认知加工任务对上下视野优势的影响
|
摘要
人类视觉信息处理的视野单侧优势一直是认知心理学和认知神经科学领域的一个让人十分感兴趣的课题。视觉信息处理的视野不对称性包括左右视野不对称性和上下视野的不对称性,这其中大部分实验都集中于对左右视野不对称性的研究,而对于上下视野在视觉信息处理上的差异的研究相对来讲比较少而且不够系统。在已有的行为研究中,大多数报道都发现了下部视野优势,只有很少量的研究发现了上视野优势,
鉴于以往研究中很少有从认知任务要求加工的材料这个角度入手去探讨上下视野的产生的,而少数发现上部视野优势的研究,其实验材料又大多是采用的和阅读有关的文字信息刺激材料。所以我们认为,影响上下视野单侧优势一个最重要的决定性因素是认知加工的对象的性质。当加工的对象是文字信息刺激时,由于与词汇辨别相关的腹侧通路的参与,该通路所对应的上部视野也就显现出认知的优势;而当加工的对象是非文字信息的时候,由于不再有腹侧通路的大量参与,而主要由背侧通路完成,所以上部视野优势不存在,可能会出现下部视野优势。
在这个实验假设下,研究选择了变化检测的实验范式,通过比较在变化检测任务下上部视野与下部视野的绩效来考察加工对象对上下视野优势的影响,即加工对象是否是文字信息对上下视野产生怎样的单侧优势效应产生的决定作用。
研究分为三个实验:实验一为文字材料的特征信息和空间信息的变化检测,目的是考察在加工对象为文字信息刺激材料的时候,改变特征信息或者空间信息对于上下视野优势是否有影响;实验二为非文字信息的变化检测,目的是考察在加工对象为图形刺激材料的时候,上下视野的单侧加工优势情况。实验三为文字信息的变化检测,目的在于考察在加工对象为文字刺激材料的时候,上下视野的单侧加工优势情况。三个实验相结合,说明影响上下视野单侧优势产生的原因。
本研究得出以下结论:
1.当认知加工的材料为文字刺激的时候,出现上部视野优势效应。而为非文字信息时,则出现下部视野优势。
2.上下视野单侧优势,可能是与相应的腹侧通路与背侧通路在辨别文字信息与非文字信息时的功能相对应的;而与腹侧通路与背侧通路在辨别特征信息与空间信息时的功能差异比较没有相关。
3.上下视野的单侧优势效应与左右视野的单侧优势效应有类似之处。
Asymmetries of human visual processing across visual fields have been an interesting issue in cognitive psychology. In addition to investigations of asymmetries between the left and right visual fields that are believed to reflect the functional differences between the left and right hemispheres, a numember of studies have proposed that visual processing aslo differs between the upper and lower visual fields.
As there were few reserch had considered the role of the type of Cognitive-processing on advantage of the upper or lower visual fields, and most of the reserch that had found an advantage of upper visual field had used the word-like stimili, we think the type of Cognitive-processing is the most important factor on advantage of the upper or lower visual fields.
Therefore, three experiments were conducted in this study, aimed to examine the effect of the stimili processed on advantage of the upper or lower visual fields.
The result show:
(1) When the object processed is words,the advantage of UVF will be examined, when the object processed is not words ,the advantage of LoVF will be examined.
(2) The Advatage of the upper or lower visual fields is due to the different role of the ventral pathway and dorsal pathway in analysis specific to word -like stimuli and other stimili.
(3) The Advatage of the upper or lower visual fields is something like the Advatage of the left or right visual fields.
鉴于以往研究中很少有从认知任务要求加工的材料这个角度入手去探讨上下视野的产生的,而少数发现上部视野优势的研究,其实验材料又大多是采用的和阅读有关的文字信息刺激材料。所以我们认为,影响上下视野单侧优势一个最重要的决定性因素是认知加工的对象的性质。当加工的对象是文字信息刺激时,由于与词汇辨别相关的腹侧通路的参与,该通路所对应的上部视野也就显现出认知的优势;而当加工的对象是非文字信息的时候,由于不再有腹侧通路的大量参与,而主要由背侧通路完成,所以上部视野优势不存在,可能会出现下部视野优势。
在这个实验假设下,研究选择了变化检测的实验范式,通过比较在变化检测任务下上部视野与下部视野的绩效来考察加工对象对上下视野优势的影响,即加工对象是否是文字信息对上下视野产生怎样的单侧优势效应产生的决定作用。
研究分为三个实验:实验一为文字材料的特征信息和空间信息的变化检测,目的是考察在加工对象为文字信息刺激材料的时候,改变特征信息或者空间信息对于上下视野优势是否有影响;实验二为非文字信息的变化检测,目的是考察在加工对象为图形刺激材料的时候,上下视野的单侧加工优势情况。实验三为文字信息的变化检测,目的在于考察在加工对象为文字刺激材料的时候,上下视野的单侧加工优势情况。三个实验相结合,说明影响上下视野单侧优势产生的原因。
本研究得出以下结论:
1.当认知加工的材料为文字刺激的时候,出现上部视野优势效应。而为非文字信息时,则出现下部视野优势。
2.上下视野单侧优势,可能是与相应的腹侧通路与背侧通路在辨别文字信息与非文字信息时的功能相对应的;而与腹侧通路与背侧通路在辨别特征信息与空间信息时的功能差异比较没有相关。
3.上下视野的单侧优势效应与左右视野的单侧优势效应有类似之处。
Asymmetries of human visual processing across visual fields have been an interesting issue in cognitive psychology. In addition to investigations of asymmetries between the left and right visual fields that are believed to reflect the functional differences between the left and right hemispheres, a numember of studies have proposed that visual processing aslo differs between the upper and lower visual fields.
As there were few reserch had considered the role of the type of Cognitive-processing on advantage of the upper or lower visual fields, and most of the reserch that had found an advantage of upper visual field had used the word-like stimili, we think the type of Cognitive-processing is the most important factor on advantage of the upper or lower visual fields.
Therefore, three experiments were conducted in this study, aimed to examine the effect of the stimili processed on advantage of the upper or lower visual fields.
The result show:
(1) When the object processed is words,the advantage of UVF will be examined, when the object processed is not words ,the advantage of LoVF will be examined.
(2) The Advatage of the upper or lower visual fields is due to the different role of the ventral pathway and dorsal pathway in analysis specific to word -like stimuli and other stimili.
(3) The Advatage of the upper or lower visual fields is something like the Advatage of the left or right visual fields.
引文
Abraham Goldstein and Harvey Babkoff. A comparison of upper vs. lower and right vs. left visual fields using lexical decision. The Experimental Psychology Society, 2001, 54A (4), 1239-1259
Altpeter E, Mackeben M, Trauzettel-Klosinski S. The importance of sustained attention for patients with maculopathies. Vision Res,2000, 40: 1539-1547
Bilodeau L, Faubert J. Isoluminance and chromatic motion perception throughout the visual field. Vision Res, 1997, 37:2076-2081
Curcio C A, Allen K A. Topography of ganglion cells in human retina. J Comp Neurol, 1990,300:5-25
Danckert J, Goodale M A. Superior performance for visually guided pointing in the lower visual field. Exp Brain Res, 2001,137: 303-308
Dehaene, Stanislas , C. A., Le, C., Gurvan, Poline, Jean, B. ,Le, B., Denis , Cohen, Laurent. The visual word form area : a prelexical representation of visual words in the fusiform gyrus. Neuroreport, 2002 , 13 (3): 321 - 325
Demb J B, Boynton GM, Heeger D. Functional magnetic resonance imaging of early visual pathways in dyslexia. Journal of Neuroscience , 1998 ,18 (17): 6939 —6951
Dong Y, Nakamura K, Okada T, Hanakawa T, Fukuyama H, Mazziotta JC, Shibasaki H. Neural mechanisms underlying the processing of Chinese words : An fMRI study., Neuroscience Research , 2005 , 52 (3): 1392
Eden G F, VanMeter, J W Rumsey, J M Maisog , J M. Woods, Zeffiro T A. Abnormal processing of visual motion in dyslexia revealed by functional brain imaging. Nature, 1996 , 382 : 66 - 69
Felleman D J, van Essen D C. Distributed hierarchical processing in the primate cerebral cortex. Cereb Cortex, 1991,1: 1-47
Genzano V R, Di Nocera F, Ferlazzo F. Upper/lower visual fieldasymmetry on a spatial relocation memory task. Neuroreport, 2001,12: 1227-1230
Goldstein A, Babkoff H. A comparison of upper vs. lower and right vs. left visual fields using lexical decision. Q J Exp Psychol A, 2001, 54A: 1239-1259
He S, Cavanagh P, Intrilligator J. Attentional resolution and the locus of visual awareness. Nature, 1996, 383: 334-337
Hellige J B. Hemispheric asymmetry for visual information processing. Acta Neurobiol Exp, 1996, 56: 485-497
Hellige J B. Hemispheric asymmetry for visual information processing. Acta Neurobiol Exp, 1996, 56: 485-497
Jacqueline S Rutkowski BappSc,David P Crewther , and Sheila G Crewther. Normal readers have an upper visual field advantage in changedetection. Electrophysiology and Psychophysics , 2002, 30,227-330
Luo ,Q, Peng D, Jin Z., Xu D, Xiao L Ding G. Emotional valence of words modulates the subliminal repetition priming effect in the left fusiform gyrus : an event - related fMRIstudy. Neuroimage , 2004 ,21 (1): 414 - 421
Mangun G R. Neural mechanisms of visual selective attention. Psychophysiology, 1995,32:4-18
Maunsell JHR,Newsome WT,Visual processing in monkey exrtastraite cortex.Annu Rev Neurol, 1987,10: 363—401
Miniussi C, Girelli M . Marzi CA. Neural site of the redundant target effect eleetrophysiologieal evidence. Journal of cognitive Neuroscience, 1998, 10: 216—30
Naito T, Kaneoke Y, Osaka N, et al. Asymmetry of the human visual field in magnetic response to apparent motion. Brain Res, 2000,865: 221-226
Payne W H. Visual reaction times on a circle about the fovea.Science, 1967,155: 481-482
Peng D , Xu D., Jin Z, Luo , Ding, G. S., Perry, C., Zhang, L, Liu Y. Neural basis of the non - attentional processing of briefly presented words. Human Brain Mapping, 2003 ,18(3): 215 - 221
Petersen, S. E, Fox P. T , Posner ,M. I. Position emissioin tomographic studies of the cortical anatomy of single - word processing. Nature, 1988 ,331 : 585 - 5895
Polk T A, Stallcup M, Aguirre G K, Alsop D C Esposito M, Detre J A , Farah M. J , Neural specialization for letter recognition. Journal of Cognition Neuroscience , 2002, 14(2): 145-159
Portin K, Vanni S, Virsu V, et al. Stronger occipital cortical activation to lower than upper visual field stimuli. Neuromagnetic re-cordings. Exp Brain Res, 1999, 124: 287-29417
Previc F H. Functional specialization in the lower and upper visual fields in humans: Its ecological origins and neurophysiological implications. Behav Brain Sci, 1990, 13: 519-575
Previc FH , PD Naegele . Target-tilt and vertical-hemifield asymmetries in free-scan search for 3-D targets . Perception & Psychophysics, 2001,63:445-57
Rensink RA. Changedetection. Annual Reviews in Psychology. 2002,1469-87
Riopelle A J, Bevan W. The distribution of scotopic sensitivity in human vision. Am J Psychol, 1952, 66: 73-80
Rubin N, Nakayama K, Shapley R. Enhanced perception of illusory contours in the lower versus upper visual hemifields. Science, 1996,271: 651-653
Sereno M I, Dale A M, Reppas J B, et al. Borders of multiple visual areas in human revealed by functional magnetic resonance imaging. Science, 1995, 268: 889-893
Skrandies W.The upper and lower visual field of man:Electrophysiological and functional differences.Prog Sens Physiol,1987,8:1-93
Ungerleider,L.G,Haxby,J.V."what "and"where"in thehuman brain.Current opinion in Neurobiology,1994,4:157-1654
Zhou W,King W M.Attentional sensitivity and asymmetries of vertical saccade generation in monkey.Vision Res,2002,42:771-79
敖新宇,范思陆,何逊,陈霖.上下视野空间选择性注意的ERP研究,生物物理学报.2000,16:73-80
Altpeter E, Mackeben M, Trauzettel-Klosinski S. The importance of sustained attention for patients with maculopathies. Vision Res,2000, 40: 1539-1547
Bilodeau L, Faubert J. Isoluminance and chromatic motion perception throughout the visual field. Vision Res, 1997, 37:2076-2081
Curcio C A, Allen K A. Topography of ganglion cells in human retina. J Comp Neurol, 1990,300:5-25
Danckert J, Goodale M A. Superior performance for visually guided pointing in the lower visual field. Exp Brain Res, 2001,137: 303-308
Dehaene, Stanislas , C. A., Le, C., Gurvan, Poline, Jean, B. ,Le, B., Denis , Cohen, Laurent. The visual word form area : a prelexical representation of visual words in the fusiform gyrus. Neuroreport, 2002 , 13 (3): 321 - 325
Demb J B, Boynton GM, Heeger D. Functional magnetic resonance imaging of early visual pathways in dyslexia. Journal of Neuroscience , 1998 ,18 (17): 6939 —6951
Dong Y, Nakamura K, Okada T, Hanakawa T, Fukuyama H, Mazziotta JC, Shibasaki H. Neural mechanisms underlying the processing of Chinese words : An fMRI study., Neuroscience Research , 2005 , 52 (3): 1392
Eden G F, VanMeter, J W Rumsey, J M Maisog , J M. Woods, Zeffiro T A. Abnormal processing of visual motion in dyslexia revealed by functional brain imaging. Nature, 1996 , 382 : 66 - 69
Felleman D J, van Essen D C. Distributed hierarchical processing in the primate cerebral cortex. Cereb Cortex, 1991,1: 1-47
Genzano V R, Di Nocera F, Ferlazzo F. Upper/lower visual fieldasymmetry on a spatial relocation memory task. Neuroreport, 2001,12: 1227-1230
Goldstein A, Babkoff H. A comparison of upper vs. lower and right vs. left visual fields using lexical decision. Q J Exp Psychol A, 2001, 54A: 1239-1259
He S, Cavanagh P, Intrilligator J. Attentional resolution and the locus of visual awareness. Nature, 1996, 383: 334-337
Hellige J B. Hemispheric asymmetry for visual information processing. Acta Neurobiol Exp, 1996, 56: 485-497
Hellige J B. Hemispheric asymmetry for visual information processing. Acta Neurobiol Exp, 1996, 56: 485-497
Jacqueline S Rutkowski BappSc,David P Crewther , and Sheila G Crewther. Normal readers have an upper visual field advantage in changedetection. Electrophysiology and Psychophysics , 2002, 30,227-330
Luo ,Q, Peng D, Jin Z., Xu D, Xiao L Ding G. Emotional valence of words modulates the subliminal repetition priming effect in the left fusiform gyrus : an event - related fMRIstudy. Neuroimage , 2004 ,21 (1): 414 - 421
Mangun G R. Neural mechanisms of visual selective attention. Psychophysiology, 1995,32:4-18
Maunsell JHR,Newsome WT,Visual processing in monkey exrtastraite cortex.Annu Rev Neurol, 1987,10: 363—401
Miniussi C, Girelli M . Marzi CA. Neural site of the redundant target effect eleetrophysiologieal evidence. Journal of cognitive Neuroscience, 1998, 10: 216—30
Naito T, Kaneoke Y, Osaka N, et al. Asymmetry of the human visual field in magnetic response to apparent motion. Brain Res, 2000,865: 221-226
Payne W H. Visual reaction times on a circle about the fovea.Science, 1967,155: 481-482
Peng D , Xu D., Jin Z, Luo , Ding, G. S., Perry, C., Zhang, L, Liu Y. Neural basis of the non - attentional processing of briefly presented words. Human Brain Mapping, 2003 ,18(3): 215 - 221
Petersen, S. E, Fox P. T , Posner ,M. I. Position emissioin tomographic studies of the cortical anatomy of single - word processing. Nature, 1988 ,331 : 585 - 5895
Polk T A, Stallcup M, Aguirre G K, Alsop D C Esposito M, Detre J A , Farah M. J , Neural specialization for letter recognition. Journal of Cognition Neuroscience , 2002, 14(2): 145-159
Portin K, Vanni S, Virsu V, et al. Stronger occipital cortical activation to lower than upper visual field stimuli. Neuromagnetic re-cordings. Exp Brain Res, 1999, 124: 287-29417
Previc F H. Functional specialization in the lower and upper visual fields in humans: Its ecological origins and neurophysiological implications. Behav Brain Sci, 1990, 13: 519-575
Previc FH , PD Naegele . Target-tilt and vertical-hemifield asymmetries in free-scan search for 3-D targets . Perception & Psychophysics, 2001,63:445-57
Rensink RA. Changedetection. Annual Reviews in Psychology. 2002,1469-87
Riopelle A J, Bevan W. The distribution of scotopic sensitivity in human vision. Am J Psychol, 1952, 66: 73-80
Rubin N, Nakayama K, Shapley R. Enhanced perception of illusory contours in the lower versus upper visual hemifields. Science, 1996,271: 651-653
Sereno M I, Dale A M, Reppas J B, et al. Borders of multiple visual areas in human revealed by functional magnetic resonance imaging. Science, 1995, 268: 889-893
Skrandies W.The upper and lower visual field of man:Electrophysiological and functional differences.Prog Sens Physiol,1987,8:1-93
Ungerleider,L.G,Haxby,J.V."what "and"where"in thehuman brain.Current opinion in Neurobiology,1994,4:157-1654
Zhou W,King W M.Attentional sensitivity and asymmetries of vertical saccade generation in monkey.Vision Res,2002,42:771-79
敖新宇,范思陆,何逊,陈霖.上下视野空间选择性注意的ERP研究,生物物理学报.2000,16:73-80