特低渗透油藏的稳态产能及弹性采收率预测
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摘要
低渗透油气藏是我国重要的油气资源,其中特低渗透油藏的动用程度比较低。大量实验研究表明:低渗透油藏具有启动压力梯度和压力敏感性特征,其渗流过程为非线性渗流。为了更好的对特低渗透油藏进行开发,就要对其生产潜力进行评价,而目前的很多产能方程并不能完全适合该类油藏,本文首先根据特低渗透油藏的岩心实验结果分析了特低渗透油藏产能的影响因素,以低渗透油藏的渗流理论为基础,建立了完整的单相稳定渗流的数学模型,推导了考虑不同影响因素的特低渗透油藏的一维单向、平面径向、球面向心稳定渗流的产能解析公式。用同一个特低渗透油藏作为实例,结合推导出的产能公式进行计算,讨论并分析了各非线性因素对产能的影响,并对这些多因素影响下的三者的产能曲线进行了对比分析,证实了在相同的生产条件下,单向渗流更具有优越性。其次,本文从启动压力梯度和压力敏感性角度出发,给出了人工垂直裂缝井的稳态产能表达式,并分别考虑了渗透率各向同性和渗透率各向异性的情况,分析了裂缝、启动压力梯度、压敏效应等对产能的影响。再次,本文以特低渗透油藏的平面径向流为例推导了弹性采收率预测公式,并通过核算经济极限日产油量,确定出相应的采收率极限值预算,为这类油藏的开发提供了一定的指导意义。
Low permeability reservoir plays an important role in our oil and gas resources,however, the development degree of super-low permeability reservoir is very low. Lots of experimental research has showed that the low permeability reservoir had the features of pressure sensitivity and threshold pressure gradient and there existed the nonlinear seepage during fluid flow. The potential productivity need evaluating for the better development of low permeability reservoir. However ,the productivity equation can not satisfy the demand of the reservoir at present. Firstly, the influencing factors of low permeability reservoir productivity were analyzed by the result of core flow test; a single phase and stable seepage numerical model has been established based on the percolation theory of low permeability reservoir and the productivity analytical formulas of 1-D plane radial and spherical seepage were derived considering the different influence factors. The influence of nonlinear factors on productivity was discussed and analyzed through the calculation on the same low permeability reservoir example with the derived productivity analytical formulas. It was demonstrated that the single phase seepage had the advantage by the comparison of different productivity curves in the same condition. Secondly, starting from the features of pressure-sensitivity and threshold pressure gradient, the stable productivity expression of artificial vertically fractured well was obtained and the influence of fracture, threshold pressure gradient and pressure-sensitivity on productivity was analysed in permeability isotropic and permeability anisotropic formations. At last, the elastic oil recovery prediction formula was deduced taking the plane radial seepage of super-low permeability reservoir as example and the limit value budget was gained by the account economic ultimate oil output correspondingly, which had the guiding significance on the development of low permeability reservoir at some extent.
Low permeability reservoir plays an important role in our oil and gas resources,however, the development degree of super-low permeability reservoir is very low. Lots of experimental research has showed that the low permeability reservoir had the features of pressure sensitivity and threshold pressure gradient and there existed the nonlinear seepage during fluid flow. The potential productivity need evaluating for the better development of low permeability reservoir. However ,the productivity equation can not satisfy the demand of the reservoir at present. Firstly, the influencing factors of low permeability reservoir productivity were analyzed by the result of core flow test; a single phase and stable seepage numerical model has been established based on the percolation theory of low permeability reservoir and the productivity analytical formulas of 1-D plane radial and spherical seepage were derived considering the different influence factors. The influence of nonlinear factors on productivity was discussed and analyzed through the calculation on the same low permeability reservoir example with the derived productivity analytical formulas. It was demonstrated that the single phase seepage had the advantage by the comparison of different productivity curves in the same condition. Secondly, starting from the features of pressure-sensitivity and threshold pressure gradient, the stable productivity expression of artificial vertically fractured well was obtained and the influence of fracture, threshold pressure gradient and pressure-sensitivity on productivity was analysed in permeability isotropic and permeability anisotropic formations. At last, the elastic oil recovery prediction formula was deduced taking the plane radial seepage of super-low permeability reservoir as example and the limit value budget was gained by the account economic ultimate oil output correspondingly, which had the guiding significance on the development of low permeability reservoir at some extent.
引文
[1]张英芝,杨铁军,王文昌.特低渗透油藏开发技术研究[M].北京:石油工业出版社,2004:5-16
[2]阮敏.压敏效应对低渗透油田开发的影响[J].西安石油学院学报(自然科学版),2001,16(4):40-45
[3]戈尔布诺夫A T.异常油田开发[M].北京:石油工业出版社,1987:73-98
[4]闫庆来,何秋轩.低渗透油层中单相液体渗流特征的实验研究[J].西安石油学院学报,1990,5(2):1-6
[5]刘慈群.有起始比降固结问题的近似解[J].岩土工程学报,1982,4(3):107-109
[6]宋付权,刘慈群,李凡华.低渗透介质含启动压力梯度一维瞬时压力分析[J].应用数学和力学,1999,20(1):25-32
[7]刘慈群.渗流力学进展[M].北京:石油工业出版社,1996:64-66
[8]李凡华,刘慈群.含启动压力梯度的不定常渗流的压力动态分析[J].油气井测试, 1997,6(1):1-4
[9]郑祥克,陶永建,门承全.低速非达西渗流产能方程的建立[J].新疆石油地质, 2003,24(2):158-160
[10]谷建伟,毛振强.启动压力和毛管力对低渗透油田生产参数影响[J].大庆石油地质与开发,2002,21(5):30-31
[11]贾振岐,王延峰,付俊林.低渗低速下非达西渗流特征及影响因素[J].大庆石油学院院报,2001,25(3):73-76
[12]傅春华,葛家理.低渗透油藏的非线性渗流理论探讨[J].新疆石油地质,2002, 23(4):317-320
[13]宋付权.变形介质低渗透油藏的产能分析[J].特种油气藏,2002,9(4):33-35
[14]阮敏,王连刚.低渗透油田开发与压敏效应[J].石油学报,2002,23(3):73-76
[15]姚约东,葛家理.低渗透油藏不稳定渗流规律的研究[J].石油大学学报(自然科学版),2003,27(2):55-62
[16]姚约东,葛家理.低渗透油层非达西渗流规律的研究[J].新疆石油地质,2000, 21(3):213-215
[17]宁正福,姚约东,葛家里.分形油藏非达西低速不稳定渗流的研究[J].特种油气藏,2002,9(2):29-31
[18]邓英尔,刘慈群.两相流体非线性渗流模型及其应用[J].应用数学和力学,2003, 24(10):1049-1055
[19]尹洪军,刘宇.低渗透油藏压裂井产能分析[J].特种油气藏,2005,12(2):55-56
[20]唐泽光.气田开发地质[M].北京:石油工业出版社,1997:86-105
[21]姜汉桥,姚军,姜瑞忠.油藏工程原理与方法[M].山东东营:石油大学出版社,2001: 42-44
[22]蔡刚.韦2断块低渗透裂缝性储层压力敏感性研究[J].大庆石油地质与开发,2005, 24(1):49-50
[23] Samaniego V F,Cinco-Ley H. Production rate decline in pressure-sensitive reservoirs [J].JCPT,1980,7(9):75-86
[24]史连杰,陈建革,苏永新.大庆东部低渗透油藏开发过程中储层介质和流体的变化[J].大庆石油学院学报,1999,23(2):85-86
[25] FattI,Davis T H.The reduction in permeability with over-burden pressure[J].Trans. AIME,1953
[26] FattI. The effect of overburden pressure on relative permeability[J].Trans.AIME,1953
[27]周全兴,崔士斌.水平井开发低渗透油藏的研究与应用[J].石油钻探技术,1999, 27(1):46-48
[28]何琰,伍友桂,吴念胜.特低渗透油藏开发技术[J].钻采工艺,1999,22(2):20-24
[29]宋付权,刘慈群.变形介质油藏压力产量分析方法[J].石油勘探与开发,2000, 27(1):57-59
[30]冯文光,葛家理.单一介质、双重介质中非定常非达西低速渗流问题[J].石油勘探与开发,1985,4(1):56-57
[31]冯文光,葛家理.单一介质、双重介质低速渗流的压力曲线动态特征[J].石油勘探与开发,1986,8(5):52-57
[32]邓英尔,闫庆来等.界面分子力作用与渗透率的关系及其对渗流的影响[J].石油勘探与开发,1998,25(2):46-49
[33]李道品,罗迪强.低渗透油田开发的特殊规律─低渗透油田开发系列[J].断块油气田,1997,1(4):30-35
[34]冯文光.非达西低速渗流的研究现状与展望[J].石油勘探与开发,1986,8(4):76-80
[35]李道品.低渗透砂岩油田开发[M].北京:石油工业出版社,1997,16(3):33-34
[36]黄延章.低渗透油层非线性渗流特征[J].特种油气藏,1997,4(1):9-14
[37]黄延章.低渗透油层渗流机理[M].北京:石油工业出版社,1998:80-102
[38]肖鲁川,郑岩.特低渗透储层非达西渗流特征研究[J].大庆石油地质与开发,2000, 19(5):27-30
[39]韩洪宝,程林松,张明禄.特低渗油藏考虑启动压力梯度的物理模拟及数值模拟方法[J].石油大学学报:2004,28(6):49-53
[40]孙焕泉,曹刚,杨勇.低渗透油田提高采收率技术[J].油气地质与采收率,2002, 9(2):10-13
[41]罗英俊.在全国低渗透油田开发技术座谈会上的总结讲话[J].西安石油学院学报,1994,9(4):4-9
[42]韩耀萍.国外低渗透透层改造技术[J].断块油气田,1994,1(2):54-60
[43]王文环,袁向春,王光付.特低渗透油藏分类及开采特征研究[J].石油钻探技术, 2007,35(1):72-75
[44]葛家理,宁正福等.现代油藏渗流力学原理[M].北京:石油工业出版社, 2001:236-238
[45]翟云芳.渗流力学[M].北京:石油工业出版社,2003:172-175
[46]秦同洛,陈元千.实用油藏工程方法[M].北京:石油工业出版社,1992:342-349
[47]刘慈群.在双重孔隙介质中有限导流垂直裂缝井的非牛顿流体试井分析方法[J].石油学报,1990,11(4):61-67
[48]刘慈群.无限导流垂直裂缝井的快速试井分析方法[J].大庆石油地质与开发,1993, 12(4):55-60
[49]刘慈群.考虑井筒存储和表皮效应的有限导流垂直裂缝井的试井分析方法[J].油气井测试,1993,5(2):20-21
[50] Yi zhu Liao, Lee W J. New solutions for wells with finite conductivity fractures including fracture-face skin: constant well pressure cases[J].SPE28605,1994:455-470
[2]阮敏.压敏效应对低渗透油田开发的影响[J].西安石油学院学报(自然科学版),2001,16(4):40-45
[3]戈尔布诺夫A T.异常油田开发[M].北京:石油工业出版社,1987:73-98
[4]闫庆来,何秋轩.低渗透油层中单相液体渗流特征的实验研究[J].西安石油学院学报,1990,5(2):1-6
[5]刘慈群.有起始比降固结问题的近似解[J].岩土工程学报,1982,4(3):107-109
[6]宋付权,刘慈群,李凡华.低渗透介质含启动压力梯度一维瞬时压力分析[J].应用数学和力学,1999,20(1):25-32
[7]刘慈群.渗流力学进展[M].北京:石油工业出版社,1996:64-66
[8]李凡华,刘慈群.含启动压力梯度的不定常渗流的压力动态分析[J].油气井测试, 1997,6(1):1-4
[9]郑祥克,陶永建,门承全.低速非达西渗流产能方程的建立[J].新疆石油地质, 2003,24(2):158-160
[10]谷建伟,毛振强.启动压力和毛管力对低渗透油田生产参数影响[J].大庆石油地质与开发,2002,21(5):30-31
[11]贾振岐,王延峰,付俊林.低渗低速下非达西渗流特征及影响因素[J].大庆石油学院院报,2001,25(3):73-76
[12]傅春华,葛家理.低渗透油藏的非线性渗流理论探讨[J].新疆石油地质,2002, 23(4):317-320
[13]宋付权.变形介质低渗透油藏的产能分析[J].特种油气藏,2002,9(4):33-35
[14]阮敏,王连刚.低渗透油田开发与压敏效应[J].石油学报,2002,23(3):73-76
[15]姚约东,葛家理.低渗透油藏不稳定渗流规律的研究[J].石油大学学报(自然科学版),2003,27(2):55-62
[16]姚约东,葛家理.低渗透油层非达西渗流规律的研究[J].新疆石油地质,2000, 21(3):213-215
[17]宁正福,姚约东,葛家里.分形油藏非达西低速不稳定渗流的研究[J].特种油气藏,2002,9(2):29-31
[18]邓英尔,刘慈群.两相流体非线性渗流模型及其应用[J].应用数学和力学,2003, 24(10):1049-1055
[19]尹洪军,刘宇.低渗透油藏压裂井产能分析[J].特种油气藏,2005,12(2):55-56
[20]唐泽光.气田开发地质[M].北京:石油工业出版社,1997:86-105
[21]姜汉桥,姚军,姜瑞忠.油藏工程原理与方法[M].山东东营:石油大学出版社,2001: 42-44
[22]蔡刚.韦2断块低渗透裂缝性储层压力敏感性研究[J].大庆石油地质与开发,2005, 24(1):49-50
[23] Samaniego V F,Cinco-Ley H. Production rate decline in pressure-sensitive reservoirs [J].JCPT,1980,7(9):75-86
[24]史连杰,陈建革,苏永新.大庆东部低渗透油藏开发过程中储层介质和流体的变化[J].大庆石油学院学报,1999,23(2):85-86
[25] FattI,Davis T H.The reduction in permeability with over-burden pressure[J].Trans. AIME,1953
[26] FattI. The effect of overburden pressure on relative permeability[J].Trans.AIME,1953
[27]周全兴,崔士斌.水平井开发低渗透油藏的研究与应用[J].石油钻探技术,1999, 27(1):46-48
[28]何琰,伍友桂,吴念胜.特低渗透油藏开发技术[J].钻采工艺,1999,22(2):20-24
[29]宋付权,刘慈群.变形介质油藏压力产量分析方法[J].石油勘探与开发,2000, 27(1):57-59
[30]冯文光,葛家理.单一介质、双重介质中非定常非达西低速渗流问题[J].石油勘探与开发,1985,4(1):56-57
[31]冯文光,葛家理.单一介质、双重介质低速渗流的压力曲线动态特征[J].石油勘探与开发,1986,8(5):52-57
[32]邓英尔,闫庆来等.界面分子力作用与渗透率的关系及其对渗流的影响[J].石油勘探与开发,1998,25(2):46-49
[33]李道品,罗迪强.低渗透油田开发的特殊规律─低渗透油田开发系列[J].断块油气田,1997,1(4):30-35
[34]冯文光.非达西低速渗流的研究现状与展望[J].石油勘探与开发,1986,8(4):76-80
[35]李道品.低渗透砂岩油田开发[M].北京:石油工业出版社,1997,16(3):33-34
[36]黄延章.低渗透油层非线性渗流特征[J].特种油气藏,1997,4(1):9-14
[37]黄延章.低渗透油层渗流机理[M].北京:石油工业出版社,1998:80-102
[38]肖鲁川,郑岩.特低渗透储层非达西渗流特征研究[J].大庆石油地质与开发,2000, 19(5):27-30
[39]韩洪宝,程林松,张明禄.特低渗油藏考虑启动压力梯度的物理模拟及数值模拟方法[J].石油大学学报:2004,28(6):49-53
[40]孙焕泉,曹刚,杨勇.低渗透油田提高采收率技术[J].油气地质与采收率,2002, 9(2):10-13
[41]罗英俊.在全国低渗透油田开发技术座谈会上的总结讲话[J].西安石油学院学报,1994,9(4):4-9
[42]韩耀萍.国外低渗透透层改造技术[J].断块油气田,1994,1(2):54-60
[43]王文环,袁向春,王光付.特低渗透油藏分类及开采特征研究[J].石油钻探技术, 2007,35(1):72-75
[44]葛家理,宁正福等.现代油藏渗流力学原理[M].北京:石油工业出版社, 2001:236-238
[45]翟云芳.渗流力学[M].北京:石油工业出版社,2003:172-175
[46]秦同洛,陈元千.实用油藏工程方法[M].北京:石油工业出版社,1992:342-349
[47]刘慈群.在双重孔隙介质中有限导流垂直裂缝井的非牛顿流体试井分析方法[J].石油学报,1990,11(4):61-67
[48]刘慈群.无限导流垂直裂缝井的快速试井分析方法[J].大庆石油地质与开发,1993, 12(4):55-60
[49]刘慈群.考虑井筒存储和表皮效应的有限导流垂直裂缝井的试井分析方法[J].油气井测试,1993,5(2):20-21
[50] Yi zhu Liao, Lee W J. New solutions for wells with finite conductivity fractures including fracture-face skin: constant well pressure cases[J].SPE28605,1994:455-470