旋转超音速凝结流动及应用技术研究
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摘要
超音速旋流分离技术(Supersonic Gas Separation)是一种利用超音速流动条件下气体的低温凝结效应结合旋流分离技术实现多组分气体中凝点较高组分的冷凝分离的混合气体分离技术。与传统的混合气体分离技术,如溶剂吸收法、固体吸附法、膜分离法和冷凝分离法相比,该项技术具有以下优点:整个过程集制冷、冷凝和分离于一体,结构简单,占地面积小,投资费用低;过程的制冷单元无转动件,完全是利用气体在超音速旋流分离装置中的高速流动产生低温,能耗较低;气体在超音速段的最低压力低于出口压力,温度低于在同一压比下透平膨胀机所能达到的制冷温度,等熵效率高。但目前,国外关于该项技术的研究报道很少,而国内研究尚处于起步阶段。本文针对超音速旋流分离过程中的气体旋转超音速凝结流动行为进行研究,并在此基础上对超音速旋流分离装置结构及提高装置性能的方法进行探索。建立了描述气体旋转超音速凝结流动的三维数值模型;提出了超音速喷管为圆环截面形式的新型锥芯超音速旋流分离装置;探索了提高超音速旋流分离装置性能的有效策略;建立了实验平台,对锥芯超音速旋流分离装置的分离性能进行研究,并验证提高性能策略的有效性。论文的主要研究工作及所形成的结果与结论如下:
①建立了混合气体自发凝结流动的Eulerian双流体多维模型。采用欧拉-欧拉方法建立气液两相流动控制方程组,考虑相间速度滑移,真实地反映了液相流场;运用经典成核理论(CNT)描述水蒸汽的自发凝结,模拟了气体复杂凝结流动过程中的相变行为;建立了RNG k-ε-k_p模型封闭两相湍流,引入了气体强旋转、可压缩性及液滴对两相湍流的影响;使用C语言编制接口程序将液相控制方程及其它方程的源项嵌入到CFD软件中,实现两相凝结流动控制方程组的求解,使该模型具有广泛的通用性,尤其适用于具有三维复杂特性的凝结流动行为研究。模型计算结果比一维模拟结果更接近于真实情况,与实验数据吻合良好,并能清晰地揭示气体凝结和流动参数的多维分布及壁面边界层对凝结流动的影响。
②借助混合气体自发凝结流动的Eulerian双流体多维模型研究了气体旋转超音速凝结流动过程,得到:气体流动过程中,各个流动和凝结参数在喷管截面上呈现出了不对称的分布;旋转的存在及旋转强度的增强会使气体自发凝结发生位置靠近喉部,液滴成核率极值降低、凝结区域长度缩短;减小入口温度,增大入口压力、入口相对湿度和喷管出口和喉部截面积比,可使自发凝结发生位置靠近喉部,凝结区域长度缩短;增大入口温度和喷管出口与喉部截面积比、减小入口压力和入口相对湿度,可使成核率极值增大。
③借助混合气体自发凝结流动的Eulerian双流体多维模型预测了本文设计的4种圆形截面超音速喷管型线的可行性,并研制出一种新型的旋流器前置超音速旋流分离装置--锥芯超音速旋流分离装置。该装置中超音速喷管为圆环截面缩放喷管,通过改变锥芯的直径实现喷管截面积的缩放。与现有的圆形截面超音速喷管相比,圆环截面超音速喷管具有加工容易、压力损失小与液滴沉降距离短的优点。此外,对含湿气体在锥芯超音速旋流分离装置中的凝结和流动行为进行了分析,提出了增大凝结液滴尺寸提高装置分离性能的策略。
④针对增大凝结液滴尺寸提高装置分离性能的策略,提出了外加凝结核心的方法。通过理论分析,确定了凝结核心为与可凝气体组分互溶的微小惰性液滴。建立了液体喷射的简化物理模型,采用离散相模型对喷入水滴在以空气-乙醇蒸气为介质的装置中的雾化过程进行了研究。综合分析液滴雾化形态、运动状态及气体过饱和状态,确定了锥芯超音速旋流分离装置的最佳液体喷入位置为超音速喷管喉部附近的锥芯外壁处。
⑤建立了超音速旋流分离装置的实验平台,研究了锥芯超音速旋流分离装置的分离性能。实验结果表明:锥芯超音速旋流分离装置的性能明显优于超音速喷管为圆形截面的装置,与分离段分别为等径管和渐扩等径交替管的圆形截面超音速喷管装置相比,重组分脱除率和露点降最大值可分别提高21.8%、4.3K和13.7%、2.7K。采用增大凝结液滴方法后,锥芯超音速旋流分离装置的气体分离性能显著提高,重组分脱除率和露点降最大值可达到52.1%和29.0K左右,分别提高了约30.3%和8.1K。
In recent years,the Supersonic Gas Separation(SGS) Technology for gas mixture separation has attracted great attention.It conducts expansion,cyclone gas/liquid separation and re-compression in a compact,tubular device with no rotating part.The low temperature needed by the condensation of heavy component is generated by the supersonic gas flow state and is lower than that of turboexpander.Comparing with thetraditional gas mixture separation technology,such as solvent absorption by liquid and solid,membrane separation and condensing separation,it has advantages including simple structure,small occupied space, low energy consumption and investment cost,and high iso-entropic efficiency etc.However, at present,the foreign and domestic studies are at confidential and beginning stage respectively so that little research work on this technology has been done.This dissertation is aimed to study rotating supersonic condensing flow behavior of gas mixture during the supersonic gas separation process,deveople new structure of the SGS device,and explore effective method for the improvement of device separation performance.To accomplish these objectives,a three-Dimensional numerical model for the rotating supersonic condensing flow of gas mixture has been set up and it can be used to predict the feasibility and the factor influences of SGS device.A novel SGS device with ring-section supersonic nozzle has been proposed and two effective strategies have been put forward to improve device separation performance.Series of simulations and experiments are carried out to study the separation performance of proposed SGS device and validate the two mentioned strategies.The main research work and achievements are as following.
①An Eulerian two-fluid model for the spontaneous condensing flow of gas mixture is put forward.In this model,the governing equations of two phase flow are established based on the Eulerian-Eulerian method,considering the velocity slip between phases and thus actually revealing the flow field of droplet phase.CNT is adopted to describe the spontaneous nucleation of vapor,simulating the phase change behavior of gas mixture during the complex condensation and flow process.A RNG k-ε-k_p model is set up to close the turbulent two phase flow,introducing the influence of tense rotation and compressibility of gas phase and the influence of droplets on the flow turbulence.CFD software is employed to solve the governing equations of two phase turbulent flow,so the model is able to conduct the simulation of condensing gas flow with complex three-dimensional characteristic.An interface program is compiled using C language to add droplet governing equations and the phase change model into CFD software.The simulation results of this model are in good accordance with the experimental data,and more closer to the reality than the one-dimensional simulation results.Furthermore,the multi-dimension distribution of gas condensation and flow parameters and the influence of boundary on the condensing flow can also be obtained.
②In virtue of the established Eulerian two-fluid model,the rotating supersonic condensing flow of gas mixture is simulated.It is found that in this process,the distribution of flow and condensation parameters on the nozzle cross-section is unsymmetrical.The existence and enhance of rotation make the spontaneous condensation happen closer to the nozzle throat,the maximum nucleation rate decrease and the length of condensation zone shorten.Decreasing inlet temperature and increasing inlet pressure,the area ratio of nozzle outlet to throat as well as inlet relative humidity make the spontaneous condensation happen closer to the nozzle throat and the length of condensation zone shorten.Increasing the inlet temperature and the area ratio of nozzle outlet to throat,and decreasing the inlet pressure and relative humidity can make the maximum nucleation rate increase.
③In virtue of the established Eulerian two-fluid model,the feasibility of four designed supersonic nozzles with circular-section is predicted,and a novel SGS device,the SGS Device with Inner Pyramid,is proposed.This device has ring-section supersonic nozzle and the convergence and divergence of cross-section area is actualized by changing outer diameter of the inner pyramid.Comparing with the existed supersonic nozzle with circular section,the supersonic nozzle with ring section has the advantages including easy to machining,low pressure loss and short settlement distance for droplets.Furthermore,the condensation and flow of moist air in the SGS Device with Inner-Pyramid is simulated,based on which,an effective strategy for the improvement of device separation performance,enlarging size of condensed droplet,is brought forward.
④Aiming at the strategy of enlarging the size of condensed droplet,the method of adding nucleation center is proposed.By the theoretical analysis,inertia micro droplets which are mutually soluble with the vapor component are determined as the nucleation centers.A simplified model for liquid injection is set up,based on which,the spray process of injected liquid in the gas flow of air-ethonal is simulated combining with the Descerate Partical Model. By synthetically analyzing the size and movement of sprayed droplets and the supersaturation state of gas phase,the liquid injection location of SGS Device with Inner-Pyramid is determined,on the outer wall of inner-pyramid near the throat of supersonic nozzle.
⑤The experiment apparatus and the related experiment technique of supersonic gas separation process are established to study the separation performance of SGS Device with Inner-Pyramid.The experimental results show that the separation performance of SGS Device with Inner-Pyramid is obviously better than that of the SGS Device with circular-setion supersonic nozzle.Comparing to the SGS Device with circular iso-diameter and iso-diameter diverging alternated separation tube,the separation performance of SGS Device with Inner-Pyramid is much better with the removal rate and dew point depression of about 21.8%, 4.3K and 13.7%,2.7K respectively.After the proposed droplet enlargement method is adopted,the separation performance of SGS Device with Inner-Pyramid is ulteriorly improved and the removal rate and dew point depression can reach 52.1%and 29.0K,with the improvement of 30.3%and 8.1 respectively.
①建立了混合气体自发凝结流动的Eulerian双流体多维模型。采用欧拉-欧拉方法建立气液两相流动控制方程组,考虑相间速度滑移,真实地反映了液相流场;运用经典成核理论(CNT)描述水蒸汽的自发凝结,模拟了气体复杂凝结流动过程中的相变行为;建立了RNG k-ε-k_p模型封闭两相湍流,引入了气体强旋转、可压缩性及液滴对两相湍流的影响;使用C语言编制接口程序将液相控制方程及其它方程的源项嵌入到CFD软件中,实现两相凝结流动控制方程组的求解,使该模型具有广泛的通用性,尤其适用于具有三维复杂特性的凝结流动行为研究。模型计算结果比一维模拟结果更接近于真实情况,与实验数据吻合良好,并能清晰地揭示气体凝结和流动参数的多维分布及壁面边界层对凝结流动的影响。
②借助混合气体自发凝结流动的Eulerian双流体多维模型研究了气体旋转超音速凝结流动过程,得到:气体流动过程中,各个流动和凝结参数在喷管截面上呈现出了不对称的分布;旋转的存在及旋转强度的增强会使气体自发凝结发生位置靠近喉部,液滴成核率极值降低、凝结区域长度缩短;减小入口温度,增大入口压力、入口相对湿度和喷管出口和喉部截面积比,可使自发凝结发生位置靠近喉部,凝结区域长度缩短;增大入口温度和喷管出口与喉部截面积比、减小入口压力和入口相对湿度,可使成核率极值增大。
③借助混合气体自发凝结流动的Eulerian双流体多维模型预测了本文设计的4种圆形截面超音速喷管型线的可行性,并研制出一种新型的旋流器前置超音速旋流分离装置--锥芯超音速旋流分离装置。该装置中超音速喷管为圆环截面缩放喷管,通过改变锥芯的直径实现喷管截面积的缩放。与现有的圆形截面超音速喷管相比,圆环截面超音速喷管具有加工容易、压力损失小与液滴沉降距离短的优点。此外,对含湿气体在锥芯超音速旋流分离装置中的凝结和流动行为进行了分析,提出了增大凝结液滴尺寸提高装置分离性能的策略。
④针对增大凝结液滴尺寸提高装置分离性能的策略,提出了外加凝结核心的方法。通过理论分析,确定了凝结核心为与可凝气体组分互溶的微小惰性液滴。建立了液体喷射的简化物理模型,采用离散相模型对喷入水滴在以空气-乙醇蒸气为介质的装置中的雾化过程进行了研究。综合分析液滴雾化形态、运动状态及气体过饱和状态,确定了锥芯超音速旋流分离装置的最佳液体喷入位置为超音速喷管喉部附近的锥芯外壁处。
⑤建立了超音速旋流分离装置的实验平台,研究了锥芯超音速旋流分离装置的分离性能。实验结果表明:锥芯超音速旋流分离装置的性能明显优于超音速喷管为圆形截面的装置,与分离段分别为等径管和渐扩等径交替管的圆形截面超音速喷管装置相比,重组分脱除率和露点降最大值可分别提高21.8%、4.3K和13.7%、2.7K。采用增大凝结液滴方法后,锥芯超音速旋流分离装置的气体分离性能显著提高,重组分脱除率和露点降最大值可达到52.1%和29.0K左右,分别提高了约30.3%和8.1K。
In recent years,the Supersonic Gas Separation(SGS) Technology for gas mixture separation has attracted great attention.It conducts expansion,cyclone gas/liquid separation and re-compression in a compact,tubular device with no rotating part.The low temperature needed by the condensation of heavy component is generated by the supersonic gas flow state and is lower than that of turboexpander.Comparing with thetraditional gas mixture separation technology,such as solvent absorption by liquid and solid,membrane separation and condensing separation,it has advantages including simple structure,small occupied space, low energy consumption and investment cost,and high iso-entropic efficiency etc.However, at present,the foreign and domestic studies are at confidential and beginning stage respectively so that little research work on this technology has been done.This dissertation is aimed to study rotating supersonic condensing flow behavior of gas mixture during the supersonic gas separation process,deveople new structure of the SGS device,and explore effective method for the improvement of device separation performance.To accomplish these objectives,a three-Dimensional numerical model for the rotating supersonic condensing flow of gas mixture has been set up and it can be used to predict the feasibility and the factor influences of SGS device.A novel SGS device with ring-section supersonic nozzle has been proposed and two effective strategies have been put forward to improve device separation performance.Series of simulations and experiments are carried out to study the separation performance of proposed SGS device and validate the two mentioned strategies.The main research work and achievements are as following.
①An Eulerian two-fluid model for the spontaneous condensing flow of gas mixture is put forward.In this model,the governing equations of two phase flow are established based on the Eulerian-Eulerian method,considering the velocity slip between phases and thus actually revealing the flow field of droplet phase.CNT is adopted to describe the spontaneous nucleation of vapor,simulating the phase change behavior of gas mixture during the complex condensation and flow process.A RNG k-ε-k_p model is set up to close the turbulent two phase flow,introducing the influence of tense rotation and compressibility of gas phase and the influence of droplets on the flow turbulence.CFD software is employed to solve the governing equations of two phase turbulent flow,so the model is able to conduct the simulation of condensing gas flow with complex three-dimensional characteristic.An interface program is compiled using C language to add droplet governing equations and the phase change model into CFD software.The simulation results of this model are in good accordance with the experimental data,and more closer to the reality than the one-dimensional simulation results.Furthermore,the multi-dimension distribution of gas condensation and flow parameters and the influence of boundary on the condensing flow can also be obtained.
②In virtue of the established Eulerian two-fluid model,the rotating supersonic condensing flow of gas mixture is simulated.It is found that in this process,the distribution of flow and condensation parameters on the nozzle cross-section is unsymmetrical.The existence and enhance of rotation make the spontaneous condensation happen closer to the nozzle throat,the maximum nucleation rate decrease and the length of condensation zone shorten.Decreasing inlet temperature and increasing inlet pressure,the area ratio of nozzle outlet to throat as well as inlet relative humidity make the spontaneous condensation happen closer to the nozzle throat and the length of condensation zone shorten.Increasing the inlet temperature and the area ratio of nozzle outlet to throat,and decreasing the inlet pressure and relative humidity can make the maximum nucleation rate increase.
③In virtue of the established Eulerian two-fluid model,the feasibility of four designed supersonic nozzles with circular-section is predicted,and a novel SGS device,the SGS Device with Inner Pyramid,is proposed.This device has ring-section supersonic nozzle and the convergence and divergence of cross-section area is actualized by changing outer diameter of the inner pyramid.Comparing with the existed supersonic nozzle with circular section,the supersonic nozzle with ring section has the advantages including easy to machining,low pressure loss and short settlement distance for droplets.Furthermore,the condensation and flow of moist air in the SGS Device with Inner-Pyramid is simulated,based on which,an effective strategy for the improvement of device separation performance,enlarging size of condensed droplet,is brought forward.
④Aiming at the strategy of enlarging the size of condensed droplet,the method of adding nucleation center is proposed.By the theoretical analysis,inertia micro droplets which are mutually soluble with the vapor component are determined as the nucleation centers.A simplified model for liquid injection is set up,based on which,the spray process of injected liquid in the gas flow of air-ethonal is simulated combining with the Descerate Partical Model. By synthetically analyzing the size and movement of sprayed droplets and the supersaturation state of gas phase,the liquid injection location of SGS Device with Inner-Pyramid is determined,on the outer wall of inner-pyramid near the throat of supersonic nozzle.
⑤The experiment apparatus and the related experiment technique of supersonic gas separation process are established to study the separation performance of SGS Device with Inner-Pyramid.The experimental results show that the separation performance of SGS Device with Inner-Pyramid is obviously better than that of the SGS Device with circular-setion supersonic nozzle.Comparing to the SGS Device with circular iso-diameter and iso-diameter diverging alternated separation tube,the separation performance of SGS Device with Inner-Pyramid is much better with the removal rate and dew point depression of about 21.8%, 4.3K and 13.7%,2.7K respectively.After the proposed droplet enlargement method is adopted,the separation performance of SGS Device with Inner-Pyramid is ulteriorly improved and the removal rate and dew point depression can reach 52.1%and 29.0K,with the improvement of 30.3%and 8.1 respectively.
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