我国应急志愿者管理研究
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摘要
我国是一个自然灾害、公共卫生事件、事故灾难等突发事件较多的国家。随着社会现代化程度的提高和生活节奏的加快,突发事件一旦发生所造成的损失会越来越大。近年来我国突发事件频繁发生,而官方的应急救援力量明显不足。志愿者参与非常规突发事件的应急管理工作早已成为国际惯例,我们有必要借鉴国际经验,使志愿者成为应急救援的重要辅助力量。本文主要的从以下几个方面进行研究:
首先,概念、理论的梳理,介绍了应急管理、志愿者、志愿者精神、志愿者服务的概念。其次介绍了政府失灵、市场失灵、激励理论和冲突理论理论。
其次,介绍了德国、英国、美国三个国家应急志愿者管理的做法,并总结了他们的成功经验:发达的应急志愿者组织,完善的培训系统,多样的激励措施以及法律法规的保障。
再次,以汶川地震中我国应急志愿者参与为例,指出我国应急志愿者管理存在的非组织性、非协调性、非专业性、可持续潜力低,对非组织外的应急志愿者激励的缺失,忽视了应急志愿者的考核和灾后的心理干预,并分析其原因所在。
最后,根据前面出现的问题从人力资源管理的角度提出了相应的对策:大力发展志愿者组织,建立统一的沟通协调机制,完善应急志愿者的人力资源规划以及招聘、培训、调配使用、考评、激励和灾害心理干预机制。最后对全文进行归纳总结,得出结论。
China is a country with more natural disaster, public health incidents, disasters and other emergencies accidents, With the improvement in the level of social modernization and the accelerated pace of life a loss caused by emergency will be more and more. Frequent occurrence of unexpected events in recent years, while emergency rescue official, there are insufficient. It has become an international practice for Volunteers take part in emergency management. We should learn from international experience, to make volunteers become an important emergency relief effort. This article mainly talked about the following areas:
First, sorting the concepts and out theories, describes the concept: emergency management, volunteer, volunteerism, volunteer service. Then, we introduce theories of government failure, market failure, motivation and conflict.
Then, introduce the emergency volunteer management practices of the Germany, the UK and the United States, and summarizes the experience of their success: well-developed emergency volunteer organization, a comprehensive training system, a variety of incentives and protection laws and regulations.
Once again, take emergency volunteers who participatet in Wenchuan earthquake for example, points out the existence problems of non-emergency volunteer management organizations, non-coordination, non-professional, low sustainable potential, for non-emergency volunteer outside the organizations lack of incentives, ignoring post-disaster psychological assessment and intervention of emergency volunteers, and to analyze the reason.
Finally, according to the problem above we put forward countermeasures from the point of human resources management view: to develop volunteer organgization, establishing a unified communication and coordination mechanism, improving emergency volunteers’human resources planning and recruitment, training, deployment of the use, evaluation, incentives and mechanisms for disaster psychological intervention. Finally, summarized and concluded the paper.
首先,概念、理论的梳理,介绍了应急管理、志愿者、志愿者精神、志愿者服务的概念。其次介绍了政府失灵、市场失灵、激励理论和冲突理论理论。
其次,介绍了德国、英国、美国三个国家应急志愿者管理的做法,并总结了他们的成功经验:发达的应急志愿者组织,完善的培训系统,多样的激励措施以及法律法规的保障。
再次,以汶川地震中我国应急志愿者参与为例,指出我国应急志愿者管理存在的非组织性、非协调性、非专业性、可持续潜力低,对非组织外的应急志愿者激励的缺失,忽视了应急志愿者的考核和灾后的心理干预,并分析其原因所在。
最后,根据前面出现的问题从人力资源管理的角度提出了相应的对策:大力发展志愿者组织,建立统一的沟通协调机制,完善应急志愿者的人力资源规划以及招聘、培训、调配使用、考评、激励和灾害心理干预机制。最后对全文进行归纳总结,得出结论。
China is a country with more natural disaster, public health incidents, disasters and other emergencies accidents, With the improvement in the level of social modernization and the accelerated pace of life a loss caused by emergency will be more and more. Frequent occurrence of unexpected events in recent years, while emergency rescue official, there are insufficient. It has become an international practice for Volunteers take part in emergency management. We should learn from international experience, to make volunteers become an important emergency relief effort. This article mainly talked about the following areas:
First, sorting the concepts and out theories, describes the concept: emergency management, volunteer, volunteerism, volunteer service. Then, we introduce theories of government failure, market failure, motivation and conflict.
Then, introduce the emergency volunteer management practices of the Germany, the UK and the United States, and summarizes the experience of their success: well-developed emergency volunteer organization, a comprehensive training system, a variety of incentives and protection laws and regulations.
Once again, take emergency volunteers who participatet in Wenchuan earthquake for example, points out the existence problems of non-emergency volunteer management organizations, non-coordination, non-professional, low sustainable potential, for non-emergency volunteer outside the organizations lack of incentives, ignoring post-disaster psychological assessment and intervention of emergency volunteers, and to analyze the reason.
Finally, according to the problem above we put forward countermeasures from the point of human resources management view: to develop volunteer organgization, establishing a unified communication and coordination mechanism, improving emergency volunteers’human resources planning and recruitment, training, deployment of the use, evaluation, incentives and mechanisms for disaster psychological intervention. Finally, summarized and concluded the paper.
引文
1 Harvard University. The Volunteer’s Dilemma and the Optimalsize of Asocial group Marco Archetti Department of Organismicand Evolutionary Biology, Journal of Theoretical Biology,2009,(261):475~480
2 Fairley, S, Kellett, P, Green, B. C. Volunteering abroad: Motives forTravel to Volunteer at the Athens Olympic Games. Journal of Sport Management.2007, 21(1):41~58.
3 Clary E.G, Snyder M, Ridge R.D, Copeland J, Stukas A.A, Haugen J, Miene P. Underst- anding and Assessing The Motivations of Volunteers:A Functional Approach.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.1998, 74(6):1516-1530
4 Cnaan, R., Goldberg-GlenR. S. Measuring Motivation to Volunteer in Human Services. Journal of Applied Behavioral Science.1991,27(3):269~284
5 Johnston, M. E., Twynam, G. D., Farrell, J. M. Motivation and Satisfaction of Event Volunteers for a MajorYouth Organisation. Leisure/Loisir. 2000,24(1–2):161~177.
6 Carla A. Costa, Laurence Chalip, B. Christine Green Caet Simes Reconsidering the Role of Training in Event Volunteers' Satisfaction Sport Management Review, 2006, (9): 165~182
7 Clary, E. G., & Snyder, M. The motivations to volunteer: Theoretical and practical considerations. Current Directions in Psychological Science. 1999,8(5): 156~159.
8 [美]JoneE.Pynes.公共和非营利性组织的人力资源管理.王孙禺译.北京:清华大学出版社,2002:59
9 Katherine,Susan J.Ellis:.I don’t have rnough time guide to volunteer
10 Steve Mc Curley, Rick Lynch.Volunteer Ranagement:Mobilizing all the Resources.Heritage Arts,Publishing,1996.
11 Nancy.Macdu Volunteer Recmiting&Retentiona:Marketing Approach.MBA Publifishing.1996 :56~72
12 James C. Fi sher, Kathleen M.Cole. Leadership and Management of VolunteerPrograms. Jossey—Bass,1993.
13 William J. Groha, Alice Birnbaumh, Anne Barryb, Andy Antonc, N. Clay Mannd, Mary A. Peberdyf, Kris Vijayaraghavang,Characteristics of Volunteers Responding to Emergencies in the Public Access Defibrillation Trial_ Judy Powellh, Vincent N. Mosesso Jr. e, Resuscitation 2007,(72): 193~199.
14 Graham Cuskelly,Tracy Taylor,Russell Hoye,Simon Darcy .Volunteer Management Practices and Volunteer Retention: A Human Resource Management Approach Sport Management Review, 2006,(9): 141~163
15缪建红,俞安平.非营利性组织中对志愿工作者的管理.科学管理研究,2002, (2):32
16丁元竹,江汛清.志愿活动研究:类型、评价与管理.天津人民出版社,2001:1~4
17王方华,周洁如.非营利组织营销.上海交通大学出版社,2005:1
18李宝元.现代公共人力资源开发与管理通论.经济科学出版社,2003
19王名.非营利组织管理概论.中国人民大学出版社,2002:7.
20张辉.试论青年志愿者行动的运作机制.重庆工学院学报,1997,(6):2
21邓国胜.中国志愿服务发展的模式.社会科学研究,2002:2.
22韩芸.应急救援志愿者管理模式与运行机制研究.现代管理, 2009,(5):225~229
23宋英华.突发事件应急管理导论.中国经济出版社,2009:39
24王敏.美国应急管理体系建设的启示.陕西综合经济,2009(1):34~35
25陈安,赵燕.我国应急管理的进展与趋势.安全,2007,(3):1
26沈荣华.国外防灾救灾应急管理体制.中国社会出版社, 2008:13
27上海市慈善基金会,上海慈善事业发展研究中心,上海社会科学院出版社.志愿服务与义工建设2007: 220
28梁枫.志愿者的力量.NGO发展交流网http://www.ngocn.org/article/ShowArticle.asp?ArticleID=959.EB/OL
29 Wilson J. Volunteering .Annual Review of Sociology. 2000, (26):215~240
30沈杰.志愿行动中国社会的探索与践行.人民出版社, 2008:26~30)
31 Smith,The Institute for Volunteering Research,June. Independent Sector, Washington,DC, USA.
32 Justin Davis Smith.International Volunteering Toolkit: A Draft by Justin Davis.2000
33共青团中央办公厅.中国青年志愿者注册管理办法.2006(11)
34丁元竹.志愿者在中国.联合国志愿人员组织联合国开发计划署,1999:5
35罗军飞,李好.灾难与救助—灾难管理中民间志愿者组织研究.湘潭大学出版社, 2010:92
36陈传明,周小虎.管理学原理机械工业出版社, 2006:220~229
37凌学武.德国应急救援中的志愿者体系的特点与启示.四川行政学院学报, 2009, (6):70~72
38江彩云,盘世贵.中德应急管理培训比较与启示.新东方,2009,(7): 58~61
39李垂发.德国:重视志愿者队伍建设构造快速反应平台[N].经济日报, 2009-05-20(16).
40江泽全.英国志愿服务发展及对中国的启示.广东青年干部学院学报, 2004,(3):46
41 http://www.direct.gov.uk/en/Governmentcitizensandrights/Dealingwithemergencies/Preparingforemergencies/DG_176316
42 National Survey of Volunteering I ssues 2006.suite2 level3 Melbourne VIC 3004/A Review of Volunteer Recruitmelt Managemett and Supporting Volunteer Involving
43国家行政学院课题组.英国、德国、瑞典应急管理教育培训的主要做法及启示.中国浦东干部学院学报,2009,3(3):118~121
44周虹.浅议英国非营利组织绩效评价.中国海事, 2007,(6): 62~63
45陆波.论英国志愿服务模式对广州志愿活动转型的启示.[兰州大学硕士论文]. 2008:19~23
46 0anna Machin and Angel a EIlis Palne .A Review of Volunleer Recruitmenl,Management and Suppori in Volunteer involving Organisation in Poole. 2006:17~30
47张海波.当前应急管理体系改革的关键议题—兼中美两国应急管理经验.甘肃行政学院学报,2009,(1): 55~60
48历华.美国应急管理的做法及其呈现的新特点. MODERN OCCUPTION SAFTY2009,(96):36~37
49 http://wevolunteer.wi.gov/category.asp?linkcatid=2579&linkid=1284&locid=150
50道格拉斯·B·鲁赞美国灾难应急社会总动员框架中国减灾.2009,(12):12~13
51 http://www.usfa.fema.gov/nfa
52冉小先.美国、加拿大等北美国家德育生活化、实践化的基本做法及启示.前沿,2007,(40):92~95
53傅辰渊.关于志愿者保障的几点思考.前沿,2008,(10):123~130
54贾群林,郑荔.德国应急救援志愿者队伍社会减灾的生力军.减灾指南, 2006, (5): 23~26
55叶松梅.发达国家志愿者服务的立法研究.法制与社会,2008(05):259
56丁元竹,江汛清,谭建光.中国志愿服务研究.北京大学出版社,2007:105
57叶边,罗洁,丁元竹,贾西津,李煜晖.中国志愿者:进步与差距.世界知识,2008,(14):50~56.
58 http://www.hsw.cn/news/2008-06/03/content_10025615.htm五部门表彰抗震救灾英雄集体和抗震救灾英雄
59马奔.应急管理中的心理危机干预与重建:以汶川大地震为例.甘肃社会科学, 2008,(5):48
60杜攀峰,金双泉,李嘉.高速公路路段通行能力仿真研究.湖南大学学报(自然科学版),2009,(6):46~51
61 Terry Fulmer, Ian Portelli, George L. Foltin, Esther Chachkes I, Lewis R. Goldfrank. Organization-based Incident Management: Developing a Disaster Volunteer Role on a University Campus[J].Disaster Management & Response.Fulmer 2007,5(3): 74~81
62谢礼立,马玉宏,翟长海.李学举.基于性态的抗震设防与设计地震动.科学出版社,2009:3~45
63 [美]菲利普·科特勒,艾伦·R.安德里亚森.非营利组织战略营销,梦延春等译,中国人民大学出版社, 2003:300
2 Fairley, S, Kellett, P, Green, B. C. Volunteering abroad: Motives forTravel to Volunteer at the Athens Olympic Games. Journal of Sport Management.2007, 21(1):41~58.
3 Clary E.G, Snyder M, Ridge R.D, Copeland J, Stukas A.A, Haugen J, Miene P. Underst- anding and Assessing The Motivations of Volunteers:A Functional Approach.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.1998, 74(6):1516-1530
4 Cnaan, R., Goldberg-GlenR. S. Measuring Motivation to Volunteer in Human Services. Journal of Applied Behavioral Science.1991,27(3):269~284
5 Johnston, M. E., Twynam, G. D., Farrell, J. M. Motivation and Satisfaction of Event Volunteers for a MajorYouth Organisation. Leisure/Loisir. 2000,24(1–2):161~177.
6 Carla A. Costa, Laurence Chalip, B. Christine Green Caet Simes Reconsidering the Role of Training in Event Volunteers' Satisfaction Sport Management Review, 2006, (9): 165~182
7 Clary, E. G., & Snyder, M. The motivations to volunteer: Theoretical and practical considerations. Current Directions in Psychological Science. 1999,8(5): 156~159.
8 [美]JoneE.Pynes.公共和非营利性组织的人力资源管理.王孙禺译.北京:清华大学出版社,2002:59
9 Katherine,Susan J.Ellis:.I don’t have rnough time guide to volunteer
10 Steve Mc Curley, Rick Lynch.Volunteer Ranagement:Mobilizing all the Resources.Heritage Arts,Publishing,1996.
11 Nancy.Macdu Volunteer Recmiting&Retentiona:Marketing Approach.MBA Publifishing.1996 :56~72
12 James C. Fi sher, Kathleen M.Cole. Leadership and Management of VolunteerPrograms. Jossey—Bass,1993.
13 William J. Groha, Alice Birnbaumh, Anne Barryb, Andy Antonc, N. Clay Mannd, Mary A. Peberdyf, Kris Vijayaraghavang,Characteristics of Volunteers Responding to Emergencies in the Public Access Defibrillation Trial_ Judy Powellh, Vincent N. Mosesso Jr. e, Resuscitation 2007,(72): 193~199.
14 Graham Cuskelly,Tracy Taylor,Russell Hoye,Simon Darcy .Volunteer Management Practices and Volunteer Retention: A Human Resource Management Approach Sport Management Review, 2006,(9): 141~163
15缪建红,俞安平.非营利性组织中对志愿工作者的管理.科学管理研究,2002, (2):32
16丁元竹,江汛清.志愿活动研究:类型、评价与管理.天津人民出版社,2001:1~4
17王方华,周洁如.非营利组织营销.上海交通大学出版社,2005:1
18李宝元.现代公共人力资源开发与管理通论.经济科学出版社,2003
19王名.非营利组织管理概论.中国人民大学出版社,2002:7.
20张辉.试论青年志愿者行动的运作机制.重庆工学院学报,1997,(6):2
21邓国胜.中国志愿服务发展的模式.社会科学研究,2002:2.
22韩芸.应急救援志愿者管理模式与运行机制研究.现代管理, 2009,(5):225~229
23宋英华.突发事件应急管理导论.中国经济出版社,2009:39
24王敏.美国应急管理体系建设的启示.陕西综合经济,2009(1):34~35
25陈安,赵燕.我国应急管理的进展与趋势.安全,2007,(3):1
26沈荣华.国外防灾救灾应急管理体制.中国社会出版社, 2008:13
27上海市慈善基金会,上海慈善事业发展研究中心,上海社会科学院出版社.志愿服务与义工建设2007: 220
28梁枫.志愿者的力量.NGO发展交流网http://www.ngocn.org/article/ShowArticle.asp?ArticleID=959.EB/OL
29 Wilson J. Volunteering .Annual Review of Sociology. 2000, (26):215~240
30沈杰.志愿行动中国社会的探索与践行.人民出版社, 2008:26~30)
31 Smith,The Institute for Volunteering Research,June. Independent Sector, Washington,DC, USA.
32 Justin Davis Smith.International Volunteering Toolkit: A Draft by Justin Davis.2000
33共青团中央办公厅.中国青年志愿者注册管理办法.2006(11)
34丁元竹.志愿者在中国.联合国志愿人员组织联合国开发计划署,1999:5
35罗军飞,李好.灾难与救助—灾难管理中民间志愿者组织研究.湘潭大学出版社, 2010:92
36陈传明,周小虎.管理学原理机械工业出版社, 2006:220~229
37凌学武.德国应急救援中的志愿者体系的特点与启示.四川行政学院学报, 2009, (6):70~72
38江彩云,盘世贵.中德应急管理培训比较与启示.新东方,2009,(7): 58~61
39李垂发.德国:重视志愿者队伍建设构造快速反应平台[N].经济日报, 2009-05-20(16).
40江泽全.英国志愿服务发展及对中国的启示.广东青年干部学院学报, 2004,(3):46
41 http://www.direct.gov.uk/en/Governmentcitizensandrights/Dealingwithemergencies/Preparingforemergencies/DG_176316
42 National Survey of Volunteering I ssues 2006.suite2 level3 Melbourne VIC 3004/A Review of Volunteer Recruitmelt Managemett and Supporting Volunteer Involving
43国家行政学院课题组.英国、德国、瑞典应急管理教育培训的主要做法及启示.中国浦东干部学院学报,2009,3(3):118~121
44周虹.浅议英国非营利组织绩效评价.中国海事, 2007,(6): 62~63
45陆波.论英国志愿服务模式对广州志愿活动转型的启示.[兰州大学硕士论文]. 2008:19~23
46 0anna Machin and Angel a EIlis Palne .A Review of Volunleer Recruitmenl,Management and Suppori in Volunteer involving Organisation in Poole. 2006:17~30
47张海波.当前应急管理体系改革的关键议题—兼中美两国应急管理经验.甘肃行政学院学报,2009,(1): 55~60
48历华.美国应急管理的做法及其呈现的新特点. MODERN OCCUPTION SAFTY2009,(96):36~37
49 http://wevolunteer.wi.gov/category.asp?linkcatid=2579&linkid=1284&locid=150
50道格拉斯·B·鲁赞美国灾难应急社会总动员框架中国减灾.2009,(12):12~13
51 http://www.usfa.fema.gov/nfa
52冉小先.美国、加拿大等北美国家德育生活化、实践化的基本做法及启示.前沿,2007,(40):92~95
53傅辰渊.关于志愿者保障的几点思考.前沿,2008,(10):123~130
54贾群林,郑荔.德国应急救援志愿者队伍社会减灾的生力军.减灾指南, 2006, (5): 23~26
55叶松梅.发达国家志愿者服务的立法研究.法制与社会,2008(05):259
56丁元竹,江汛清,谭建光.中国志愿服务研究.北京大学出版社,2007:105
57叶边,罗洁,丁元竹,贾西津,李煜晖.中国志愿者:进步与差距.世界知识,2008,(14):50~56.
58 http://www.hsw.cn/news/2008-06/03/content_10025615.htm五部门表彰抗震救灾英雄集体和抗震救灾英雄
59马奔.应急管理中的心理危机干预与重建:以汶川大地震为例.甘肃社会科学, 2008,(5):48
60杜攀峰,金双泉,李嘉.高速公路路段通行能力仿真研究.湖南大学学报(自然科学版),2009,(6):46~51
61 Terry Fulmer, Ian Portelli, George L. Foltin, Esther Chachkes I, Lewis R. Goldfrank. Organization-based Incident Management: Developing a Disaster Volunteer Role on a University Campus[J].Disaster Management & Response.Fulmer 2007,5(3): 74~81
62谢礼立,马玉宏,翟长海.李学举.基于性态的抗震设防与设计地震动.科学出版社,2009:3~45
63 [美]菲利普·科特勒,艾伦·R.安德里亚森.非营利组织战略营销,梦延春等译,中国人民大学出版社, 2003:300