lack of funding and technical support, this study is only exploratory, research on sediment problem of diversion type hydropower station in Niyang River basin need to be further pursued.
尼洋河是雅鲁藏布江左岸的一条大支流,流域内水能资源十分丰富,但开发利用甚少。目前主要在几条支流上做一些小规模的开发,且以引水式开发为主。从已建成电站的运行情况来看,普遍存在着较为严重的泥沙问题,且这些问题长期以来并未得到有效的解决,很多水电站直到今天仍是在“带病运行”,运行安全和供电安全无法得到保障。因此,在分析尼洋河流域现有引水式电站泥沙问题的基础上,提出有针对性的解决方案,无论是对已建电站,还是对拟建电站,都具有十分重要的意义。
2008年5月至2009年8月,采用实地调查、走访电站技术人员、查阅相关资料相结合的方式对尼洋河流域的多座引水式电站存在的泥沙问题进行了广泛的调查研究。调查显示,由于尼洋河径流量的年际变化和年平均含沙量的变化都不大,从而导致输沙量的年际变化较小,但输沙量年内分配的不均匀性较为突出,每年7～9三个月输沙量可占全年的76%～93%;流域内坡陡流急,洪水季节,水流携带砂石的能力倍增,大量推移质在河道宽阔或遇有阻碍的地方堆积下来,容易引起主流摆动或引水工程取水口的堵塞,严重威胁到电站的取水安全;相对于悬移质泥沙而言,流域内已建引水式电站的推移质泥沙问题更为严重,这种现象的产生既与流域内地形、地质和独特的水情、沙情特点有关,还与电站选址、防排沙设施的布置以及电站的运行维护有关。
针对尼洋河流域引水式电站主要存在的泥沙问题,提出了如流域水土流失治理、优化工程选址、合理布设防排沙体系等几个方面的相应解决措施。农牧学院教学实习电站的泥沙问题在尼洋河流域具有典型性,病害类型全面,泥沙危害严重,在分析电站泥沙问题产生的原因及病害特点的基础上,参考内地具有类似泥沙问题的电站的治理经验,认真比较各类防排沙设施的适应性和优缺点后,提出了建议性的解决方案,方案立足于维护、改建现有防排沙设施,以最小的投入获得最大的经济和社会效益。因基础资料匮乏,缺乏资金、技术支持,本研究只是探索性的,尼洋河流域引水式电站的泥沙治理研究有待进一步深入开展下去。
Sediment is the problem which exists in all kinds of Hydraulic engineering. the design of preventing and excluding sediment is a key technical subject in the hydroelectric power station design, effects of preventing and excluding sediment are related to the security and stabilization of operating, and exertion of the hydroelectric power station’s economic and social benefits. because of its unique development style, diversion type hydropower station are affected more easily by sediment problem, and the demand for preventing and excluding sediment is higher.
Niyang River is a major tributary of the left bank of Yaluzangbu River, Niyang River basin is rich in hydropower resources, but the development of hydropower resources is very limited. at present, some small-scale development are made mainly in several tributaries, and mainly in diversion type.some power stations which have been built have serious sediment problem, and these problems have not been effectively addressed for a long time, even today many station is still in the "ill run", security of operation and electricity supply can not be guaranteed. therefore, on the basis of analyzing existed sediment problem in power stations of Niyang River basin, either on the existing hydropower station, or on the built hydropower station, proposing targeted solutions are of great significance.
May 2008 to August 2009, on a combination of field surveys, visiting technicians of hydropower station, accessing to relevant information, i conducted a broad investigation to the existed sediment problem in the hydropower station of Niyang River basin. survey show that, as the changes of the annual runoff and the average sediment concentration is not large, leading to inter-annual changes in sediment yield smaller, but heterogeneity of sediment discharge during the year is very prominent, in July to September per year, the amount of sediment transport can be accounted for 76% to 93%; because of steep slope and rapid flow of the basin, in flood season, the capacity of carrying sand of water double, large bed-load accumulate in wide watercourse or the place in case of obstruction, and easily lead to mainstream swing or block the intake point of water diversion project, accordingly, seriously threat the leading water of hydropower station; compared to suspended load, bed load problem of hydropower station built is more serious, the phenomenon is not only with the basin topography, geology and unique water regime, sediment characteristics of the basin, but also with the location, layout, and operation and maintenance of anti-silt facilities of the power station.
Against the sediment problem existed in the diversion type hydropower station of Niyang River basin, propose corresponding measures to solve the sediment problem, such as watershed soil erosion control, works site optimization, rational arrangement of preventing and excluding sediment etc. sediment problem of the hydropower station for teaching and practicing belonging to College of Tibet Agriculture and Animal Husbandry in Niyang River basin is very typical, the types of sediment diseases is comprehensive, and the sediment harm is serious, on the basis of analyzing the causes of sediment problem and sediment disease characteristics, referring to the management experience of hydropower station with similar sediment problems in other provinces, after analyzing the advantages and disadvantages of all kinds of anti-silt facilities, propose suggestive solution to this issue, which is based on the maintenance, renovation of existed anti-silt facilities, with minimal input for maximum economic and social benefits. due to lack of basic data, lack of funding and technical support, this study is only exploratory, research on sediment problem of diversion type hydropower station in Niyang River basin need to be further pursued.
引文
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[9]段元胜,杨昕,刘书宝.尼洋河流域洪水特性[J].东北水利水电,2000,18(3):30～32
[10]达瓦次仁等.尼洋河流域水文特性分析[J].水文,2008,28(4):92～94
[11]梁川,陈远信,唐树德.中小型水电站的取水防沙水工与河工综合设计[J].四川联合大学学报(工程科学版),1999,3(5):95～100
[12]姚福海.西藏地区水电工程设计中应重视的若干问题[J].西北水电,2006,(1):22
[13] Josuke KASHIWAI,Reservoir sedimentation and sediment management in Japan,The First EADC SymPosimu Pocket Porgram,Xi’an.China October8,2004
[14] Zhang Ruijin,Xie Jianheng.Sedimentation Research in China[M].China Water & Power Press,1993
[15]王兴奎,邵学军,李丹勋.河流动力学基础[M].北京:中国水利水电出版社,2002.10
[16]杨志达.泥沙输送-理论与实践[M].北京:中国水利水电出版社,2000.4
[17] Ninth international symposium on river sedimentation,Yichang.China,October18～24,2004
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