水工混凝土温控和湿控防裂方法研究
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摘要
本文主要就混凝土的水化温升模型、考虑损伤的温度及应力计算模型、混凝土湿度及干缩应力宏观、细观基本理论及模型、水管冷却计算方法以及与温度、湿度参数相关的试验等几个与实际工程紧密相关的问题进行了较为系统的研究，主要内容和成果如下：
(1)系统地回顾和阐述了混凝土温控及仿真计算、湿度场与干缩应力以及细观损伤力学等方面的发展及研究现状，指出了在这些领域仍然存在及尚待解决的问题，并提出了解这些问题的一些较为实用先进的思路和方法。
(2)引入考虑自身温度历程影响的水化放热理论新模型及考虑损伤影响的混凝土应力场仿真计算理论，认为传统的粘弹性温度、徐变应力场仿真计算中，除了温度计算时需要考虑混凝土的温变、时变特性外，在应力计算中还需考虑各种外荷载导致损伤作用的影响。
(3)实现了不同材质水管内边界分别被视为第一类和第三类边界时的水管冷却计算程序，反演得出了周公宅拱坝塑料质PE水管边界被视为第三类边界时的“等效表面散热系数”，明确了“等效表面散热系数”与水管通水流量之间的相互关系，并对比分析了塑料质水管与铁管之间冷却效果的差异，从中获取了一些具有实际应用价值的结论和建议。
(4)分别从宏观和细观的角度实现了混凝土三维非线性、非稳定湿度及干缩应力场的仿真计算。在宏观计算理论中，认为高性能混凝土湿度及干缩应力计算时应考虑内部自干燥作用的影响；细观研究方面，混凝土被视为由骨料及砂浆组成的多相复合材料，研究混凝土湿度扩散及干缩特性时，必须考虑骨料与砂浆材料特性差异以及应力导致的损伤影响，最后实现了细观层次上混凝土湿度、干缩变形及干缩应力场与损伤场的耦合计算。
(5)引入改进加速遗传算法，对混凝土多参数反问题进行了反演计算识别。提出采用多重指数与双曲线的组合模型对混凝土的水化放热过程进行拟合，几个室内及实际工程反演计算结果表明，温度计算值与实测结果非常吻合。
(6)采用混凝土水管冷却三维非线性非稳定温度和应力的精细算法，对周公宅拱坝7#(岸坡坝段)和12#(河床坝段)两个典型坝段的水管冷却效果进行了仿真计算分析，提出了“变温冷却方案”以适用不同季节温控防裂的需要，总结了一套针对拱坝两类典型坝段行之有效的温控防裂方案，研究成果已经应用于指导该坝混凝土后期坝体的水管冷却布置和冷却方法与过程，且取得很好效果。
(7)采用现场试验与理论研究相结合的思路，对平原地区典型水工薄壁混凝土结构姜唐湖退水闸和曹娥江大闸两工程施工期混凝土的温度和应力进行了仿真计算。深入分析了此类“倒丁字形”混凝土结构出现“枣核形”裂缝的开裂机理，提出“表面保温+内部降温+表面养护”这一联合式防裂技术，实现了此类工程不出现或很少出现裂缝的防裂目标。
In this dissertation, several topics including the simulative model and the theoretics of temperature field and stress field in concrete, the macro-mesco theory and numerical method of moisture field and drying shrinkage stress, the calculation method of cooling pipe, and feedback analysis of thermal characteristic parameters, which all have correlation with practical engineering, are studied. The main contents of this dissertation are as follows:
(1) The development and present research state of the concrete temperature controlling and simulative calculation, moisture field and drying shrinkage stress, and the mescopical damage mechanics have been reviewed and expatiated. Some problems still remained and needed to be solved in these fields were pointed out, and some advanced practical way and research thought for solved the aforementioned problem are suggested.
(2) The un-stability calculation theory of concrete temperature field and stress field in which the influence of temperature itself and the time have been considered was introduced, the characteristic of temperature varied with the time and itself temperature was added to the hydration model of cement, and the influence of materials damage also has been taken into account in simulation of temperature and structure calculation of massive concrete.
(3) The calculation of cooling pipe was realized when the inner boundary of pipe was considered as the first-kind and the third-kind separately, the "equivalent surface coefficient" of pipe in Zhougongzai arch dam when the boundary of cooling pipe was considered as the third-kind. The relation between the "equivalent surface coefficient" and the water of flux in pipe was understand. The different cooling effect between PE pipe and iron pipe are compared, and some useful conclusion and suggestion could be used in practical engineering were obtain.
(4) The simulative calculation of the 3-D non-linearity un-stability moisture field and the drying shrinkage stress field in the macro and micro level was carried out. It think that autogenous shrinkage should not omitted from the simulation of moisture for HPC. In the mescopical level, a random mescopical multilaminate composite model of concrete was build, the difference of diffusion mechanism between the macroscopical and mescopical moisture field was discussed and the mescopical law of the drying distortion and its stress was studied when the materials characteristic of different phases were considered. Moreover, the calculation of drying shrinkage distortion and its stress built on moisture diffusion theory should consider the influence of the damage. In the last, coupling calculation of the moisture, drying shrinkage distortion and its stress has been realized in the mescopical level.
(5) The Improved accelerating genetic algorithm was used to solved the feedback problem of multi-parameter. One new model "multi-exponential+hyperbola" was put forward to draw up the hydration progress of concrete, results from several tests in laboratory and in-situ have showed that the calculation value made a good agree with the measurement value. It is successful to carry out the simulative calculation and result predicting of the going project by using the parameter get from the project have already been ended.
(6) With the help of an improved strict numerical algorithm of 3D-non-linearity un-stability temperature and stress field including pipe cooling, simulative analysis of the effect of cooling pipe in two typical (7# and 12#)in Zhougongzai arch dam ,has been put on, "varied temperature scheme" was suggested to meet the need for temperature controlling and crack protecting in different seasons, a suit of effective scheme for the two typical segment in arch dam was
(1)系统地回顾和阐述了混凝土温控及仿真计算、湿度场与干缩应力以及细观损伤力学等方面的发展及研究现状，指出了在这些领域仍然存在及尚待解决的问题，并提出了解这些问题的一些较为实用先进的思路和方法。
(2)引入考虑自身温度历程影响的水化放热理论新模型及考虑损伤影响的混凝土应力场仿真计算理论，认为传统的粘弹性温度、徐变应力场仿真计算中，除了温度计算时需要考虑混凝土的温变、时变特性外，在应力计算中还需考虑各种外荷载导致损伤作用的影响。
(3)实现了不同材质水管内边界分别被视为第一类和第三类边界时的水管冷却计算程序，反演得出了周公宅拱坝塑料质PE水管边界被视为第三类边界时的“等效表面散热系数”，明确了“等效表面散热系数”与水管通水流量之间的相互关系，并对比分析了塑料质水管与铁管之间冷却效果的差异，从中获取了一些具有实际应用价值的结论和建议。
(4)分别从宏观和细观的角度实现了混凝土三维非线性、非稳定湿度及干缩应力场的仿真计算。在宏观计算理论中，认为高性能混凝土湿度及干缩应力计算时应考虑内部自干燥作用的影响；细观研究方面，混凝土被视为由骨料及砂浆组成的多相复合材料，研究混凝土湿度扩散及干缩特性时，必须考虑骨料与砂浆材料特性差异以及应力导致的损伤影响，最后实现了细观层次上混凝土湿度、干缩变形及干缩应力场与损伤场的耦合计算。
(5)引入改进加速遗传算法，对混凝土多参数反问题进行了反演计算识别。提出采用多重指数与双曲线的组合模型对混凝土的水化放热过程进行拟合，几个室内及实际工程反演计算结果表明，温度计算值与实测结果非常吻合。
(6)采用混凝土水管冷却三维非线性非稳定温度和应力的精细算法，对周公宅拱坝7#(岸坡坝段)和12#(河床坝段)两个典型坝段的水管冷却效果进行了仿真计算分析，提出了“变温冷却方案”以适用不同季节温控防裂的需要，总结了一套针对拱坝两类典型坝段行之有效的温控防裂方案，研究成果已经应用于指导该坝混凝土后期坝体的水管冷却布置和冷却方法与过程，且取得很好效果。
(7)采用现场试验与理论研究相结合的思路，对平原地区典型水工薄壁混凝土结构姜唐湖退水闸和曹娥江大闸两工程施工期混凝土的温度和应力进行了仿真计算。深入分析了此类“倒丁字形”混凝土结构出现“枣核形”裂缝的开裂机理，提出“表面保温+内部降温+表面养护”这一联合式防裂技术，实现了此类工程不出现或很少出现裂缝的防裂目标。
In this dissertation, several topics including the simulative model and the theoretics of temperature field and stress field in concrete, the macro-mesco theory and numerical method of moisture field and drying shrinkage stress, the calculation method of cooling pipe, and feedback analysis of thermal characteristic parameters, which all have correlation with practical engineering, are studied. The main contents of this dissertation are as follows:
(1) The development and present research state of the concrete temperature controlling and simulative calculation, moisture field and drying shrinkage stress, and the mescopical damage mechanics have been reviewed and expatiated. Some problems still remained and needed to be solved in these fields were pointed out, and some advanced practical way and research thought for solved the aforementioned problem are suggested.
(2) The un-stability calculation theory of concrete temperature field and stress field in which the influence of temperature itself and the time have been considered was introduced, the characteristic of temperature varied with the time and itself temperature was added to the hydration model of cement, and the influence of materials damage also has been taken into account in simulation of temperature and structure calculation of massive concrete.
(3) The calculation of cooling pipe was realized when the inner boundary of pipe was considered as the first-kind and the third-kind separately, the "equivalent surface coefficient" of pipe in Zhougongzai arch dam when the boundary of cooling pipe was considered as the third-kind. The relation between the "equivalent surface coefficient" and the water of flux in pipe was understand. The different cooling effect between PE pipe and iron pipe are compared, and some useful conclusion and suggestion could be used in practical engineering were obtain.
(4) The simulative calculation of the 3-D non-linearity un-stability moisture field and the drying shrinkage stress field in the macro and micro level was carried out. It think that autogenous shrinkage should not omitted from the simulation of moisture for HPC. In the mescopical level, a random mescopical multilaminate composite model of concrete was build, the difference of diffusion mechanism between the macroscopical and mescopical moisture field was discussed and the mescopical law of the drying distortion and its stress was studied when the materials characteristic of different phases were considered. Moreover, the calculation of drying shrinkage distortion and its stress built on moisture diffusion theory should consider the influence of the damage. In the last, coupling calculation of the moisture, drying shrinkage distortion and its stress has been realized in the mescopical level.
(5) The Improved accelerating genetic algorithm was used to solved the feedback problem of multi-parameter. One new model "multi-exponential+hyperbola" was put forward to draw up the hydration progress of concrete, results from several tests in laboratory and in-situ have showed that the calculation value made a good agree with the measurement value. It is successful to carry out the simulative calculation and result predicting of the going project by using the parameter get from the project have already been ended.
(6) With the help of an improved strict numerical algorithm of 3D-non-linearity un-stability temperature and stress field including pipe cooling, simulative analysis of the effect of cooling pipe in two typical (7# and 12#)in Zhougongzai arch dam ,has been put on, "varied temperature scheme" was suggested to meet the need for temperature controlling and crack protecting in different seasons, a suit of effective scheme for the two typical segment in arch dam was
引文
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