大型风电场建设对区域气候影响的数值模拟研究
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摘要
本文利用A1B情境下的EH50M数据,用RegCM对河西走廊酒泉千万千瓦基地的大型风电场的长期气候效应进行了模拟研究,得到了大型风电场建成后30年边界层和温度湿度等气象要素的变化特征。结果表明：(1).大型风电场建成后边界层高度和垂直风切变强度增加,大气边届层变得更为不稳定,而风电场产生的机械湍流与午后局地加热产生的热力湍流互相促进,湍流变得更加强烈,使风电场下游较远的地方边界层高度仍然有显著增高,夜间机械湍流受到大气稳定层结的抑制,影响较弱；(2).大型风电场的建设会使风电场及其下游地区600hPa以下大气的温度升高最大0.3℃,湿度降低0.2g/kg,600hPa以上高空温度和湿度变化不明显；(3).由于地形等综合因素的影响,风电场的建设,河西走廊南侧可能会产生较强地形波,由于非拦截地形波将高空的动量下传,使得河西走廊的局部地区风速增强；而风向的改变主要表现为从南北两侧向风电场及其下游地区辐合；(4).对边界层高度、气温、湿度、风速和风向等的影响具有明显的日变化特征；白天温度较高、风速较大、大气层结不稳定时,各类气象要素变化剧烈,而夜间温度较低、风速较小、大气层结稳定时各类气象要素变化幅度较小；(5).风电场主要通过影响对流性降水的时间影响区域降水,风电场建成后,其周边地区的对流降雨日增加1-1.5日/年,但是由于水汽减少和地形等因素的影响,一些地区的降水量没有增加,反而减少2-3mm。
Useing the EH50M model data under the A1B scenario,this study researches the impact of large-scale wind farms, Jiuquan ten million kilowatts base in the Gansu Corridoron, on regional climate with regional climate model.The changes characteristics in boundary layer, temperature, humidity and other variables are analyzed caused by large-scale wind farm in next30years.The results show that:(1) while the large-scale wind farm set up, the atmospheric boundary layer will be more unstable, both the boundary layer height (PBLH) and the vertical wind shear will be rise;due to the mechanical turbulence caused by wind turbines, the thermal turbulence caused by local heating in afternoon will facilitate each other and become stronger, the increase of PBLH is still very large from the wind farm in the wind direction,while because of the suppression of the mechanical turbulence caused by wind turbines in stable air at night.(2) After the large-scale wind farm was settd up, temperature increased by0.3℃and humidity reduced by200mg/kg below600hPa at the wind farm, the down stream region of the wind farm, while the changes of them above600hPa are not obvious.(3)as the result of the effect of topography, topographic waves occurred,which transports the momentum from high lays and leads to increasing of wind speed at some part of Gansu Corridor.(4) There are obviously diurnal changes of PBLH, temperature, humidity, wind speed and direction. In daytime, with higher temperatures and wind speed, the unstable atmospheric stratification is more obvious than it at night.(5)Wind farms effects regional precipitation mainly through changing convective precipitation time;convective rain day increased1-1.5day/year around the wind farm, but due to the reducing of water vapor, the effect of terrain, precipitation in some areas will be reduced about2-3mm.
Useing the EH50M model data under the A1B scenario,this study researches the impact of large-scale wind farms, Jiuquan ten million kilowatts base in the Gansu Corridoron, on regional climate with regional climate model.The changes characteristics in boundary layer, temperature, humidity and other variables are analyzed caused by large-scale wind farm in next30years.The results show that:(1) while the large-scale wind farm set up, the atmospheric boundary layer will be more unstable, both the boundary layer height (PBLH) and the vertical wind shear will be rise;due to the mechanical turbulence caused by wind turbines, the thermal turbulence caused by local heating in afternoon will facilitate each other and become stronger, the increase of PBLH is still very large from the wind farm in the wind direction,while because of the suppression of the mechanical turbulence caused by wind turbines in stable air at night.(2) After the large-scale wind farm was settd up, temperature increased by0.3℃and humidity reduced by200mg/kg below600hPa at the wind farm, the down stream region of the wind farm, while the changes of them above600hPa are not obvious.(3)as the result of the effect of topography, topographic waves occurred,which transports the momentum from high lays and leads to increasing of wind speed at some part of Gansu Corridor.(4) There are obviously diurnal changes of PBLH, temperature, humidity, wind speed and direction. In daytime, with higher temperatures and wind speed, the unstable atmospheric stratification is more obvious than it at night.(5)Wind farms effects regional precipitation mainly through changing convective precipitation time;convective rain day increased1-1.5day/year around the wind farm, but due to the reducing of water vapor, the effect of terrain, precipitation in some areas will be reduced about2-3mm.
引文
[1]中国可再生能源学会风能专业委员会,2010年中国风电装机容量统计,2011：4
[2]鲍云樵.新世纪能源.山东：山东教育出版社,2001：72-78
[3]杨立忠,杨均锡,别义勋.新能源技术.北京：中国科学技术出版社,1996：
[4]王晓放,孙涛,王以飞；“蓝天白煤”——风能在发电领域的应用研究[J]；节能；2002(12)：43-45
[5]Roy S B,Traiteur J J.Impacts of wind farms on surface air temperature[J],PNAS,2010,107 (42):17899J17904, doi:10.1073/pnas.1000493107
[6]赵宗慈,罗勇,江滢,风电场对气候变化影响研究进展[J],气候变化研究进展；Vol.7,No.6,Nov(2011)：400-406
[7]M.B.Christiansen and C.B.Hasager. "Wake effects of large offshore wind farms identified from satellite SAR." Remote Sensing of Environment 98,2005,251-68.
[8]Frandsen S T, Jorgensen H E, Barthelmie R, et al. The making of a second-generation wind farm efficiency model complex [J].Wind Energy,2009,12:445J458, doi:10.1002/we.351
[9]Vermeer L, Sorensen J, Crespo A,Wind turbine wake aerodynamics. Prog Aerospace Sci, 2003(39):467-510
[10]Sheinman Y, Rosen A A dynamic model of the influence of turbulence on the power output of a wind turbine.J Wind Eng Ind Aerodyn,1992(39):329-341
[11]Medici D, Alfredsson P Measurement on a wind turbine wake:3D effects and bluff body
vortex shed-ding. Wind Energy,2006(9):219-236
[12]Chamorro & Porte-Agel:A wind-tunnel investigation of wind-turbine wakes:Boundarylayer turbulence effects Wind Energy, Boundary-Layer Meteorol,DOI:10.1007/s10546-009-9380-8
[13]Wu, Y.-T. and F. Porte-Agel.Large-eddy simulation of wind-turbine wakes:Evaluation of turbine parametrisations. Bound.-Layer Meteorol.2011,DOI:10.1007/s10546-010-9569-x
[14]Porte-Agel, F.,Y.-T. Wu, H. Lu, and R. Conzemius Large-eddy simulation of atmospheric boundary layer flow through wind turbines and wind farms. Submitted
[15]Lu, H.and F. Porte-Agel.Large-eddy simulation of a very large wind farm in a stable atmospheric boundary layer.2011,Submitted.
[16]Wan,F. and F. Porte-Agel.Large-eddy simulation of stably-stratified flow over a steep hill. Bound-Layer Meteorol,2011,DOI:10.1007/s10546-010-9562-4.
[17]Wan, F.,F. Porte-Agel,and R. Stoll Evaluation of dynamic subgrid-scale models in large-eddy simulations of neutral turbulent flow over a two-dimensional sinusoidal hill, Atmospheric Environment,2007,41(13):2719-2728.
[18]Stoll, R. and F. Porte-Agel.Dynamic subgrid models for momentum and scalar fluxes in large-eddy simulations of neutrally startified atmospheric boundary layers over heterogeneous terrain, Water Resources Research,2006,42(1):Art. No. W01409.
[19]David Hartwanger, Andrej Horvat.3D MODELLING OF A WIND TURBINE USING CFD[c],NAFEMS Conference, United Kingdom,2008
[20]Y. Liu, W. Wu, Y. Liu,M.Ge, and T. Warner,Simultaneous nested-grid analysis and forecasting experiments of microscale flows using the NCAR WRF-RTFDDA-LES model [c],EMS Annual Meeting Abstracts Vol.8, EMS2011-777,2011.11thEMS/10th ECAM
[21]Roy S B,Traiteur J J. Impacts of wind farms on surface air temperature [J].PNAS,2010,107 (42):17899J17904, doi:10.1073/pnas.1000493107
[22]Keith D W, DeCarolls J F, Denkenberger D C, et al.The influence of large-scale wind power on global climate [J].PNAS,2004,16 (46):16115J16120
[23]Maria M R V S,Jacobson M Z. Investigating the effect of large wind farms on energy in the atmosphere [J].Energies,2009,2:816J838, doi:10.3390/en20400816
[24]Wang C, Prinn R G. Potential climatic impacts and reliability of very large-scale wind farms [J].Atmos Chem Phys,2010,10:2053J2061,doi:10.5194/acp-10-2053-2010
[25]Kirk-Davidoff D B, Keith D W. On the climate impact of surface roughness anomalies [J]. J Atmos Sci,2008,65:2215J2234, doi:10.1175/2007JAS2509.1
[26]鲍艳等RegCM3模式在西北地区的应用研究Ⅰ：对极端干旱事件的模拟[J],冰川冻土2006,Vol.28 Issue(2):164-174
[27]Luo Yong,Zhao Zongci. Numerical simulation of East Asian regional climate wit h NCAR RegCM2[J].Quarterly of App plied Meterology,1997,8(Suppl.):124-133.
[28]Frank Holz'apfel, Thomas Gerz,Michael Frech, et al.Wake Vortices in Convective Boundary Layer and Their Infuence on Following Aircraft[J],JOURNAL OF AIRCRAFT,2000,37(6)
[29]lmpact of a large-scale offshore wind farm on meteorology:Numerical simulations with a mesoscale circulation model
[30]付秀华,常用边界层高度计算方法比较[J],电力环境保护,1989,Vol5 NO.3:14-30
[31]Sempreviva, A.M.,S.E. Larsen, N.G. Mortensen, and I. Troen, Response of neutral boundary layers to changes of roughness. Boundary-Layer Meteorology,1990.50(1-4): 205-226.
[32]http://info.86control.com/html/59-4/4377.htm
[33]廖明夫等,风切变对风力机功率的影响[J],沈阳工业大学学报,Vol.30 No.2 Apr.2008:163-167
[34]Chenghai Wang,Ju Hu,Shuanglei Feng et al,Comparing Different Boundary Layer Schemes of WRF by Simulation the Low-Level Wind over Complex Terrain, 10.1109/AIMSEC.2011.6009632
[35]高振荣等近58年河西走廊地区气温变化及突变分析[J].干旱区研究Vol27 No.2,Mar 2010,(03):194-202
[36]叶芳等风电场风频Weibull分布参数计算方法及其应用[J].电气制造特别报道May 2010:48-50
[37]王毅荣,张存杰河西走廊风速变化及风能资源研究[J].高原气象Vol.25 No.2, Des.2006,(06):1196-1202.
[38]王咏梅,徐寄遥,王英鉴对流层上传重力波的非线性演化[J].地球物理学报2001(02)：154-162
[39]王澄海,胡菊,靳双龙等.中尺度WRF模式在西北西部地区低层风场模拟中的应用和检验2011,29(2),：161-167.
[40]吴巨祥垂直风切变与重力波[J]贵州气象Vol18 No.1 1994(1):43-45
[41]王澄海,靳双龙,杨世莉.新疆“2.28”大风过程中热、动力作用的模拟分析研究[J].中国沙漠2011,Vol.31 Issue(2):511-516.
[42]盛裴轩,毛节泰,李建国,大气物理学[M],北京：北京大学出版社,2003：208-209；244-246
[43]IPCC,2007:气候变化2007：自然科学基础,政府间气候变化专门委员会第一工作组第四次评估报告
[2]鲍云樵.新世纪能源.山东：山东教育出版社,2001：72-78
[3]杨立忠,杨均锡,别义勋.新能源技术.北京：中国科学技术出版社,1996：
[4]王晓放,孙涛,王以飞；“蓝天白煤”——风能在发电领域的应用研究[J]；节能；2002(12)：43-45
[5]Roy S B,Traiteur J J.Impacts of wind farms on surface air temperature[J],PNAS,2010,107 (42):17899J17904, doi:10.1073/pnas.1000493107
[6]赵宗慈,罗勇,江滢,风电场对气候变化影响研究进展[J],气候变化研究进展；Vol.7,No.6,Nov(2011)：400-406
[7]M.B.Christiansen and C.B.Hasager. "Wake effects of large offshore wind farms identified from satellite SAR." Remote Sensing of Environment 98,2005,251-68.
[8]Frandsen S T, Jorgensen H E, Barthelmie R, et al. The making of a second-generation wind farm efficiency model complex [J].Wind Energy,2009,12:445J458, doi:10.1002/we.351
[9]Vermeer L, Sorensen J, Crespo A,Wind turbine wake aerodynamics. Prog Aerospace Sci, 2003(39):467-510
[10]Sheinman Y, Rosen A A dynamic model of the influence of turbulence on the power output of a wind turbine.J Wind Eng Ind Aerodyn,1992(39):329-341
[11]Medici D, Alfredsson P Measurement on a wind turbine wake:3D effects and bluff body
vortex shed-ding. Wind Energy,2006(9):219-236
[12]Chamorro & Porte-Agel:A wind-tunnel investigation of wind-turbine wakes:Boundarylayer turbulence effects Wind Energy, Boundary-Layer Meteorol,DOI:10.1007/s10546-009-9380-8
[13]Wu, Y.-T. and F. Porte-Agel.Large-eddy simulation of wind-turbine wakes:Evaluation of turbine parametrisations. Bound.-Layer Meteorol.2011,DOI:10.1007/s10546-010-9569-x
[14]Porte-Agel, F.,Y.-T. Wu, H. Lu, and R. Conzemius Large-eddy simulation of atmospheric boundary layer flow through wind turbines and wind farms. Submitted
[15]Lu, H.and F. Porte-Agel.Large-eddy simulation of a very large wind farm in a stable atmospheric boundary layer.2011,Submitted.
[16]Wan,F. and F. Porte-Agel.Large-eddy simulation of stably-stratified flow over a steep hill. Bound-Layer Meteorol,2011,DOI:10.1007/s10546-010-9562-4.
[17]Wan, F.,F. Porte-Agel,and R. Stoll Evaluation of dynamic subgrid-scale models in large-eddy simulations of neutral turbulent flow over a two-dimensional sinusoidal hill, Atmospheric Environment,2007,41(13):2719-2728.
[18]Stoll, R. and F. Porte-Agel.Dynamic subgrid models for momentum and scalar fluxes in large-eddy simulations of neutrally startified atmospheric boundary layers over heterogeneous terrain, Water Resources Research,2006,42(1):Art. No. W01409.
[19]David Hartwanger, Andrej Horvat.3D MODELLING OF A WIND TURBINE USING CFD[c],NAFEMS Conference, United Kingdom,2008
[20]Y. Liu, W. Wu, Y. Liu,M.Ge, and T. Warner,Simultaneous nested-grid analysis and forecasting experiments of microscale flows using the NCAR WRF-RTFDDA-LES model [c],EMS Annual Meeting Abstracts Vol.8, EMS2011-777,2011.11thEMS/10th ECAM
[21]Roy S B,Traiteur J J. Impacts of wind farms on surface air temperature [J].PNAS,2010,107 (42):17899J17904, doi:10.1073/pnas.1000493107
[22]Keith D W, DeCarolls J F, Denkenberger D C, et al.The influence of large-scale wind power on global climate [J].PNAS,2004,16 (46):16115J16120
[23]Maria M R V S,Jacobson M Z. Investigating the effect of large wind farms on energy in the atmosphere [J].Energies,2009,2:816J838, doi:10.3390/en20400816
[24]Wang C, Prinn R G. Potential climatic impacts and reliability of very large-scale wind farms [J].Atmos Chem Phys,2010,10:2053J2061,doi:10.5194/acp-10-2053-2010
[25]Kirk-Davidoff D B, Keith D W. On the climate impact of surface roughness anomalies [J]. J Atmos Sci,2008,65:2215J2234, doi:10.1175/2007JAS2509.1
[26]鲍艳等RegCM3模式在西北地区的应用研究Ⅰ：对极端干旱事件的模拟[J],冰川冻土2006,Vol.28 Issue(2):164-174
[27]Luo Yong,Zhao Zongci. Numerical simulation of East Asian regional climate wit h NCAR RegCM2[J].Quarterly of App plied Meterology,1997,8(Suppl.):124-133.
[28]Frank Holz'apfel, Thomas Gerz,Michael Frech, et al.Wake Vortices in Convective Boundary Layer and Their Infuence on Following Aircraft[J],JOURNAL OF AIRCRAFT,2000,37(6)
[29]lmpact of a large-scale offshore wind farm on meteorology:Numerical simulations with a mesoscale circulation model
[30]付秀华,常用边界层高度计算方法比较[J],电力环境保护,1989,Vol5 NO.3:14-30
[31]Sempreviva, A.M.,S.E. Larsen, N.G. Mortensen, and I. Troen, Response of neutral boundary layers to changes of roughness. Boundary-Layer Meteorology,1990.50(1-4): 205-226.
[32]http://info.86control.com/html/59-4/4377.htm
[33]廖明夫等,风切变对风力机功率的影响[J],沈阳工业大学学报,Vol.30 No.2 Apr.2008:163-167
[34]Chenghai Wang,Ju Hu,Shuanglei Feng et al,Comparing Different Boundary Layer Schemes of WRF by Simulation the Low-Level Wind over Complex Terrain, 10.1109/AIMSEC.2011.6009632
[35]高振荣等近58年河西走廊地区气温变化及突变分析[J].干旱区研究Vol27 No.2,Mar 2010,(03):194-202
[36]叶芳等风电场风频Weibull分布参数计算方法及其应用[J].电气制造特别报道May 2010:48-50
[37]王毅荣,张存杰河西走廊风速变化及风能资源研究[J].高原气象Vol.25 No.2, Des.2006,(06):1196-1202.
[38]王咏梅,徐寄遥,王英鉴对流层上传重力波的非线性演化[J].地球物理学报2001(02)：154-162
[39]王澄海,胡菊,靳双龙等.中尺度WRF模式在西北西部地区低层风场模拟中的应用和检验2011,29(2),：161-167.
[40]吴巨祥垂直风切变与重力波[J]贵州气象Vol18 No.1 1994(1):43-45
[41]王澄海,靳双龙,杨世莉.新疆“2.28”大风过程中热、动力作用的模拟分析研究[J].中国沙漠2011,Vol.31 Issue(2):511-516.
[42]盛裴轩,毛节泰,李建国,大气物理学[M],北京：北京大学出版社,2003：208-209；244-246
[43]IPCC,2007:气候变化2007：自然科学基础,政府间气候变化专门委员会第一工作组第四次评估报告